vertebrate & invertebrate animal, vascular & nonvascular plant
Post on 26-Dec-2014
160 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
FUNDAMENTAL BIOLOGY II
TBU 3023
ASSIGNMENT BIODIVERSITY
GROUP A
NORHIDAYAH BT MOHD AMIN @HJ ABD KADIR
D20091035082
NUR AYUNI BT ROZAKI D20091035084
NOR ASMALIZA BT BAKAR D20091035095FATIN IZZATI BT ZAINAL
ABIDIND20091035085
NORAMIRA BT AHMAD TAJUDDIN
D20091035139
LECTURER’S NAME : DR. SHAKINAZ BT DESA
VERTEBRATE ANIMAL
The Sun Bear (Helarctos malayanus) is a bear found primarily in the tropical rainforests
of Southeast Asia. The sun bear is the smallest of the bears, with a body length of 48 to 60
inches. Local peoples refer to it as the "dog bear" They can weight between 60 and 145 pounds
with the males being slightly larger. Sun bears have short, sleek black fur with a golden or white
colored crescent shape on their chest and the same lighter color around their muzzle and eyes.
The muzzle is short and the ears are small and very round. The paws of the sun bear are large
with naked soles, possibly an adaptation for better tree climbing. The claws are long, curved and
very pointed. They are found in Southeast Asia; India, Burma, southern China, Laos, Vietnam,
Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Sun bears prefer lowland tropical rain forests.
They are quite arboreal and are believed to sleep in trees. Sun bears are omnivorous,
eating birds, small mammals, termites, the young tips of palm trees and the nests of wild bees.
They have been known to cause crop damage particularly to oil palms. Nothing is known about
the sun bear's social organization in the wild. Cubs are reported to stay with their mothers until
fully grown. Through observation of captive sun bears it is believed that cubs can be born
throughout the year. Gestation has been reported at 95 days, at 174 days, and at 240 days at
varying zoos so it is unclear whether there is delayed implantation. Litters consisted of one or
two cubs weighing about 10 ounces (325 grams) each. Sun bears are listed in CITES as
Appendix I. Habitat loss in the sun bear's range is of major concern as is the pet trade, poaching
for food, fur and the Asian medicinal trade.
The Chital also known as chital deer, spotted deer or axis deer which commonly inhabits
wooded regions of Sri Lanka, India and Nepal.They are often considered as the most beautiful
cervid. It is the most common species in the Indian forest. Its body coated with reddish fawn,
marked with white spots and its underspats are also white.They also have a black dorsal stripe
and white bib on their neck. Male’s antlers will shed annually. Axis buck can be horn at any
time of the year.
Spotted deer mostly found in evergreen jungles and open grassland. Their food consist largely of
grasses at all season, augmented with browse. They preferred less than 10 cm high green
grasses. They become tiger’s favourite prey so they tend to live in jungles where they get plenty
of shade and tall trees so that tiger can easily camouflage. Despite being one of the favourite
prey species of predators such as tigers and leopards and only giving birth to a single fawn at a
time, their population is quite abundant. Spotted deer are extremely nervous animals and are
always on the alert for a stalking predator.
The reproductive pattern in axis deer is similar to that in domestic castle. Normally only one
fawn is produced per pregnancy after a gestation period of 210 to 238 days. Axis deer hve a very
low susceptibility to disease, worms, ticks and fleas. They have a high fertility rate and can
breed year round.
INVERTEBRATE ANIMAL
The giant Asian pond turtle is one of the largest hard-shelled, semi-aquatic Asian turtles.
The large carapace (upper shell) is brown to greyish-brown or black, with a well-defined ridge
running along the centre that may be highlighted with a pale streak. The plastron (lower shell) is
yellow, and in young turtles has a pattern of black lines radiating out from black blotches on
each scute. The broad head is grayish-green to brown and mottled with numerous yellow,
orange, or pink spots, which disappear with age. The jaws are cream to horn coloured, the snout
is slightly protruding, and a shallow, v-shaped indentation on the upper jaw is flanked by a pair
of tooth-like projections. Its large limbs and webbed toes are perfect adaptations for a semi-
aquatic life style. Male giant Asian pond turtles can be distinguished from females by their
thicker tails and the slightly inwards curve of their plastron. The giant Asian pond turtle inhabits
a range of freshwater habitats, including rivers, streams, lakes, swamps and marshes, from sea
level up to hilly areas. However, the giant Asian pond turtle is not restricted to water, and can
also be found partially hidden under vegetation on land. The biology and ecology of this huge
pond turtle are poorly known. It is reported that in the wild the giant Asian pond turtle feeds
largely on aquatic plants, but in captivity they have an omnivorous diet. Information regarding
breeding in the giant Asian pond turtle also comes from observations of individuals in captivity.
Males have been seen biting at the head and neck of females, which is likely to be part of an
aggressive courtship ritual that lasts up to several hours. Following this, the male mounts the
female and tightly grips the female’s shell during mating. About a month after mating, the
female lays a clutch of four to six eggs, which hatch after 100 days of incubation at 27 to 28°
Celsius. The young hatchlings have a soft area in the centre of the plastron.
The Red Spotted Purple butterfly belongs to the family Nymphalidae. It is a large black
butterfly with a few white markings and patches of blue iridescence on the upper surface of the
wings. It has orange/red spots under its wings, which is where the name comes from.The red-
spotted purple butterfly is a beautiful forest butterfly.The Red-spotted Purple is mainly a black
butterfly with iridescent blue, that is most impressive in fresh specimens and good light, where
the red spots that are obvious from below can sometimes be seen. This butterfly is a mimic of
the Pipevine Swallowtail and as such looks like a miniature swallowtail, but with no tail. There
are a few white spots near the apex of the forewing. Below, this butterfly is black with blue
spots in the wing margins, but obvious submarginal red spots in both the forewing and hindwing
and some red spots nearer the body.
It can be confused with females of several dark swallowtail butterflies because of the brilliant
blue on the dorsal hindwings, but it lacks eyespots and tails.Both female and male are identically
except that females are slightly larger than males. The red-spotted purple inhabits woodland
edges and clearings, roads and trails through woods. It can be found in all wooded regions, but
is less common in northern Ohio.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VERTEBRATES AND INVERTEBRATES
ANIMAL
Vertebrates Aspect Invertebrates
Sunbear Example Giant asian pond
turtle
Animalia Kingdom Animalia
Chordata Phylum Chordata
Mamalia Class Sauropsida
Carnivora Order Testudines
Ursidae Family Bataguridae
Helarctos Genus Heosemys
H. Malayanus Species H. Grandis
Called as Honey Bear
Smallest of all bear species
Expert climbers
Spend much of the day
with sleeping or sunbathing
on trees
Other Characteristics
One of the
largest hard shell
Semi-aquatic
Asian Turtle
Large carapace
(upper shell)
The carapace is
in brown,
grayish brown or
black in colour.
Known as
Orange Headed
Temple Turtle.
Male has thicker
tail than female.
Tropical forest Habitat Swampy wet lands and
mountain streams
Thailand, Burma, Peninsular
Malaysia, Java, Sumatera and
Borneo
Distribution Myanmar, Thailand,
Cambodia, Vietnam and
Malaysia
Termites, Bees , Earth,
Worm, Snails , Eggs,
Lizard, rodent, fruits and
honey
Diet Figs and other
fruits
Vegetation
Earth worm
Vertebrates Aspects Invertebrates
Axis deer Example Red spotted purple
butterfly
Animalia Kingdom Animalia
Chordata Phylum Arthropoda
Mamalia Class Insecta
Artiodactyla Order Lapidoptera
Cervidae Family Nymphalidae
Axis Genus Limenitis
A.axis Species L .arthemis
Best swimmer
Considered as the most
beautiful deer.
More active by day
than by night.
Female mature
sexually and first breed
at 14 to 17 month of
age.
Other characteristic Female slightly larger
than male
Purple in colour
Few white spot near
the apex of fowering
Semi evergreen jungle
Open grass land
Habitat Wood land adges
Clearing woods
Sri lanka, and india Distribution Western florida. Eastern texas,
north of minesota, wincosin
Fruits,l eaves, grass, fallen
flowers
Diet Caterpillars, feeds on wild
cherry and plum
VASCULAR PLANT
Whisk fern, is a genus of fern-like vascular plants, one of two genera in the family
Psilotaceae, order Psilotales, and class Psilotopsida (the other being Tmesipteris). There are two
species, Psilotum nudum and Psilotum complanatum. Whisk fern is a widespread, rootless,
green-stemmed epiphyte. The whisk fern is said to have no leaves, but instead possesses minute
enations along the angular stem axis and in association with the 3-lobed spore-producing
structure, the synangium. The aboveground portion of the plant is regularly branched, with
scalelike outgrowths that resemble small leaves. A subterranean rhizome (rootlike stem) anchors
the plant in place and absorbs nutrients by means of filaments called rhizoids. This is one of
only a few surviving members of an ancient group of vascular plants, accepted by some
botanists as the most primitive and simplest vascular plant alive today. Because Psilotum is
without leaves, the interior parts of the stem conduct food and water, known as the vascular
cylinder. In Psilotum the vascular cylinder lacks a central made of large, open-looking cells,
called pith. The lack of these cells defined the type of vascular cylinder known as a protostele.
The lack of seeds in the reproductive cycle of the whisk fern is another example of its ancient
evolutionary origins. In place of the pollen and ovule of angiosperms, Psilotum has multicellular
male and female gametophytes, and the whisk fern has spores which give rise to the
gametophytes. The gametophyte is the stage of the plant life cycle which has a haploid
complement of chromosomes (1n). The gametophytes of flowering plants are extremely reduced
in size. The pollen grain and the seven-celled ovule are hidden within the unpollinated ovary.
However, in ancient plants suchas the whisk fern, the gametophyte is relatively large. The
gametophyte of Psilotum even has vascular tissue and a distinct area of food and
waterconducting tissues, unlike the gametophytes of more ancient plants, such as moss and
liverworts. The cigar-shaped gametophytes also grow underground, unlike the gametophytes of
many other plants, where they are nourished by an endophytic fungus. Scientists have now
learned how to germinate the spores of some species of Psilotum in the laboratory, allowing for
a more complete study of their gametophytes.. In addition, they lack true leaves and roots (like
the Bryophytes The name whisk fern is somewhat of a misnomer, because this is not classified
as a fern. Whisk ferns like the warm weather of the tropics and subtropics. They are native to
the southeastern region of the United States, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. In the United
States, whisk ferns can be found in swamp lands and dry rocky cliffs from North Carolina to
Oklahoma.
NON-VASCULAR PLANT
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Pteridophyta
Class: Equisetopsida
Order: Equisetales
Family: Equisetaceae
Genera: Equisetum
Habitat: Wet sandy and clay soils (Acid soils)
Distribution: Around the world except Australasia and Antarctica
Uses:
Strobilus a young fertile stem bearing could be cooked as a meal.
Meadow is used to make a tea and thickening powder
Anatomy of Horsetail’s vegetative stem:
B: branch in whorl
I: internodes
L: leaves
N: node
Polytrichum is a genus of mosses, commonly called haircap moss or hair moss, which
contains approximately 70 species that cover a cosmopolitan distribution. Less common
vernacular names include bird wheat and pigeon wheat. The genus has a number of closely
related sporophytic characters. The scientific name is derived from the ancient Greek words
polys, meaning many and thrix, meaning hair. This name was used in ancient times to refer to
plants with fine, hairlike parts, including mosses, but this application specifically refers to the
hairy calyptras found on young sporophytes. There are two major sections of Polytrichum
species. Polytrichum strictum is plants which is slender, green to whitish green, a densely tufted
species and forming tight hummocks up to 40 cm tall. It composed of mostly unbranched, erect
shoots. These bear short, evenly spaced, narrowly spearhead-shaped leaves with reddish-brown
tips, and have untoothed, inrolled margins. These are held away from the stem when moist and
appressed to each other when dry. The stems are densely matted together below with an off-
white of rhizoids. Another characteristic feature of the genus is its parallel photosynthetic
lamellae on the upper surfaces of the leaves. Most ,osses simply have a single plate of cells on
the leaf surface, but those of Polytrichum have more highly differentiated photosynthetic tissue.
This is an example of a xeromorphic adaption, an adaption for dry conditions. Additionally, the
leaves will curve and then twist around the stem when conditions become too dry, this being
another xeromorphic adaptation. The dense mounds of this species are a good indication of deep
(<50cm) peat deposits. It is a local and declining plant, typical of raised mires, blanket bogs,
valley mires and very wet heaths, but where it occurs it may be locally abundant over extensive
areas. It may rarely be found in open, damp, peaty areas in woodlands.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VASCULAR AND NON-VASCULAR PLANT
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum:
Marchantiophyta
(Bryophyta)
Class: Marchantiopsida
Order: Marchantiales
Family: Marchantiaeae
Genus: Marchantia
Species: M.
polymorpha
Genera: Marchantia
alpestris and
Marchantia
aquatica
Vascular Aspects Non-vascular
Whisk Fern Example Polytrichum
Strictum
Plantae Kingdom Plantae
Pteridophyta Phylum Bryophyta
Psilotopsida Class Polytrichopsida
Psilotaks Order Polytrichales
Psilotaceae Family Polytrichaceae
Psilotum Genus Polytrichum
Psilotum Nudum (L.) Beavois
@ Psilotum Complanatum
Sw.
Species P. Strictum
Tropical and subtopical of
South West Europe and
highest latitude in South
Carolina, Cadiz in Spain
Habitat In peatlands and bogs,
occasionally in seeps
Sortheastern Alaska
Reproduce by spores
(asexual reproduction)
Commonly called
haircap moss/hairmoss
The only green leaves
plant reproduce by
spores
A rootless, simple
plants with rhizoids, as
anchoring structures,
and hairless (glabrous)
upright stems with
simple sterile
appendages (erations).
The large spore cases
(sporangia) are fused
in two’s or three’s
Characteristics
Simply has a single
plate of cell on the
lower surface
The leave will curve,
the twist around the
stem during dry
condition
Vascular Aspects Non vascular
Horsetail Example Marchantia
Polymorpha
Plantae Kingdom Marchantiophyta
Pteridophyta Phylum Marchantiosida
Equisetopsida Class Marchantiales
Equisetales Order Marchanticeae
Equisetaceae Family Marchantiae
Equisetum Genus Marchantia
Kamchatka horsetail
(Equisitum Camtschatcense)
Species Marchantia Polymorpha
Wet sandy soils, Semi
Aquatic and wet clay
soils around
Being absent only
from Australasia and
Antartica
Distribution Dense, Flashy mat that
grows prostrate.
Over the surface of
container crops /
greenhouse and
nursery floor.
From tropical to arctic
regions.
A herbaceous plant,
but in a large
quantities, the foliage
Characteristic Has flat, lobed, thallus
about a centimeter in
of same species is
poisonous to grazing
animals.
Could be used to make
tea as well as a
thickening powder.
It leaves are greatlt
reduced and usually
non-photosynthetic.
A cone bearing stems
are unbranched.
Reproduce by
producing spores
(asexual reproduction)
length.
The upper surface of
thallus is smooth.
Diodcious (sexes are
separate ).
It reproduce a sexually
and asexually.
A sexual reproduce
involve gemmae in
gammae cups on upper
surface of thallus.
Sex reproduce depends
on antheridia and
archegonia
Reference :
Starr, C., Evers, C. A and Starr, L. 2008. Biology Concepts and Application. USA :
Thomson Learning Inc
Bah Hock Guan, Sri Nasariya, and Tor Siong Guan, 2008. Complete Reference
Matriculation Biology. Malaysia. Oriental Academic Publication
Appendixes:
top related