FUNDAMENTAL BIOLOGY II

TBU 3023

ASSIGNMENT BIODIVERSITY

GROUP A

NORHIDAYAH BT MOHD AMIN @HJ ABD KADIR

D20091035082

NUR AYUNI BT ROZAKI D20091035084

NOR ASMALIZA BT BAKAR D20091035095FATIN IZZATI BT ZAINAL

ABIDIND20091035085

NORAMIRA BT AHMAD TAJUDDIN

D20091035139

LECTURER’S NAME : DR. SHAKINAZ BT DESA

VERTEBRATE ANIMAL

The Sun Bear (Helarctos malayanus) is a bear found primarily in the tropical rainforests

of Southeast Asia. The sun bear is the smallest of the bears, with a body length of 48 to 60

inches. Local peoples refer to it as the "dog bear" They can weight between 60 and 145 pounds

with the males being slightly larger. Sun bears have short, sleek black fur with a golden or white

colored crescent shape on their chest and the same lighter color around their muzzle and eyes.

The muzzle is short and the ears are small and very round. The paws of the sun bear are large

with naked soles, possibly an adaptation for better tree climbing. The claws are long, curved and

very pointed. They are found in Southeast Asia; India, Burma, southern China, Laos, Vietnam,

Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Sun bears prefer lowland tropical rain forests.

They are quite arboreal and are believed to sleep in trees. Sun bears are omnivorous,

eating birds, small mammals, termites, the young tips of palm trees and the nests of wild bees.

They have been known to cause crop damage particularly to oil palms. Nothing is known about

the sun bear's social organization in the wild. Cubs are reported to stay with their mothers until

fully grown. Through observation of captive sun bears it is believed that cubs can be born

throughout the year. Gestation has been reported at 95 days, at 174 days, and at 240 days at

varying zoos so it is unclear whether there is delayed implantation. Litters consisted of one or

two cubs weighing about 10 ounces (325 grams) each. Sun bears are listed in CITES as

Appendix I. Habitat loss in the sun bear's range is of major concern as is the pet trade, poaching

for food, fur and the Asian medicinal trade.

The Chital also known as chital deer, spotted deer or axis deer which commonly inhabits

wooded regions of Sri Lanka, India and Nepal.They are often considered as the most beautiful

cervid. It is the most common species in the Indian forest. Its body coated with reddish fawn,

marked with white spots and its underspats are also white.They also have a black dorsal stripe

and white bib on their neck. Male’s antlers will shed annually. Axis buck can be horn at any

time of the year.

Spotted deer mostly found in evergreen jungles and open grassland. Their food consist largely of

grasses at all season, augmented with browse. They preferred less than 10 cm high green

grasses. They become tiger’s favourite prey so they tend to live in jungles where they get plenty

of shade and tall trees so that tiger can easily camouflage. Despite being one of the favourite

prey species of predators such as tigers and leopards and only giving birth to a single fawn at a

time, their population is quite abundant. Spotted deer are extremely nervous animals and are

always on the alert for a stalking predator.

The reproductive pattern in axis deer is similar to that in domestic castle. Normally only one

fawn is produced per pregnancy after a gestation period of 210 to 238 days. Axis deer hve a very

low susceptibility to disease, worms, ticks and fleas. They have a high fertility rate and can

breed year round.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMAL

The giant Asian pond turtle is one of the largest hard-shelled, semi-aquatic Asian turtles.

The large carapace (upper shell) is brown to greyish-brown or black, with a well-defined ridge

running along the centre that may be highlighted with a pale streak. The plastron (lower shell) is

yellow, and in young turtles has a pattern of black lines radiating out from black blotches on

each scute. The broad head is grayish-green to brown and mottled with numerous yellow,

orange, or pink spots, which disappear with age. The jaws are cream to horn coloured, the snout

is slightly protruding, and a shallow, v-shaped indentation on the upper jaw is flanked by a pair

of tooth-like projections. Its large limbs and webbed toes are perfect adaptations for a semi-

