what is instructional design
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What is Instructional Design
Makarand Pandit
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What we plan to do today
Definitions Roles of an Instructional Designer Human memory Model Noted Contributors to ID Principles from Cognitive, Behavioral and
Motivational Theories
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What is training?
Imparting knowledge and developing skills through – Instructions– Experimentation– Experiences
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Quality of training depends on
Trainer Trainee Instructions Experimentation Experiences
Media
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Traditional Training Approach
Trainees
Trainer
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New Training Approach
Resources
Trainee
Trainer
Reference Material
Audio
Video
Interactions
Job Aids
Group Exercises / Drills
Quiz
Simulations
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Instructional Design - Definition 1 “Instructional Design is a systematic
approach to the production of instructional units or courseware for specific user groups. Instructional design is a process whereby the student interacts with the course materials and behaviour change occurs” - Maggs, et al
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Instructional Design - Definition 2 “A self correcting systems approach that
seeks to apply scientifically derived principles to the planning, design, creation, implementation, and evaluation of effective and efficient instruction.” - Shrock
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Instructional Design - Definition 3 “Instructional Design simply defined
means using a systematic process to understand a human performance problem, figuring out what to do about it and then doing something about it.” - McArdle
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What else?
The field is variously called:– Instructional Development– Instructional Technology– Instructional Design– Educational Technology– ...
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Roles of Instructional Designer
Student Coordinator (ID Development) Critic Guide Not Subject Matter Expert
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Interesting Example
Instructional Designer is the Architect of the training material
ID lays down the design to be followed by others
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A Good Instructional Designer has
Training Skills Writing Skills Interpersonal Skills Visualizing Skills Logical Linking Ability Student’s Approach Experience (must)!
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When did your learning start?
From the birth… and it will continue for ever
So learning theories try to analyze Children’s Development
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Model of Human Memory System
Sensory Register
Working (Short Term)
Memory
Long Term
Memory
Input
Input
InputAttention
Lost Lost Lost
Meaningful Learning, Rehearsal
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Personal Learning Styles
Converger (Theorist) Diverger (Pragmatist) Assimilator (Reflector) Accomodator (Activist)
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Converger (Theorist)
Habits: Solution Oriented Person Problem Solver Decision Maker Responds to Problems and Questions Wants to be intellectually stretched
Preferred Learning Modes: Structured Learning Relationship Building
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Diverger (Pragmatist)
Habits: Generates wide range of ideas Views situations from different points of view Tendency is more towards observing than taking action
Preferred Learning Modes: Discussions, Brainstorming Demonstrations Action Planning
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Assimilator (Reflector)
Habits: Absorbs considerable information Synthesizes information into concise form Interested in abstract ideas and concepts Emphasizes theory that is logically sound than practically
sound
Preferred Learning Modes: Journals, Case Studies Individual Problem Solving Self-paced & Self-directed Learning
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Accomodator (Activist)
Habits: Does not prefer Logical Analysis Gathers information from people more than technical
analysis Intuitive and Trial & Error Learner Likes variety, action and challenge, presentations
Preferred Learning Modes: Role Plays, Simulations, Games Adventure Learning
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Guidelines for Instructional Designer Use a combination of Instructor and Self Learning Develop courses for all types of learners Choose personal learning style if possible Evaluate quality of training based on personal learning
styles considered Have room for leaner to respond Provide variety of learning strategies For Technical Courses use more of Reflective Exercises Design instructions to meet performance or task
requirements
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Guidelines for Instructional Designer Avoid designs on basis on occupational sub-grouping Do not over-use your own personal learning style Do not ignore personal dislikes arising from extreme
preferences of personal learning style
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ID Theories
Cognitive Theories Bahavioural Theories Motivational Theories
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Contributors
Gagne Skinner Vyagotsky Piagiet Bruner Merill Bloom Mager
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CBT Structure
Objectives Topic Hint Example Steps Practice Questions Summary
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WBT Structure
Series Course Lesson Levels of learning (Affective) Topic Levels of learning (Cognitive) Instructional Mode (Overview, Explain, Show, Practice, Summary) Instructional Strategy (Expository, Exploratory, Build, Dialogue, Questions and answers, Case study) Template
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Summary
Definitions Roles of an Instructional Designer Noted Contributors to ID Implications of Learning Styles in Training
Design Principles from Cognitive, Behavioural and
Motivational Theories
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Reference Books Computer Based Instruction: Methods and Development
Allessi, S.M. & Trollip, S.R. Designing and Writing Online Documentation Horton,
William Instructional Design - A systems approach Maggs, Alex, et al Instructional Technology, Past, Present and Future Anglin,
Gary G. (Ed.) Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, Roblyer,
M.D., et al The Systematic Design of Instruction Dick, Walter and Carey,
Lou
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