variable exponents spaces and their applications to fluid ... · variable exponents spaces and...

Variable Exponents Spaces and Their Applications toFluid Dynamics

Martin Rapp

TU Darmstadt

November 7, 2013

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 1 / 14

Overview

1 Variable Exponent Spaces

2 Applications to Fluid Dynamics

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 2 / 14

Variable Exponent Lebesgue Spaces

p : Ω ⊆ Rd → [1,∞] measurable is called exponent.

p+ := ess supx∈Ω p(x) p− := ess infx∈Ω p(x)

For measurable f define the modular

%p(·)(f ) :=

∫Ω|f (x)|p(x)χp 6=∞ dx + ‖f χp=∞‖∞

Lp(·)(Ω) := f : %p(·)(f ) <∞ with norm

‖f ‖p(·) := infλ > 0 : %p(·)

(f

λ

)≤ 1

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 3 / 14

Variable Exponent Lebesgue Spaces

p : Ω ⊆ Rd → [1,∞] measurable is called exponent.

p+ := ess supx∈Ω p(x) p− := ess infx∈Ω p(x)

For measurable f define the modular

%p(·)(f ) :=

∫Ω|f (x)|p(x)χp 6=∞ dx + ‖f χp=∞‖∞

Lp(·)(Ω) := f : %p(·)(f ) <∞ with norm

‖f ‖p(·) := infλ > 0 : %p(·)

(f

λ

)≤ 1

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 3 / 14

Variable Exponent Lebesgue Spaces

p : Ω ⊆ Rd → [1,∞] measurable is called exponent.

p+ := ess supx∈Ω p(x) p− := ess infx∈Ω p(x)

For measurable f define the modular

%p(·)(f ) :=

∫Ω|f (x)|p(x)χp 6=∞ dx + ‖f χp=∞‖∞

Lp(·)(Ω) := f : %p(·)(f ) <∞ with norm

‖f ‖p(·) := infλ > 0 : %p(·)

(f

λ

)≤ 1

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 3 / 14

Variable Exponent Lebesgue Spaces

p : Ω ⊆ Rd → [1,∞] measurable is called exponent.

p+ := ess supx∈Ω p(x) p− := ess infx∈Ω p(x)

For measurable f define the modular

%p(·)(f ) :=

∫Ω|f (x)|p(x)χp 6=∞ dx + ‖f χp=∞‖∞

Lp(·)(Ω) := f : %p(·)(f ) <∞ with norm

‖f ‖p(·) := infλ > 0 : %p(·)

(f

λ

)≤ 1

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 3 / 14

Variable Exponent Sobolev Spaces

Define the modular %k,p(·)(f ) :=∑

0≤α≤k

%p(·)(∂αf )

W k,p(·)(Ω) := f : %k,p(·)(f ) <∞ with norm

‖f ‖k,p(·) := infλ > 0 : %k,p(·)

(f

λ

)≤ 1

This norm is equivalent tok∑

m=0‖|∇mf |‖p(·)

Let Wk,p(·)0 (Ω) be the closure of C∞0 (Ω) w.r.t. ‖ · ‖k,p(·)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 4 / 14

Variable Exponent Sobolev Spaces

Define the modular %k,p(·)(f ) :=∑

0≤α≤k

%p(·)(∂αf )

W k,p(·)(Ω) := f : %k,p(·)(f ) <∞ with norm

‖f ‖k,p(·) := infλ > 0 : %k,p(·)

(f

λ

)≤ 1

This norm is equivalent tok∑

m=0‖|∇mf |‖p(·)

Let Wk,p(·)0 (Ω) be the closure of C∞0 (Ω) w.r.t. ‖ · ‖k,p(·)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 4 / 14

Variable Exponent Sobolev Spaces

Define the modular %k,p(·)(f ) :=∑

0≤α≤k

%p(·)(∂αf )

W k,p(·)(Ω) := f : %k,p(·)(f ) <∞ with norm

‖f ‖k,p(·) := infλ > 0 : %k,p(·)

(f

λ

)≤ 1

This norm is equivalent tok∑

m=0‖|∇mf |‖p(·)