aquatic life style. Male giant Asian pond turtles can be distinguished from females by their

thicker tails and the slightly inwards curve of their plastron. The giant Asian pond turtle inhabits

a range of freshwater habitats, including rivers, streams, lakes, swamps and marshes, from sea

level up to hilly areas. However, the giant Asian pond turtle is not restricted to water, and can

also be found partially hidden under vegetation on land. The biology and ecology of this huge

pond turtle are poorly known. It is reported that in the wild the giant Asian pond turtle feeds

largely on aquatic plants, but in captivity they have an omnivorous diet. Information regarding

breeding in the giant Asian pond turtle also comes from observations of individuals in captivity.

Males have been seen biting at the head and neck of females, which is likely to be part of an

aggressive courtship ritual that lasts up to several hours. Following this, the male mounts the

female and tightly grips the female’s shell during mating. About a month after mating, the

female lays a clutch of four to six eggs, which hatch after 100 days of incubation at 27 to 28°

Celsius. The young hatchlings have a soft area in the centre of the plastron.

The Red Spotted Purple butterfly belongs to the family Nymphalidae. It is a large black

butterfly with a few white markings and patches of blue iridescence on the upper surface of the

wings. It has orange/red spots under its wings, which is where the name comes from.The red-

spotted purple butterfly is a beautiful forest butterfly.The Red-spotted Purple is mainly a black

butterfly with iridescent blue, that is most impressive in fresh specimens and good light, where

the red spots that are obvious from below can sometimes be seen. This butterfly is a mimic of

the Pipevine Swallowtail and as such looks like a miniature swallowtail, but with no tail. There

are a few white spots near the apex of the forewing. Below, this butterfly is black with blue

spots in the wing margins, but obvious submarginal red spots in both the forewing and hindwing

and some red spots nearer the body.

It can be confused with females of several dark swallowtail butterflies because of the brilliant

blue on the dorsal hindwings, but it lacks eyespots and tails.Both female and male are identically

except that females are slightly larger than males. The red-spotted purple inhabits woodland

edges and clearings, roads and trails through woods. It can be found in all wooded regions, but

is less common in northern Ohio.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VERTEBRATES AND INVERTEBRATES

ANIMAL

Vertebrates Aspect Invertebrates

Sunbear Example Giant asian pond

turtle

Animalia Kingdom Animalia

Chordata Phylum Chordata

Mamalia Class Sauropsida

Carnivora Order Testudines

Ursidae Family Bataguridae

Helarctos Genus Heosemys

H. Malayanus Species H. Grandis

Called as Honey Bear

Smallest of all bear species

Expert climbers

Spend much of the day

with sleeping or sunbathing

on trees

Other Characteristics

One of the

largest hard shell

Semi-aquatic

Asian Turtle

Large carapace

(upper shell)

The carapace is

in brown,

grayish brown or

black in colour.

Known as

Orange Headed

Temple Turtle.

Male has thicker

tail than female.

Tropical forest Habitat Swampy wet lands and

mountain streams

Thailand, Burma, Peninsular

Malaysia, Java, Sumatera and

Borneo

Distribution Myanmar, Thailand,

Cambodia, Vietnam and

Malaysia

Termites, Bees , Earth,

Worm, Snails , Eggs,

Lizard, rodent, fruits and

honey

Diet Figs and other

fruits

Vegetation

Earth worm

Vertebrates Aspects Invertebrates

Axis deer Example Red spotted purple

butterfly

Animalia Kingdom Animalia

Chordata Phylum Arthropoda

Mamalia Class Insecta

Artiodactyla Order Lapidoptera

Cervidae Family Nymphalidae

Axis Genus Limenitis

A.axis Species L .arthemis

Best swimmer

Considered as the most

beautiful deer.

More active by day

than by night.

Female mature

sexually and first breed

at 14 to 17 month of

age.

