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HOUSEPLANTS , I_t_l_ AIR POLLUTANTS, ANU ALLERGIC REACTIONS
B. C. WULVERTON, PH. U.
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NATIUNAL AERUI_UTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATIUN
NATIONAL SPACE TECIINOLUGY LABORATORIES
NSTL, MS 39529
TO BE PRESENTEU AT"
OTULAIIYNGULOBY, ORTHOUUNTICS ANU SLEEP DISORDERS CONFERENCE
PASS CHRISTIAN, MS
UECEMBER 13 - 14, 1986
!'_.i_? ":_- 7 0 4 i. "?
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930072972 2018-06-03T00:52:31+00:00Z
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formaldehyde were reduced to 0.5 ppm demonstrating a removal
efficiency rate of 3.27 _g/cm 2.
Remova| efficiency rates can be expected to decrease with
concentration levels because fewer molecules of chemicals come in
contact with the leaf surface area.
4. Several centimeters of small washed gravel should be used to cover
the surface of pot plants when large numbers of plants are kept in
the home. The reason for this is to reduce the exposed are of
damp potting soil which encourages the growth of molds (fungi).
5. The leaves of Phi lodendron domesti cum and golden pothos
(Scindapsus aureus) have also demonstrated their abi]ity to remove
benzene and carbon monoxide from closed chambers.
6. A combi nati on of acti vated carbon and plant roots have
demonstrated the greatest potential for removing large volumes of
volatile organics along with smoke and possible radon from closed
systems. Although fewer plants are required for this concept a
mechanical blower motor must be used to pull or push the air
through the carbon-root filter. NASA studies on motor sizes and
bioregeneration rates should be completed by 1988.
REFERENCES
i •
o
•
o
•
•
o
go
T. G. Randolph and R. W. Moss. 1980. An Alternative Approach to
Allergies. Harper and Row Publishers, New York, NY.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1974. The
Proceedings of the Skylab Life Sciences Symposium, August 27 - 29,1974. NASA TM-X-58154. Johnson Space Center. 161-168.
Gammage, R. B. and S. V. Kaye (Eds.}. 1984. Indoor Air and Human
Health. Proceedings of the Seventh Life Sciences Symposium,
Knoxville, TN, October 29-31, 1984. Lewis Publishers, Inc.,
Chelsea, MI.
Walsh, C., S. Dudney and E. D. Copenhauer.
Quality. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.
1984. Indoor Air
Wallace, L., S. Brombert, E. Pellizzari, T. Hartwel|, H. Zelon,and L. Sheldon. 1984. Plan and preliminary results of the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency's indoor air monitoring program
(1_82}. In" Indoor Air, Swedish Council for Building Research,
Stockholm, Sweden. 1:173-178.
Pellizzari, E. U., M. D. Erickson, M. T. Giguere, T. U. Hartwell,
S. R. Williams, C. M. Sparacino, H. Zelon, and R. U. Waddell.1980. Preliminary Study of Toxic Chemicals in Environmental Human
Samples" Work Plan, Vols I and II, (Phase I}. U. S. EPA,
Washington, DC.
Pellizzari, E. D., M. D. Erickson, C. M. Sparacino,
Hartwell, M. Zelon, M. Rosenweig, and C. Leininger. 1981.
Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study" Phase II-
Plan. U. S. EPA, washington, DC.
T° C°
Total
Work
Wallace, L., R. Zweidinger, M. Erickson, S. Cooper, u. Whittaker,and E. Pellizzari. 1982. Monitoring individual exposure:
measurements of volatile organic compounds in breathing-zone air,
drinking water, and exhaled breath. Env. Int., 8:269-282.
Pellizzari, E. U., T. Hartwell, H. Zelon, C. Leininger, M.
Erickson, S. Cooper, U. Whittaker, and L. wallace. 1982. Total
Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Prepilot Study -- NorthernNew Jersey. U. S. EPA, Washington, DC.
Sparacino, C., C. Leininger, H. Zelon, T. Hartwell, M. Erickson,and E. Pellizzari. 1982. Sampling and Analysis for the Total
Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM} Prepilot Study. Research
Triangle Park, NC. U. S. EPA, Washington, bC.
Sparacino, C., E. Pellizzari, and M. Erickson. 1982.Assurance for the Total Exposure Assessment Methodology
Prepilot Study. U. S. EPA, Washington, UC.
Quality
( TEAM}
Pellizzari, E. D., T. D. Hartwell, C. Leininger, ri. Zelon, S.williams, J. Breen, and L. wallace. 1983 Humanexposure tovapor-phase halogenated hydrocarbons: fixed-site vs. personalexposure. Proceedings from Symposiumon Ambient, Source, andExposure Monitoring Systems Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA600/99-83-007. U. S. EPA,Washington, DC.
wallace, L., E. Pellizzari, T. Hartwell, M. Rosenweig, M.Erickson, C. Sparacino, and _. Zelon. 19_4. Personal exposure tovolatile organic compounds" I. direct measurement inbreathing-zone air, drinking water, food and exhaled breath. Env.Res., 35:193-211.
Pellizzari, E., T. Hartwell, C. Sparacino, C. Shelson, R.whitmore, C. Leininger, and H. Zelon. 1984. Total ExposureAssessment Methodology (TEAM}Study" First Season, Northern NewJersey -- Interim Report. Contract No. 68-02-3679. U. S. EPA,washington, DC.
Hartwell, T. C., R. L. Perritt, H. X. Zelon, R. W. Whitmore, E. D.
Pellizzari, and L. wallace. 1984. Comparison of indoor and
outdoor levels of air volatiles in New Jersey. In- Indoor Air,
Swedish Counci ] for Building Research, Stockholm, Sweden.4:81-86.
Pellizzari, E., C. Sparacino, L. Sheldon, C. Leininger, H. Zelon,T. Hartwe]l, and L. Wallace. 1984. In" Ibid. 4-221-226.
Wallace, L., E. Pellizzari, T. Hartwel|, M. Zelon, C. Sparacino,
and R. Whitmore. 1984. Analysis of exhaled breath of 355 urban
residents for volatile organic compounds. In- Ibid. 4-15-20.
Rosenweig, M. and T. D. Hartwel]. 1983. Statistical Analysis and
Evaluation of the Halocarbon Survey. Research Triangle Institute,
Final Report, EPA Contract 68-01-5848. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.
Hartwell, T. U., H. X. Zelon, C. C. Leininger, C. A. Clayton, J.H. Crowder, and E. D. Pellizzari. 19_4. Comparative statistical
analysis for volatile halocarbons in indoor and outdoor air. In-
Indoor Air, Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm,Sweden. 4:57-62.
Molhave, L., and J. Mol]er. 1979. The atmospheric environment in
modern Uanish dwellings" measurements in 39 flats. Indoor
Climate. Danish Building Research Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.171-186.
Jarke, F. H. 1979. ASHRAE Report 183. IITMI, Chicago, IL.
Lebret, E. H., J. Van de Wiel, H. P. Box, D. No i j, and J. S. M.Boleij. 1984. Volatile hydrocarbons in Uutch homes. In- IndoorAir, Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, Sweden.4-169-174.
Seifert, B. and H. J. Abraham. 1982.of benzene and some other aromatic
Environ. Safety, 6"190-192.
Indoor air concentrations
hydrocarbons. Ecotoxicol.
De Bortoli, M., H. Knoppel, E. Pecchio, A. Peil, L. Rogora, H.Schauenberg, h. Schlitt, and H. Vissers. 1984. Integrating 'reallife' measurements of organic pollution in indoor and outdoor air
of homes in northern Italy. In" Indoor Air, Swedish Council for
Building Research, Stockholm, Sweden. 4"21-26.
L_ammage, R. B., D. A. white, and K. C. Gupta. 1984. Residential
measurements of high volatility organics and their sources. In"
Ibid. 4"157-162.
Monteith, D. K., T. H. Stock, and W. E. Seifert, Jr.Sources and characterization of organic air contaminants
manufactured housing. In" Ibid. 4"285-290.
1984.inside
National Research Council, Committee on
Formaldehyde-an assessment of its healthAcademy of Sciences, washington, DC.
Toxicology. 1980.effects. National
National Research
Formaldehyde and
Washington, DC.
Council, Committee
other aldehydes.
on Aldehydes. 1981a.
National Academy Press,
National
1981b.
DC.
Research Council,
Indoor pollutants.
Committee on Indoor Pollutants.
National Academy Press, Washington,
wolverton, B. C. 1980. Higher plants for recycling human wasteinto food, potable water and revitalized air in a closed life
support system. NASA (NSTL) Report No. 192. National Space
Technology Laboratories, NSTL, MS.
Wolverton, B. C. and K. C. McDonald. 1981.
treatment of organic chemical waste.
3 -99-104.
Natural processes forThe Environ. Prof.,
Wolverton, B. C. 1982.
anaerobic mi croorgani sms
Bot., 36(4} -373-380.
Hybrid wastewater treatment systems using
and reed (Phragmites communis). Econ.
Wolverton, B. C. and R. C. McDonald. The role of vascular aquatic
plants in wastewater treatment. The Nerbarist, 48-24-29.
Wolverton, B. C., R. C. McDonald
Microorganisms and higher plants for
Environ. Qual., 12(2)'236-242.
and W. R. Uuffer. 1983.
wastewater treatment. J.
wolverton, B. C., R. C. McDonald and L. K. Marble. 1984. Removalof benzene and its derivatives from polluted water using the
reed/microbial filter technique. J. MS Acad. Sci., 29-119-127.
37. Wolverton, R. C. McDonald, C. C. Myrick and K. M. Johnson. 1984.Upgrading septic tanks using microbial/plant filters. J. MS Acad.Sci., 29" 19-25.
Wolverton, B. C., R. C. McDonald and E. A. Watkins, Jr.
Foliage plants for removing indoor air pollutants fromefficient homes. Econ. Bot., 38(2)-224-228.
1984.
energy
wolverton, B. C., R. C. McDonald and H. H. Mesick. 1985. Foliage
plants for the indoor removal of the primary combustion gasescarbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. J. MS Acad. Sci., 30-1-8.
wol verton, B.Bi ot ran sformat ion
vascular plants.
C. and R. C. McDonal d-McCa ]eb.
of priority pollutants using biofilmsJ. MS Acad. Sci., 31-79-89.
1986.and
McUonald, R.radioactiveTM-X-72740.
C •
water
1981.and
Vascular plants for decontaminatingsoi] s. NASA Techni cal Memorandum
TABLE 1
Twelve of the 107 Volatile Organics Identifiedin the Atmosphere of Skylab 3.
Or_Eg_anic
Acetone
Freon-112 & 113
7895.0
Concentration,_pb .......................................................
46th Da_y 77th Day
7098.0 2760.0
Benzene 116.0 70.1 38.6
Benzaldehyde
Heptene
Dichlorobenzene
Naphthalene
Xylene (total)
Ethylacetate
Dichloroethane
2-Butanone
Toluene 1647.0 1040.0 1717.0
1505.0 1222.0 665.0
515.0 384.6 406.5
454.0 390.0 221.0
454.0 224.0 213.0
114.0 62.4 102,0
88.0 52.0 116.0
25.6 13.0 24.8
90.9 59.8 113.0
5907.0 8553.0 8446.0
Plants*
Philodendron oxycardium
Xheart leaf philocJenaron)
t/-_DL r_ J
FORMALDEHYDE REMOVAL DURING A 24 HOUR EXPUSURE PERIOD
Total Formal dehyde in Chamber
initial After 6 hr After 24 hr
Ave. Lea_ Surface(cm)
pg Formaldehyde RemovalPer cm _ of Leaf Area
6 hr 24 hr
11,921 5,256 3,455 1,696 3.93 4.99
Phi lodendron domesticum 11,575 4,665 1,555 2,323
Xelephant ear)low concentrations 1,209 570 432 1,361
2.97 4.31
.47 .57
Philodendron seiloum
(lacy tree phi lodendron)
ChloroPhYtum el atum(green spider p-_)
Scindapsus aureus
(golden pothos )
11,403 4,665 2,747 2,373 2.84 3.65
12,975 7,319 2,709 2,471 2.29 4.15
10,741 4,325 1,854 2,723 2.35 3.26
Agl onema modestum
(Chinese evergreen)
11,248 8,238 6,866 1,894 1.59 2.31
A1oe vera 2,592 1,037 259 713 2.18 3.27
Brassaia arboricol a
(mini'scheff Iera )
8,333 .... 4,904 1,743 1.96
Spathiphyl lum 'clevelandi i'
(peace lily)
10,298 6,655 5,387 3,476 1.05 1.41
Peperomia obtusi fol ia 10,140 6,9/1 5,387 3,264
(peperomi a )
0.96 1.46
Uracaena fragrans 'massangeana'
(corn plant;
10,003 7,878 5,974 2,934 0.72 1.37
Sansevieria trifasciata
(mother-in-1 aw tongue )
9,330 5,636 2,954 4,881 0.76 1.31
Tradescantia si1lamontana 10,298 7,341 5,704 6,843
(oyster plant)i III IIiIIi i I I I iI iiI II fill i I I iiiI I I i I i III 9If II II Ii III iIi III I I I I IiI Ii I I I I I III I I I I IIIIIqIII I I I I I I I I 4III 4II I I I qII
*Average of three or more different experiments
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FIGURE 3
Benzene
35
30
25
E_- 20
r-
N
= 15rn
5
Reduction in Closed Chamber WithWithout Plants
and
•,,,,- •• Control Without Plants
Philodendron domesticum
..... Scindapsus aureus
(Golden pothos)
00000000000000000 0000
7 14 21 28 35 42 49Hours
..... _, .....
INDOOR AIR PURIFICATION SYSTEMCOMBINING HOUSEPLANTS AND
CHARCOAL FILTERS
POLLUTED INDOOR AIR
GRANULARCHARCOAL
POTTING
SPDER PLANT
100
SMALLAIR PUMP
llk PI__ AIR BACKICrO HOME
FIGURE 6
FIGURE7
• • WINDOW PLANTER COMBINED CARBON AND SPIDER PLANT FILTER SYSTEM FOR
REMOVING INDOOR AIR POLI.UTANTS.FROM ENERGY EFFICIENT CONDOMINIUMS.
WINDOW PLANTER
CRUSHEDLAVA ROCK
' INTERIORPOLLUTED
.... AIR
SPIDER PLANTAIR PUMP WITHTIMER SYSTEM
GRANULARACTIVATED
CARBON
POTTING SOIL
DRAINTO SEWAGE
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