Let Wk,p(·)0 (Ω) be the closure of C∞0 (Ω) w.r.t. ‖ · ‖k,p(·)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 4 / 14

Variable Exponent Sobolev Spaces

Define the modular %k,p(·)(f ) :=∑

0≤α≤k

%p(·)(∂αf )

W k,p(·)(Ω) := f : %k,p(·)(f ) <∞ with norm

‖f ‖k,p(·) := infλ > 0 : %k,p(·)

(f

λ

)≤ 1

This norm is equivalent tok∑

m=0‖|∇mf |‖p(·)

Let Wk,p(·)0 (Ω) be the closure of C∞0 (Ω) w.r.t. ‖ · ‖k,p(·)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 4 / 14

Properties of Variable Exponent Spaces

Basic Properties of Lp(·)(Ω), W k,p(·)(Ω), Wk,p(·)0 (Ω)

Banach spaces

p+ <∞⇒ separable

1 < p− ≤ p+ <∞⇒ reflexive

Further Properties of the Lebesgue Spaces

Holder inequality∫Ω |f (x)g(x)| dx ≤ 2‖f ‖p(·)‖g‖p′(·), where 1

p + 1p′ = 1 a.e.(

Lp(·)(Ω))′

= Lp′(·)(Ω)

If Ω is bounded and p ≥ q a.e., thenLp(·)(Ω) → Lq(·)(Ω)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 5 / 14

Properties of Variable Exponent Spaces

Basic Properties of Lp(·)(Ω), W k,p(·)(Ω), Wk,p(·)0 (Ω)

Banach spaces

p+ <∞⇒ separable

1 < p− ≤ p+ <∞⇒ reflexive

Further Properties of the Lebesgue Spaces

Holder inequality∫Ω |f (x)g(x)| dx ≤ 2‖f ‖p(·)‖g‖p′(·), where 1

p + 1p′ = 1 a.e.(

Lp(·)(Ω))′

= Lp′(·)(Ω)

If Ω is bounded and p ≥ q a.e., thenLp(·)(Ω) → Lq(·)(Ω)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 5 / 14

Properties of Variable Exponent Spaces

Basic Properties of Lp(·)(Ω), W k,p(·)(Ω), Wk,p(·)0 (Ω)

Banach spaces

p+ <∞⇒ separable

1 < p− ≤ p+ <∞⇒ reflexive

Further Properties of the Lebesgue Spaces

Holder inequality∫Ω |f (x)g(x)| dx ≤ 2‖f ‖p(·)‖g‖p′(·), where 1

p + 1p′ = 1 a.e.(

Lp(·)(Ω))′

= Lp′(·)(Ω)

If Ω is bounded and p ≥ q a.e., thenLp(·)(Ω) → Lq(·)(Ω)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 5 / 14

Properties of Variable Exponent Spaces

Basic Properties of Lp(·)(Ω), W k,p(·)(Ω), Wk,p(·)0 (Ω)

Banach spaces

p+ <∞⇒ separable

1 < p− ≤ p+ <∞⇒ reflexive

Further Properties of the Lebesgue Spaces

Holder inequality∫Ω |f (x)g(x)| dx ≤ 2‖f ‖p(·)‖g‖p′(·), where 1

p + 1p′ = 1 a.e.(

Lp(·)(Ω))′

= Lp′(·)(Ω)

If Ω is bounded and p ≥ q a.e., thenLp(·)(Ω) → Lq(·)(Ω)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 5 / 14

Properties of Variable Exponent Spaces

Basic Properties of Lp(·)(Ω), W k,p(·)(Ω), Wk,p(·)0 (Ω)

Banach spaces

p+ <∞⇒ separable

1 < p− ≤ p+ <∞⇒ reflexive

Further Properties of the Lebesgue Spaces

Holder inequality∫Ω |f (x)g(x)| dx ≤ 2‖f ‖p(·)‖g‖p′(·), where 1

p + 1p′ = 1 a.e.(

Lp(·)(Ω))′

= Lp′(·)(Ω)

If Ω is bounded and p ≥ q a.e., thenLp(·)(Ω) → Lq(·)(Ω)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 5 / 14

Properties of Variable Exponent Spaces

Basic Properties of Lp(·)(Ω), W k,p(·)(Ω), Wk,p(·)0 (Ω)

Banach spaces

p+ <∞⇒ separable

1 < p− ≤ p+ <∞⇒ reflexive

Further Properties of the Lebesgue Spaces

Holder inequality∫Ω |f (x)g(x)| dx ≤ 2‖f ‖p(·)‖g‖p′(·), where 1

p + 1p′ = 1 a.e.

(Lp(·)(Ω)

)′= Lp′(·)(Ω)

If Ω is bounded and p ≥ q a.e., thenLp(·)(Ω) → Lq(·)(Ω)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 5 / 14

Properties of Variable Exponent Spaces

Basic Properties of Lp(·)(Ω), W k,p(·)(Ω), Wk,p(·)0 (Ω)

Banach spaces

p+ <∞⇒ separable

1 < p− ≤ p+ <∞⇒ reflexive

Further Properties of the Lebesgue Spaces

Holder inequality∫Ω |f (x)g(x)| dx ≤ 2‖f ‖p(·)‖g‖p′(·), where 1

p + 1p′ = 1 a.e.(

Lp(·)(Ω))′

= Lp′(·)(Ω)

If Ω is bounded and p ≥ q a.e., thenLp(·)(Ω) → Lq(·)(Ω)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 5 / 14

Properties of Variable Exponent Spaces

Basic Properties of Lp(·)(Ω), W k,p(·)(Ω), Wk,p(·)0 (Ω)

Banach spaces

p+ <∞⇒ separable

1 < p− ≤ p+ <∞⇒ reflexive

Further Properties of the Lebesgue Spaces

Holder inequality∫Ω |f (x)g(x)| dx ≤ 2‖f ‖p(·)‖g‖p′(·), where 1

p + 1p′ = 1 a.e.(

Lp(·)(Ω))′

= Lp′(·)(Ω)

If Ω is bounded and p ≥ q a.e., thenLp(·)(Ω) → Lq(·)(Ω)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 5 / 14

log-Holder Continuity

An exponent p on a bounded domain Ω is called log-Holder continuous if

|p(x)− p(y)| ≤ c

log(e + 1|x−y |)

x , y ∈ Ω, x 6= y .

For d ≥ 2 and an exponent p define the Sobolev-conjugate exponent

p∗(x) :=

dp(x)

d−p(x) : p(x) < d

∞ : p(x) ≥ d .

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 6 / 14

log-Holder Continuity

An exponent p on a bounded domain Ω is called log-Holder continuous if

|p(x)− p(y)| ≤ c

log(e + 1|x−y |)

x , y ∈ Ω, x 6= y .

For d ≥ 2 and an exponent p define the Sobolev-conjugate exponent

p∗(x) :=

dp(x)

d−p(x) : p(x) < d

∞ : p(x) ≥ d .

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 6 / 14

p log-Holder Continuity

If Ω is bounded and p is log-Holder continuous, then the followingtheorems hold:

Poincare: ‖u‖p(·) ≤ c‖∇u‖p(·) for all u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)

p+ < d ⇒W1,p(·)0 (Ω) → Lp∗(·)(Ω)

p+ < d ⇒W1,p(·)0 (Ω) →→ Lp∗(·)−ε(Ω)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 7 / 14

p log-Holder Continuity

If Ω is bounded and p is log-Holder continuous, then the followingtheorems hold:

Poincare: ‖u‖p(·) ≤ c‖∇u‖p(·) for all u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)

p+ < d ⇒W1,p(·)0 (Ω) → Lp∗(·)(Ω)

p+ < d ⇒W1,p(·)0 (Ω) →→ Lp∗(·)−ε(Ω)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 7 / 14

p log-Holder Continuity

If Ω is bounded and p is log-Holder continuous, then the followingtheorems hold:

Poincare: ‖u‖p(·) ≤ c‖∇u‖p(·) for all u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)

p+ < d ⇒W1,p(·)0 (Ω) → Lp∗(·)(Ω)

p+ < d ⇒W1,p(·)0 (Ω) →→ Lp∗(·)−ε(Ω)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 7 / 14

p log-Holder Continuity

If Ω is bounded and p is log-Holder continuous, then the followingtheorems hold:

Poincare: ‖u‖p(·) ≤ c‖∇u‖p(·) for all u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)

p+ < d ⇒W1,p(·)0 (Ω) → Lp∗(·)(Ω)

p+ < d ⇒W1,p(·)0 (Ω) →→ Lp∗(·)−ε(Ω)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 7 / 14

From now on we assume

Ω ⊂ Rd bounded domain

p is log-Holder continuous

f ∈ Lp′(·)(Ω) or f ∈ Lp′(·)(Ω)d

δ ≥ 0

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 8 / 14

Navier-Stokes equations

Navier-Stokes equations

− div (δ + |Du|)p(·)−2Du + div (u⊗ u) +∇π = f in Ωdiv u = 0 in Ω

u = 0 on ∂Ω

Solving Methods

Classical theory of monotone operators:

Existence of weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)d for p− > 3d

d+2 .

Method of Lipschitz-Truncations:

Existence of weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)d for p− > 2d

d+2 .(Diening, Malek, Steinhauer 2008 and Diening, Ruzicka 2010)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 9 / 14

Navier-Stokes equations

Navier-Stokes equations

− div (δ + |Du|)p(·)−2Du + div (u⊗ u) +∇π = f in Ωdiv u = 0 in Ω

u = 0 on ∂Ω

Solving Methods

Classical theory of monotone operators:

Existence of weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)d for p− > 3d

d+2 .

Method of Lipschitz-Truncations:

Existence of weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)d for p− > 2d

d+2 .(Diening, Malek, Steinhauer 2008 and Diening, Ruzicka 2010)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 9 / 14

Navier-Stokes equations

Navier-Stokes equations

− div (δ + |Du|)p(·)−2Du + div (u⊗ u) +∇π = f in Ωdiv u = 0 in Ω

u = 0 on ∂Ω

Solving Methods

Classical theory of monotone operators:

Existence of weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)d for p− > 3d

d+2 .

Method of Lipschitz-Truncations:

Existence of weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)d for p− > 2d

d+2 .(Diening, Malek, Steinhauer 2008 and Diening, Ruzicka 2010)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 9 / 14

Navier-Stokes equations

Navier-Stokes equations

− div (δ + |Du|)p(·)−2Du + div (u⊗ u) +∇π = f in Ωdiv u = 0 in Ω

u = 0 on ∂Ω

Solving Methods

Classical theory of monotone operators:

Existence of weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)d for p− > 3d

d+2 .

Method of Lipschitz-Truncations:

Existence of weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)d for p− > 2d

d+2 .(Diening, Malek, Steinhauer 2008 and Diening, Ruzicka 2010)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 9 / 14

convenction-diffusion equations

convection-diffusion equations

− div (δ + |∇u|)p(·)−2∇u + a · ∇u = f in Ωu = 0 on ∂Ω

where a ∈ Lr(·)(Ω) with div a = 0 is given.

Theorem

For 1 < p− ≤ p+ < d or d < p− ≤ p+ <∞. Let a ∈ Lr(·)σ (Ω)d , where r

is continuous and r > (p∗)′ a.e. or r = 1 respectively. Then there is a

weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω) of the equation.

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 10 / 14

convenction-diffusion equations

convection-diffusion equations

− div (δ + |∇u|)p(·)−2∇u + a · ∇u = f in Ωu = 0 on ∂Ω

where a ∈ Lr(·)(Ω) with div a = 0 is given.

Theorem

For 1 < p− ≤ p+ < d or d < p− ≤ p+ <∞. Let a ∈ Lr(·)σ (Ω)d , where r

is continuous and r > (p∗)′ a.e. or r = 1 respectively. Then there is a

weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω) of the equation.