Other characteristic Female slightly larger

than male

Purple in colour

Few white spot near

the apex of fowering

Semi evergreen jungle

Open grass land

Habitat Wood land adges

Clearing woods

Sri lanka, and india Distribution Western florida. Eastern texas,

north of minesota, wincosin

Fruits,l eaves, grass, fallen

flowers

Diet Caterpillars, feeds on wild

cherry and plum

VASCULAR PLANT

Whisk fern, is a genus of fern-like vascular plants, one of two genera in the family

Psilotaceae, order Psilotales, and class Psilotopsida (the other being Tmesipteris). There are two

species, Psilotum nudum and Psilotum complanatum. Whisk fern is a widespread, rootless,

green-stemmed epiphyte. The whisk fern is said to have no leaves, but instead possesses minute

enations along the angular stem axis and in association with the 3-lobed spore-producing

structure, the synangium. The aboveground portion of the plant is regularly branched, with

scalelike outgrowths that resemble small leaves. A subterranean rhizome (rootlike stem) anchors

the plant in place and absorbs nutrients by means of filaments called rhizoids. This is one of

only a few surviving members of an ancient group of vascular plants, accepted by some

botanists as the most primitive and simplest vascular plant alive today. Because Psilotum is

without leaves, the interior parts of the stem conduct food and water, known as the vascular

cylinder. In Psilotum the vascular cylinder lacks a central made of large, open-looking cells,

called pith. The lack of these cells defined the type of vascular cylinder known as a protostele.

The lack of seeds in the reproductive cycle of the whisk fern is another example of its ancient

evolutionary origins. In place of the pollen and ovule of angiosperms, Psilotum has multicellular

male and female gametophytes, and the whisk fern has spores which give rise to the

gametophytes. The gametophyte is the stage of the plant life cycle which has a haploid

complement of chromosomes (1n). The gametophytes of flowering plants are extremely reduced

in size. The pollen grain and the seven-celled ovule are hidden within the unpollinated ovary.

However, in ancient plants suchas the whisk fern, the gametophyte is relatively large. The

gametophyte of Psilotum even has vascular tissue and a distinct area of food and

waterconducting tissues, unlike the gametophytes of more ancient plants, such as moss and

liverworts. The cigar-shaped gametophytes also grow underground, unlike the gametophytes of

many other plants, where they are nourished by an endophytic fungus. Scientists have now

learned how to germinate the spores of some species of Psilotum in the laboratory, allowing for

a more complete study of their gametophytes.. In addition, they lack true leaves and roots (like

the Bryophytes The name whisk fern is somewhat of a misnomer, because this is not classified

as a fern. Whisk ferns like the warm weather of the tropics and subtropics. They are native to

the southeastern region of the United States, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. In the United

States, whisk ferns can be found in swamp lands and dry rocky cliffs from North Carolina to

Oklahoma.

NON-VASCULAR PLANT

Kingdom: Plantae

Phylum: Pteridophyta

Class: Equisetopsida

Order: Equisetales

Family: Equisetaceae

Genera: Equisetum

Habitat: Wet sandy and clay soils (Acid soils)

Distribution: Around the world except Australasia and Antarctica

Uses:

Strobilus a young fertile stem bearing could be cooked as a meal.

Meadow is used to make a tea and thickening powder

Anatomy of Horsetail’s vegetative stem:

B: branch in whorl

I: internodes

L: leaves

N: node

Polytrichum is a genus of mosses, commonly called haircap moss or hair moss, which

contains approximately 70 species that cover a cosmopolitan distribution. Less common

vernacular names include bird wheat and pigeon wheat. The genus has a number of closely

related sporophytic characters. The scientific name is derived from the ancient Greek words

polys, meaning many and thrix, meaning hair. This name was used in ancient times to refer to

plants with fine, hairlike parts, including mosses, but this application specifically refers to the

hairy calyptras found on young sporophytes. There are two major sections of Polytrichum

species. Polytrichum strictum is plants which is slender, green to whitish green, a densely tufted

species and forming tight hummocks up to 40 cm tall. It composed of mostly unbranched, erect

shoots. These bear short, evenly spaced, narrowly spearhead-shaped leaves with reddish-brown

tips, and have untoothed, inrolled margins. These are held away from the stem when moist and

appressed to each other when dry. The stems are densely matted together below with an off-

white of rhizoids. Another characteristic feature of the genus is its parallel photosynthetic

lamellae on the upper surfaces of the leaves. Most ,osses simply have a single plate of cells on

the leaf surface, but those of Polytrichum have more highly differentiated photosynthetic tissue.

