what is an ecosystem 006
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What Is An EcosystemWhat Is An Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a natural unitAn ecosystem is a natural unit
consisting of all plants, animals andconsisting of all plants, animals and
micro-organisms (biotic factors) in anmicro-organisms (biotic factors) in anarea functioning together with all of thearea functioning together with all of the
non-living physical (abiotic) factors ofnon-living physical (abiotic) factors of
the environment.the environment.
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Auatic systems are those that containAuatic systems are those that containplants and animals that predominantlyplants and animals that predominantly
depend on a significant amount ofdepend on a significant amount ofwater to be present for at least part ofwater to be present for at least part ofthe year.the year.
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A dense, impenetrable thic&et ofA dense, impenetrable thic&et of
shrubs or dwarf trees. A vegetationshrubs or dwarf trees. A vegetation
type dominated by shrubs and smalltype dominated by shrubs and small
trees, especially evergreen trees withtrees, especially evergreen trees with
thic&, small leaves.thic&, small leaves.
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A large underwater formationA large underwater formation
created from the calciumcreated from the calcium
carbonate s&eletons of coralcarbonate s&eletons of coralanimals can also refer to theanimals can also refer to the
animals living on and near theanimals living on and near the
coral reef.coral reef.
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A desert is a landscape form or regionA desert is a landscape form or regionthat receives very little precipitation.that receives very little precipitation.*eserts can be defined as areas that*eserts can be defined as areas that
receive an average annual precipitationreceive an average annual precipitationof less than / mm (0/ in), or as areasof less than / mm (0/ in), or as areasin which more water is lost than falls asin which more water is lost than falls asprecipitation.In the 12ppen climateprecipitation.In the 12ppen climateclassification system, deserts areclassification system, deserts areclassed asclassed as BWhBWh (hot desert) or(hot desert) or BWkBWk(temperate desert).(temperate desert).
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E!'+4+E6E!'+4+E63reater 4ellowstone is the last remaining large,3reater 4ellowstone is the last remaining large,
nearly intact ecosystem in the northernnearly intact ecosystem in the northerntemperate 7one of the Earth and is partlytemperate 7one of the Earth and is partlylocated in 4ellowstone 5ational #ar&. !onflictlocated in 4ellowstone 5ational #ar&. !onflict
over management has been controversial, andover management has been controversial, andthe area is a flagship site among conservationthe area is a flagship site among conservationgroups that promote ecosystem management.groups that promote ecosystem management.he 3reater 4ellow Ecosystem (34E) is one ofhe 3reater 4ellow Ecosystem (34E) is one of
the world8s foremost natural laboratories inthe world8s foremost natural laboratories inlandscape ecology and geology and is a world-landscape ecology and geology and is a world-renowned recreational site. It is also home torenowned recreational site. It is also home tothe animals of 4ellowstone.the animals of 4ellowstone.
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"uman ecosystems are comple: cybernetic"uman ecosystems are comple: cyberneticsystems that are increasingly being used bysystems that are increasingly being used by
ecological anthropologists and otherecological anthropologists and other
scholars to e:amine the ecological aspectsscholars to e:amine the ecological aspects
of human communities in a way thatof human communities in a way thatintegrates multiple factors as economics,integrates multiple factors as economics,
socio-political organi7ation, psychologicalsocio-political organi7ation, psychological
factors, and physical factors related to thefactors, and physical factors related to the
environment.environment.
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Any marine environment, from pond toAny marine environment, from pond to
ocean, in which plants and animalsocean, in which plants and animals
interact with the chemical and physicalinteract with the chemical and physical
features on the environment.features on the environment.
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he region of the shore of a la&e or seahe region of the shore of a la&e or sea
or ocean < the shore of a sea or ocean.or ocean < the shore of a sea or ocean.
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Any marine environment, from pond toAny marine environment, from pond to
ocean, in which plants and animalsocean, in which plants and animals
interact with the chemical and physicalinteract with the chemical and physical
features of the environment.features of the environment.
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6i:ed rainforest or mi:ed forest) is a6i:ed rainforest or mi:ed forest) is a
rainforest classification where eucalyptrainforest classification where eucalypt
forest grows in combination with !oolforest grows in combination with !ool
emperate rainforest species.emperate rainforest species.
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A tropical or subtropical grasslandA tropical or subtropical grassland
containing scattered trees and drought-containing scattered trees and drought-
resistant undergrowth.resistant undergrowth.
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A minute life form a microorganism,A minute life form a microorganism,
especially a bacterium that causesespecially a bacterium that causes
disease.disease.
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A moist sub arctic coniferous forestA moist sub arctic coniferous forest
that begins where the tundra ends andthat begins where the tundra ends and
is dominated by spruces and firs.is dominated by spruces and firs.