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 10 / 14

Sketch of the Proof

Solve by classical theory of monotone operators for every n ∈ N∫Ω

(δ + |∇un|)p(·)−2∇un · ∇ϕ dx −∫

Ωunan · ∇ϕ dx

+1

n

∫Ω|un|q−2unϕ dx = (f , ϕ)

in W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) where the an are smooth divergence free

functions with an → a in Lr(·)(Ω)

Get a sequence un ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) which is bounded in

W1,p(·)0 (Ω)

There is a weakly convergent subsequence: un u in W1,p(·)0 (Ω)

For limit in nonlinear p(·)-Laplacian use method ofLipschitz-Truncations

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 11 / 14

Sketch of the Proof

Solve by classical theory of monotone operators for every n ∈ N∫Ω

(δ + |∇un|)p(·)−2∇un · ∇ϕ dx −∫

Ωunan · ∇ϕ dx

+1

n

∫Ω|un|q−2unϕ dx = (f , ϕ)

in W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) where the an are smooth divergence free

functions with an → a in Lr(·)(Ω)

Get a sequence un ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) which is bounded in

W1,p(·)0 (Ω)

There is a weakly convergent subsequence: un u in W1,p(·)0 (Ω)

For limit in nonlinear p(·)-Laplacian use method ofLipschitz-Truncations

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 11 / 14

Sketch of the Proof

Solve by classical theory of monotone operators for every n ∈ N∫Ω

(δ + |∇un|)p(·)−2∇un · ∇ϕ dx −∫

Ωunan · ∇ϕ dx

+1

n

∫Ω|un|q−2unϕ dx = (f , ϕ)

in W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) where the an are smooth divergence free

functions with an → a in Lr(·)(Ω)

Get a sequence un ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) which is bounded in

W1,p(·)0 (Ω)

There is a weakly convergent subsequence: un u in W1,p(·)0 (Ω)

For limit in nonlinear p(·)-Laplacian use method ofLipschitz-Truncations

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 11 / 14

Sketch of the Proof

Solve by classical theory of monotone operators for every n ∈ N∫Ω

(δ + |∇un|)p(·)−2∇un · ∇ϕ dx −∫

Ωunan · ∇ϕ dx

+1

n

∫Ω|un|q−2unϕ dx = (f , ϕ)

in W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) where the an are smooth divergence free

functions with an → a in Lr(·)(Ω)

Get a sequence un ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) which is bounded in

W1,p(·)0 (Ω)

There is a weakly convergent subsequence: un u in W1,p(·)0 (Ω)

For limit in nonlinear p(·)-Laplacian use method ofLipschitz-Truncations

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 11 / 14

Sketch of the Proof

Solve by classical theory of monotone operators for every n ∈ N∫Ω

(δ + |∇un|)p(·)−2∇un · ∇ϕ dx −∫

Ωunan · ∇ϕ dx

+1

n

∫Ω|un|q−2unϕ dx = (f , ϕ)

in W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) where the an are smooth divergence free

functions with an → a in Lr(·)(Ω)

Get a sequence un ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) which is bounded in

W1,p(·)0 (Ω)

There is a weakly convergent subsequence: un u in W1,p(·)0 (Ω)

For limit in nonlinear p(·)-Laplacian use method ofLipschitz-Truncations

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 11 / 14

Sketch of the Proof

u solves then∫Ω

(δ +∇u)p(·)−2∇u · ∇ϕ dx −∫

Ωuan · ∇ϕ dx = (f , ϕ)

for all ϕ ∈W 1,∞0 (Ω)

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 12 / 14

References

L. Diening, P. Harjulehto, P. Hasto, M. Ruzicka (2011):

Lebesgue and Sobolev Spaces with Variable Exponents

Springer-Verlag , Berlin Heidelberg.

L. Diening, J. Malek, M. Steinhauer (2008):

On Lipschitz Truncations of Sobolev Functions (With Variable Exponent) andTheir Selected Applications

ESAIM: Control, Optimisation and Calculus of Variations 14(2):211-232.

L. Diening, M. Ruzicka (2010):

An existence result for non-Newtonian fluids in non-regular domains

Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems Series S 3(2):255-268.

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 13 / 14

Thank you for your attention!

Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 14 / 14