what is psychology? chapter one. psychology as a science definition: the scientific study of...
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What Is What Is Psychology?Psychology?
What Is What Is Psychology?Psychology?
Chapter OneChapter OneChapter OneChapter One
Psychology as a Psychology as a ScienceScience
Psychology as a Psychology as a ScienceScience
DefinitionDefinition::
the scientific study the scientific study of of
behavior and mental behavior and mental processesprocesses
DefinitionDefinition::
the scientific study the scientific study of of
behavior and mental behavior and mental processesprocesses
Psychology as a Psychology as a ScienceScience
Psychology as a Psychology as a ScienceScience
As science, uses the As science, uses the scientific method, as scientific method, as opposed to subjective opposed to subjective opinion, to develop opinion, to develop
theories about variables theories about variables to describe, explain, to describe, explain, predict, and control predict, and control behavior and mental behavior and mental
processesprocesses
As science, uses the As science, uses the scientific method, as scientific method, as opposed to subjective opposed to subjective opinion, to develop opinion, to develop
theories about variables theories about variables to describe, explain, to describe, explain, predict, and control predict, and control behavior and mental behavior and mental
processesprocesses
TheoryTheoryTheoryTheory
Definition:Definition:
a formulation of a formulation of relationships underlying relationships underlying
observed eventsobserved events
Definition:Definition:
a formulation of a formulation of relationships underlying relationships underlying
observed eventsobserved events
TheoryTheoryTheoryTheory
Based on assumptions Based on assumptions about behavior and about behavior and mental processesmental processes
Contain statements about Contain statements about the principles and laws the principles and laws that may govern themthat may govern them
Based on assumptions Based on assumptions about behavior and about behavior and mental processesmental processes
Contain statements about Contain statements about the principles and laws the principles and laws that may govern themthat may govern them
TheoryTheoryTheoryTheory
Allow us to derive Allow us to derive explanations and explanations and predictionspredictions
Describe, Explain, Describe, Explain, Predict, ControlPredict, Control
Allow us to derive Allow us to derive explanations and explanations and predictionspredictions
Describe, Explain, Describe, Explain, Predict, ControlPredict, Control
What Psychologists What Psychologists DoDo
What Psychologists What Psychologists DoDo
Wide variety of subject Wide variety of subject areas for areas for
psychologistspsychologists
Pure ResearchPure Research vs. vs. Applied Applied
ResearchResearch
Wide variety of subject Wide variety of subject areas for areas for
psychologistspsychologists
Pure ResearchPure Research vs. vs. Applied Applied
ResearchResearch
What Psychologists What Psychologists DoDo
What Psychologists What Psychologists DoDo
Pure ResearchPure Research:: Conducted without concern Conducted without concern
for immediate for immediate applications to personal applications to personal
or social problems or social problems (research for its own (research for its own
sake)sake)
Pure ResearchPure Research:: Conducted without concern Conducted without concern
for immediate for immediate applications to personal applications to personal
or social problems or social problems (research for its own (research for its own
sake)sake)
What Psychologists What Psychologists DoDo
What Psychologists What Psychologists DoDo
Applied ResearchApplied Research:: Designed to find Designed to find solutions to solutions to
specific personal or specific personal or social problemssocial problems
Applied ResearchApplied Research:: Designed to find Designed to find solutions to solutions to
specific personal or specific personal or social problemssocial problems
Subfields of Subfields of PsychologyPsychology
Subfields of Subfields of PsychologyPsychology
ClinicalClinicalCounselingCounseling
SchoolSchoolEducationalEducational
ClinicalClinicalCounselingCounseling
SchoolSchoolEducationalEducational
Subfields of Subfields of PsychologyPsychology
Subfields of Subfields of PsychologyPsychology
DevelopmentalDevelopmentalSocial/PersonalitySocial/Personality
ExperimentalExperimentalCognitiveCognitive
DevelopmentalDevelopmentalSocial/PersonalitySocial/Personality
ExperimentalExperimentalCognitiveCognitive
Subfields of Subfields of PsychologyPsychology
Subfields of Subfields of PsychologyPsychology
Industrial/Industrial/OrganizationalOrganizational Physiological/Physiological/
BiologicalBiologicalEmerging Fields: Emerging Fields:
ForensicForensic & & HealthHealth
Industrial/Industrial/OrganizationalOrganizational Physiological/Physiological/
BiologicalBiologicalEmerging Fields: Emerging Fields:
ForensicForensic & & HealthHealth
Clinical Clinical PsychologyPsychologyClinical Clinical
PsychologyPsychologySpecialize in helping people Specialize in helping people with psychological problems with psychological problems adjust to the demands of adjust to the demands of
life life Ex: anxiety, Ex: anxiety, depression, sexual depression, sexual
dysfunctions, loss of goalsdysfunctions, loss of goals Evaluate problems through Evaluate problems through structural interviews and structural interviews and
psychological testspsychological tests
Specialize in helping people Specialize in helping people with psychological problems with psychological problems adjust to the demands of adjust to the demands of
life life Ex: anxiety, Ex: anxiety, depression, sexual depression, sexual
dysfunctions, loss of goalsdysfunctions, loss of goals Evaluate problems through Evaluate problems through structural interviews and structural interviews and
psychological testspsychological tests
Clinical Clinical PsychologyPsychologyClinical Clinical
PsychologyPsychologyHelp clients resolve Help clients resolve their problems and their problems and change maladaptive change maladaptive behavior through behavior through techniques of techniques of psychotherapypsychotherapy and and behavior therapybehavior therapy
Help clients resolve Help clients resolve their problems and their problems and change maladaptive change maladaptive behavior through behavior through techniques of techniques of psychotherapypsychotherapy and and behavior therapybehavior therapy
Clinical Clinical PsychologyPsychologyClinical Clinical
PsychologyPsychology
Psychotherapy:Psychotherapy:Application of Application of psychological psychological
knowledge to the knowledge to the treatment of treatment of
problem behaviorproblem behavior
Psychotherapy:Psychotherapy:Application of Application of psychological psychological
knowledge to the knowledge to the treatment of treatment of
problem behaviorproblem behavior
Clinical Clinical PsychologyPsychologyClinical Clinical
PsychologyPsychology
Behavior Therapy:Behavior Therapy:Application of Application of learning to the learning to the
direct modification direct modification of problem behaviorof problem behavior
Behavior Therapy:Behavior Therapy:Application of Application of learning to the learning to the
direct modification direct modification of problem behaviorof problem behavior
Clinical Clinical PsychologyPsychologyClinical Clinical
PsychologyPsychology Work in institutions for Work in institutions for
mentally ill, outpatient mentally ill, outpatient clinics, college clinics, clinics, college clinics,
private practiceprivate practice Largest subgroup (what most Largest subgroup (what most people think when hear about people think when hear about
psych)psych) Differs from psychiatrist Differs from psychiatrist
(medical doctors who specialize (medical doctors who specialize in treatment)in treatment)
Work in institutions for Work in institutions for mentally ill, outpatient mentally ill, outpatient clinics, college clinics, clinics, college clinics,
private practiceprivate practice Largest subgroup (what most Largest subgroup (what most people think when hear about people think when hear about
psych)psych) Differs from psychiatrist Differs from psychiatrist
(medical doctors who specialize (medical doctors who specialize in treatment)in treatment)
CounselingCounselingCounsel people facing Counsel people facing challengeschallenges
Use interviews and tests Use interviews and tests to define their clients to define their clients problemsproblems
Clients typically have Clients typically have maladjustment problems maladjustment problems but not serious but not serious psychological disorderspsychological disorders
Counsel people facing Counsel people facing challengeschallenges
Use interviews and tests Use interviews and tests to define their clients to define their clients problemsproblems
Clients typically have Clients typically have maladjustment problems maladjustment problems but not serious but not serious psychological disorderspsychological disorders
CounselingCounselingClients may encounter Clients may encounter difficulty in making academic difficulty in making academic or vocational decisions or or vocational decisions or making friends, marital and making friends, marital and family conflicts, physical family conflicts, physical handicaps, adjustment problemshandicaps, adjustment problems
Various counseling methods to Various counseling methods to help clients clarify goals and help clients clarify goals and find ways of surmounting goalsfind ways of surmounting goals
Clients may encounter Clients may encounter difficulty in making academic difficulty in making academic or vocational decisions or or vocational decisions or making friends, marital and making friends, marital and family conflicts, physical family conflicts, physical handicaps, adjustment problemshandicaps, adjustment problems
Various counseling methods to Various counseling methods to help clients clarify goals and help clients clarify goals and find ways of surmounting goalsfind ways of surmounting goals
CounselingCounseling
Employed at college counseling and
testing centers, rehabilitation
agencies
Employed at college counseling and
testing centers, rehabilitation
agencies
School PsychologistsSchool PsychologistsSchool PsychologistsSchool Psychologists Facilitating the social, Facilitating the social,
intellectual, and emotional intellectual, and emotional development of childrendevelopment of children
Work in schoolsWork in schools Consult with students with Consult with students with
problems that interfere with problems that interfere with learninglearningEx: social, family, Ex: social, family, emotional problems, and emotional problems, and specific learning disordersspecific learning disorders
Facilitating the social, Facilitating the social, intellectual, and emotional intellectual, and emotional development of childrendevelopment of children
Work in schoolsWork in schools Consult with students with Consult with students with
problems that interfere with problems that interfere with learninglearningEx: social, family, Ex: social, family, emotional problems, and emotional problems, and specific learning disordersspecific learning disorders
School Psychologists
School Psychologists
Define problems through: Define problems through: interviews with parents, interviews with parents, teachers, students, achievement teachers, students, achievement and intelligence tests, classroom and intelligence tests, classroom observationsobservations
Consult with teachers, school Consult with teachers, school officials, parents, teachers and officials, parents, teachers and other professionalsother professionals
Placement of students in special Placement of students in special education and remediation education and remediation programsprograms
Define problems through: Define problems through: interviews with parents, interviews with parents, teachers, students, achievement teachers, students, achievement and intelligence tests, classroom and intelligence tests, classroom observationsobservations
Consult with teachers, school Consult with teachers, school officials, parents, teachers and officials, parents, teachers and other professionalsother professionals
Placement of students in special Placement of students in special education and remediation education and remediation programsprograms
Educational Educational PsychologistsPsychologists
Educational Educational PsychologistsPsychologists
Concerned with Concerned with optimizing classroom optimizing classroom
conditions to conditions to facilitate learningfacilitate learning
Design educational Design educational programs and train programs and train
teachersteachers
Concerned with Concerned with optimizing classroom optimizing classroom
conditions to conditions to facilitate learningfacilitate learning
Design educational Design educational programs and train programs and train
teachersteachers
Educational Educational PsychologistsPsychologists
Educational Educational PsychologistsPsychologists
Improvement of course Improvement of course planning and instructional planning and instructional
methodsmethodsResearch interests include Research interests include how motivation, intelligence, how motivation, intelligence, sociocultural factors such as sociocultural factors such as poverty and acculturation and poverty and acculturation and
teacher behavior affect teacher behavior affect learninglearning
Improvement of course Improvement of course planning and instructional planning and instructional
methodsmethodsResearch interests include Research interests include how motivation, intelligence, how motivation, intelligence, sociocultural factors such as sociocultural factors such as poverty and acculturation and poverty and acculturation and
teacher behavior affect teacher behavior affect learninglearning
DevelopmentalDevelopmentalDevelopmentalDevelopmental Study the changes (physical, Study the changes (physical,
emotional, cognitive, and emotional, cognitive, and social) that occur throughout social) that occur throughout
the life spanthe life spanInfluences of heredity (nature) Influences of heredity (nature)
and environment (nurture) on and environment (nurture) on developmentdevelopment
Topics: effects of maternal drug Topics: effects of maternal drug use on the embryo, child rearing use on the embryo, child rearing practices, adolescent conflicts, practices, adolescent conflicts, adjustment among older peopleadjustment among older people
Study the changes (physical, Study the changes (physical, emotional, cognitive, and emotional, cognitive, and
social) that occur throughout social) that occur throughout the life spanthe life span
Influences of heredity (nature) Influences of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) on and environment (nurture) on
developmentdevelopmentTopics: effects of maternal drug Topics: effects of maternal drug use on the embryo, child rearing use on the embryo, child rearing practices, adolescent conflicts, practices, adolescent conflicts, adjustment among older peopleadjustment among older people
Social/personalitySocial/personalitySocial/personalitySocial/personalityHow we influence and How we influence and
interact with other peopleinteract with other peopleDefine human traits, Define human traits, determine influence on determine influence on
thought processes, feelings thought processes, feelings and behavior, explain and behavior, explain psychological disorderspsychological disorders
Human issues (anxiety, Human issues (anxiety, aggression, gender roles)aggression, gender roles)
How we influence and How we influence and interact with other peopleinteract with other people
Define human traits, Define human traits, determine influence on determine influence on
thought processes, feelings thought processes, feelings and behavior, explain and behavior, explain psychological disorderspsychological disorders
Human issues (anxiety, Human issues (anxiety, aggression, gender roles)aggression, gender roles)
Social/Social/personalitypersonality
Social/Social/personalitypersonality
Social and external influencesSocial and external influencesAttitude formation and change, Attitude formation and change,
interpersonal attractions and interpersonal attractions and likings, stereotypes, likings, stereotypes,
conformity to group norms, conformity to group norms, group decision making processesgroup decision making processes
Personality: tend to look Personality: tend to look within the person for within the person for
explanations of behaviorexplanations of behavior
Social and external influencesSocial and external influencesAttitude formation and change, Attitude formation and change,
interpersonal attractions and interpersonal attractions and likings, stereotypes, likings, stereotypes,
conformity to group norms, conformity to group norms, group decision making processesgroup decision making processes
Personality: tend to look Personality: tend to look within the person for within the person for
explanations of behaviorexplanations of behavior
ExperimentalExperimentalExperimentalExperimentalConduct research into Conduct research into fundamental processes fundamental processes
relevant to more applied relevant to more applied specialtiesspecialties
Nervous system, sensation, Nervous system, sensation, perception, learning, memory, perception, learning, memory, thought, motivation, emotionthought, motivation, emotionMore likely to engage in More likely to engage in
basic or pure research basic or pure research (usually study animals)(usually study animals)
Conduct research into Conduct research into fundamental processes fundamental processes
relevant to more applied relevant to more applied specialtiesspecialties
Nervous system, sensation, Nervous system, sensation, perception, learning, memory, perception, learning, memory, thought, motivation, emotionthought, motivation, emotionMore likely to engage in More likely to engage in
basic or pure research basic or pure research (usually study animals)(usually study animals)
Industrial/Industrial/OrganizationalOrganizational
Industrial/Industrial/OrganizationalOrganizational
Behavior in the workplace; Behavior in the workplace; improving businesses in improving businesses in areas such as personnel, areas such as personnel, organizational efficiencyorganizational efficiencyRelationships between Relationships between
people and workpeople and workAssist in processes such as Assist in processes such as
hiring, training, and hiring, training, and promotionpromotion
Behavior in the workplace; Behavior in the workplace; improving businesses in improving businesses in areas such as personnel, areas such as personnel, organizational efficiencyorganizational efficiencyRelationships between Relationships between
people and workpeople and workAssist in processes such as Assist in processes such as
hiring, training, and hiring, training, and promotionpromotion
Industrial/Industrial/OrganizationalOrganizational
Industrial/Industrial/OrganizationalOrganizational
Devise tests that predict Devise tests that predict successful performance of successful performance of various jobs (gallup poll)various jobs (gallup poll)Make technical systems Make technical systems
(computer) more user (computer) more user friendly friendly
Strategies to appeal to Strategies to appeal to the consumer the consumer
Devise tests that predict Devise tests that predict successful performance of successful performance of various jobs (gallup poll)various jobs (gallup poll)Make technical systems Make technical systems
(computer) more user (computer) more user friendly friendly
Strategies to appeal to Strategies to appeal to the consumer the consumer
Emerging FieldsEmerging FieldsEmerging FieldsEmerging FieldsForensicForensic: expertise within : expertise within the criminal-justice systemthe criminal-justice systemServe as expert witnesses, Serve as expert witnesses, testify about competence of testify about competence of defendants to stand trial or defendants to stand trial or describe mental disorders and describe mental disorders and how affect criminal behaviorhow affect criminal behavior
Counsel officers help with Counsel officers help with stress, hostage situations, stress, hostage situations, suicide threatssuicide threats
ForensicForensic: expertise within : expertise within the criminal-justice systemthe criminal-justice systemServe as expert witnesses, Serve as expert witnesses, testify about competence of testify about competence of defendants to stand trial or defendants to stand trial or describe mental disorders and describe mental disorders and how affect criminal behaviorhow affect criminal behavior
Counsel officers help with Counsel officers help with stress, hostage situations, stress, hostage situations, suicide threatssuicide threats
Emerging FieldsEmerging FieldsEmerging FieldsEmerging Fields HealthHealth::examine the ways in which examine the ways in which behavior and mental processes such as behavior and mental processes such as attitudes are related to physical attitudes are related to physical healthhealth Headaches, cardiovascular disease, Headaches, cardiovascular disease, cancercancer
Patient compliance with medical Patient compliance with medical adviceadvice
Guide clients to take undertake more Guide clients to take undertake more healthy behaviors such as healthy behaviors such as exercising, quitting smoking, exercising, quitting smoking, healthy diethealthy diet
HealthHealth::examine the ways in which examine the ways in which behavior and mental processes such as behavior and mental processes such as attitudes are related to physical attitudes are related to physical healthhealth Headaches, cardiovascular disease, Headaches, cardiovascular disease, cancercancer
Patient compliance with medical Patient compliance with medical adviceadvice
Guide clients to take undertake more Guide clients to take undertake more healthy behaviors such as healthy behaviors such as exercising, quitting smoking, exercising, quitting smoking, healthy diethealthy diet
Questions Questions or or
Concerns? Concerns?
Questions Questions or or
Concerns? Concerns?
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