urban design and making a space a place by menno cramer and katie donaghy

ISB SUMMER SCHOOL 2013: NEUROERGONOMICS

AND PLACEMAKING

URBAN DESIGN AND MAKING A SPACE A PLACE

Menno Cramer and Katie Donaghyg y

SPACE TO PLACE

Social InteractionSocial Comfortability

PersonalisationPersonalisation

THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT DELIVERS STIMULI WHICH INFLUENCES

USERSUSERS.

Knowledge of this allows for appropriate design decisionsdesign decisions

PLACES SHOULD EVOLVE NATURALLY AND ORGANICALLY

“sound appreciation of the context of a projectsound appreciation of the context of a project site or area. This includes its history, its existing townscape and appearance itsexisting townscape and appearance, its planning status and its social and economic role both current and potential The contextrole – both current and potential. The context should also include the client’s objectives for the site or area” (Tibbalds 2001 p 20)the site or area” (Tibbalds, 2001, p.20).

SYSTEMS THINKING

Minton A 2009 Ground Control:Minton, A., 2009. Ground Control: Fear and Happiness in the twenty-pp yfirst-century city.

Today spaces are governed by those who own the spacesthe spaces

Spaces are constructed for economical profit d t f thand not for the user

Lefebvre, H., 1961. The Social Text.

D i l t bi d ith lt d thDesign elements combined with culture and the experience of the individual create spaces

(Lefebvre, 1961).

De Certeau M 1974 Walking in theDe Certeau, M., 1974. Walking in the City.

The design of a public space should enhance social comfortability whereby individuals willsocial comfortability, whereby individuals will feel more comfortable and will be more likely

t i t t i ll (D C t 1974)to interact socially (De Certeau, 1974).

Foucault, M., 1969. Archaeology of Knowledge.

Governance of Space

Example:Th P tiThe Panopticon

Natural SurveillanceCCTVCCTVPerceived Safety

Thwaites, K. and Simkins, I., 2007. , , ,Experimental Landscape: an approach to people place andapproach to people, place and space.

Assigning labels to places according to whoAssigning labels to places according to who frequents it and what happens there creates places hich become their rep tation ratherplaces which become their reputation rather than existing as a separate entity (Thwaites

d Si ki 2007)and Simkins, 2007).

Gehl, J., 2011. Life between buildings: using public space.buildings: using public space.

It is important to ha e spaces in cities that areIt is important to have spaces in cities that are on a small scale that people can relate to,

th th thi b i t l f thrather than everything being too large for the individual to handle and to become a part of (Jan Gehl, 2011).

Policy as a Restriction?or policy as an opportunity?

o cy as a est ct op y pp y

POLICY FRAMEWORK

Policy predefines the necessity for certain characteristics to be present and others not to be, it predefines a margin of what the built environment will look like subject to development objectives and funding opportunitiesdevelopment objectives and funding opportunities.

P li d i h d i d d hPolicy drives the way spaces are designed, and the outcome of that design affects the way people behave and the subsequent amount of social cohesion whichand the subsequent amount of social cohesion which can occur.

THE USER

The user should be at the center of the design, it is through the user and their use of space g pthat one may create places.

The human is the designers tool - Jan Gehl

MAGNETS

Magnets are more than simply landmarks, because they embody meaning and elicit anbecause they embody meaning and elicit an emotional response and an action (Carmona

d Ti d ll 2007)and Tiesdell, 2007).

MAGNETS

SEMIOTICSIndividuals - a part of the production of spaceSigns - elements we attach meaning to Symbols - elements which have meaning

As individuals we rely on familiar signs or symbols to transfer meaning into a space (Barthes, 1968).

As users of a space we also become subjects and objectsAs users of a space we also become subjects and objects whereby we may observe the doing of others and others may observe us, and this creates the social production of space (Lefebvre, 1961).

PSYCHOLOGYPlaces are crucially significant in the satisfaction of

biological, social, psychological and cultural needs they are therefore considered meaningful to the processes ofare therefore considered meaningful to the processes of self-identity (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 2010; Minton, 2009).2009).

As users we seek the confirmation from others that whatAs users we seek the confirmation from others that what we are doing is socially acceptable (Aronson et al. 2010). Users will therefore seek places to sit or hang on2010). Users will therefore seek places to sit or hang on the edges of spaces or at other appropriate locations where they may have a decent view of the space (Bentley et al., 1985; Gehl, 2001).

THE RELATIONSHIPIt is the sum of the physical design of a public space, the

users, their activities, the social and cultural circumstances which together form a space withcircumstances which together form a space with meaning (Thwaites and Simkins, 2007).

The experience of a place being influenced by culture will guide the choices user’s make in spaces through whichguide the choices user s make in spaces, through which elements of the built environment should reflect diversity in culture in order to bring people together (Israel, 2003).in culture in order to bring people together (Israel, 2003).

PlaceSpace

Place

Design

SemioticsSemiotics

Sociology PerceptionSociology Perception

Social

IndividualPsychology

PSYCHOLOGY

Meyers-Levy, 2007

PHYSIOLOGY

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CaveCad

Neuromarketing

Perfection

PhD, ultimate space

task vs environment

user vs nature

StudyHow the built environment can contribute to the

attenuation of a stress response?

stress:stress:stimulus contentstimulus valencestimulus valence

Sensory stimuli

- Sight/ Perception- Hearing/ AuditoryHearing/ Auditory- Smell/ Olfactory

T t / G t t- Taste/ Gustatory- Feel/ Somatosensory

memory culture nature nurturememory, culture, nature - nurturepsychology, physiology, physically, social,

i tifineuroscientific

Brain...Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it

deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be atolny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamnsitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.

Urban/architectural samples.Urban/architectural samples.

Valence

a - bYou - MeYou Me

SOME EXAMPLESSO S

HALLE ESQUILLAN

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CHILDREN IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

CHILDREN IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

SHEFFIELD VS MIDDELBURG

ARTENA

Artena

Familiar place

positive or negative

Reflect on how this feeling emerges.How to alter this?

WORKSHOP

Elements in spaces you are familiar with which make you feel good?y g

(mood, state, physical, physiological)

WORKSHOP

Elements in spaces you are familiar with which make you feel good?y g

(mood, state, physical, physiological)

What?Why?

WORKSHOP

Decision making - what tools can you use?Decision making what tools can you use?(conscious, unconscious)

WORKSHOP