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A type of ecosystem dominated byA type of ecosystem dominated by
lichens, mosses, grasses, and woodylichens, mosses, grasses, and woody
plants. undra is found at high latitudesplants. undra is found at high latitudes
(arctic tundra) and high altitudes(arctic tundra) and high altitudes
A treeless plain characteristic of theA treeless plain characteristic of the
arctic and sub arctic regions.arctic and sub arctic regions.
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Is the subfield of ecology which deals with theIs the subfield of ecology which deals with theinteraction of plants, animals and humans withinteraction of plants, animals and humans witheach other and with their environment in urban oreach other and with their environment in urban orurbani7ing settings. Analysis of urban settings inurbani7ing settings. Analysis of urban settings in
the conte:t of ecosystem ecology (loo&ing at thethe conte:t of ecosystem ecology (loo&ing at thecycling of matter and the flow of energy throughcycling of matter and the flow of energy throughthe ecosystem) can result in healthier, betterthe ecosystem) can result in healthier, bettermanaged communities. +tudying the factors whichmanaged communities. +tudying the factors whichallow wild plants and animals to survive (andallow wild plants and animals to survive (and
sometimes thrive) in built environments can alsosometimes thrive) in built environments can alsocreate more livable spaces. It allows people tocreate more livable spaces. It allows people toadapt to the changing environment whileadapt to the changing environment whilepreserving the resources.preserving the resources.
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he dar& arrows represent the movementhe dar& arrows represent the movement
of this energyof this energy.he movement of the inorganic nutrients
is represented by the open arrows.
Energy low hrough the EcosystemEnergy low hrough the Ecosystem
he diagramhe diagram
above showsabove shows
how bothhow bothenergy andenergy and
inorganicinorganic
nutrients flownutrients flow
through thethrough the
ecosystem.ecosystem.
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o summari7e? In the flow of energy ando summari7e? In the flow of energy and
inorganic nutrients through the ecosystem, ainorganic nutrients through the ecosystem, a
few generali7ations can be made?few generali7ations can be made?
0.0. he ultimate source of energy (for mosthe ultimate source of energy (for mostecosystems) is the sunecosystems) is the sun
.. he ultimate fate of energy in ecosystems ishe ultimate fate of energy in ecosystems is
for it to be lost as heat.for it to be lost as heat.
@.@. Energy and nutrients are passed fromEnergy and nutrients are passed fromorganism to organism through the food chainorganism to organism through the food chainas one organism eats another.as one organism eats another.
.. *ecomposers remove the last energy from*ecomposers remove the last energy from
the remains of organisms.the remains of organisms... Inorganic nutrients are cycled, energy is not.Inorganic nutrients are cycled, energy is not.
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Food Chains and Webs:Food Chains and Webs:
A food chain is the path of food from a given finalA food chain is the path of food from a given finalconsumer bac& to a producer. or instance, a typicalconsumer bac& to a producer. or instance, a typicalfood chain in a field ecosystem might be?food chain in a field ecosystem might be?
grassgrass grasshoppergrasshopper mousemouse sna&esna&e haw&
he real world, of course, is more complicatedhe real world, of course, is more complicated
than a simple food chain. While many organismsthan a simple food chain. While many organisms
do speciali7e in their diets (anteaters come todo speciali7e in their diets (anteaters come to
mind as a specialist), other organisms do not.mind as a specialist), other organisms do not."aw&s don8t limit their diets to sna&es sna&es"aw&s don8t limit their diets to sna&es sna&es
eat things other than mice. 6ouse eats grass aseat things other than mice. 6ouse eats grass as
well as grasshoppers, and so on.well as grasshoppers, and so on.
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A more realistic depiction of who eats whom isA more realistic depiction of who eats whom is
called a food, web an e:ample is showncalled a food, web an e:ample is shown
below?below?
It is when we have a picture of a food web in front ofIt is when we have a picture of a food web in front ofus that the definition of food chain ma&es more sense.us that the definition of food chain ma&es more sense.
We can now see that a food web consists ofWe can now see that a food web consists of
interloc&ing food chains, and that the only way tointerloc&ing food chains, and that the only way to
untangle the chains is to traceuntangle the chains is to trace backbackalong a given foodalong a given food
chain to its source.chain to its source.
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The food webs you see here are grazing foodchainssince at their base are producers whichthe herbivores then graze on. While grazing
food chains are important, in nature they areoutnumbered by detritus-based food chains. Indetritus-based food chains, decomposers are atthe base of the food chain, and sustain the
carnivores which feed on them. In terms of theweight (or biomass of animals in manyecosystems, more of their body mass can betraced bac! to detritus than to living producers.
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he concept ofhe concept of
biomass isbiomass is
important.important.
It is a general principle that the furtherIt is a general principle that the furtherremoved a trophic level is from its sourceremoved a trophic level is from its source
(detritus or producer), the less biomass it will(detritus or producer), the less biomass it will
contain (biomass here would refer to thecontain (biomass here would refer to the
combined weight of all the organisms in thecombined weight of all the organisms in the
trophic level).trophic level).
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