This is an example of a xeromorphic adaption, an adaption for dry conditions. Additionally, the

leaves will curve and then twist around the stem when conditions become too dry, this being

another xeromorphic adaptation. The dense mounds of this species are a good indication of deep

(<50cm) peat deposits. It is a local and declining plant, typical of raised mires, blanket bogs,

valley mires and very wet heaths, but where it occurs it may be locally abundant over extensive

areas. It may rarely be found in open, damp, peaty areas in woodlands.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VASCULAR AND NON-VASCULAR PLANT

Kingdom: Plantae

Phylum:

Marchantiophyta

(Bryophyta)

Class: Marchantiopsida

Order: Marchantiales

Family: Marchantiaeae

Genus: Marchantia

Species: M.

polymorpha

Genera: Marchantia

alpestris and

Marchantia

aquatica

Vascular Aspects Non-vascular

Whisk Fern Example Polytrichum

Strictum

Plantae Kingdom Plantae

Pteridophyta Phylum Bryophyta

Psilotopsida Class Polytrichopsida

Psilotaks Order Polytrichales

Psilotaceae Family Polytrichaceae

Psilotum Genus Polytrichum

Psilotum Nudum (L.) Beavois

@ Psilotum Complanatum

Sw.

Species P. Strictum

Tropical and subtopical of

South West Europe and

highest latitude in South

Carolina, Cadiz in Spain

Habitat In peatlands and bogs,

occasionally in seeps

Sortheastern Alaska

Reproduce by spores

(asexual reproduction)

Commonly called

haircap moss/hairmoss

The only green leaves

plant reproduce by

spores

A rootless, simple

plants with rhizoids, as

anchoring structures,

and hairless (glabrous)

upright stems with

simple sterile

appendages (erations).

The large spore cases

(sporangia) are fused

in two’s or three’s

Characteristics

Simply has a single

plate of cell on the

lower surface

The leave will curve,

the twist around the

stem during dry

condition

Vascular Aspects Non vascular

Horsetail Example Marchantia

Polymorpha

Plantae Kingdom Marchantiophyta

Pteridophyta Phylum Marchantiosida

Equisetopsida Class Marchantiales

Equisetales Order Marchanticeae

Equisetaceae Family Marchantiae

Equisetum Genus Marchantia

Kamchatka horsetail

(Equisitum Camtschatcense)

Species Marchantia Polymorpha

Wet sandy soils, Semi

Aquatic and wet clay

soils around

Being absent only

from Australasia and

Antartica

Distribution Dense, Flashy mat that

grows prostrate.

Over the surface of

container crops /

greenhouse and

nursery floor.

From tropical to arctic

regions.

A herbaceous plant,

but in a large

quantities, the foliage

Characteristic Has flat, lobed, thallus

about a centimeter in

of same species is

poisonous to grazing

animals.

Could be used to make

tea as well as a

thickening powder.

It leaves are greatlt

reduced and usually

non-photosynthetic.

A cone bearing stems

are unbranched.

Reproduce by

producing spores

(asexual reproduction)

length.

The upper surface of

thallus is smooth.

Diodcious (sexes are

separate ).

It reproduce a sexually

and asexually.

A sexual reproduce

involve gemmae in

gammae cups on upper

surface of thallus.

Sex reproduce depends

on antheridia and

archegonia

Reference :

Starr, C., Evers, C. A and Starr, L. 2008. Biology Concepts and Application. USA :

Thomson Learning Inc

Bah Hock Guan, Sri Nasariya, and Tor Siong Guan, 2008. Complete Reference

Matriculation Biology. Malaysia. Oriental Academic Publication

Appendixes: