introduction & chapter 1. definition: science of behavior and mental processes the word...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1
![Page 2: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Definition: science of behavior and mental processes
The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia - study of
Emphasis on SCIENCE – psychology seeks empirical knowledge
It is best described as a combination of physiology and philosophy
![Page 3: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
I. Psychology’s Roots – the history
Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, John Watson Is this the beginning?
The ideas/discussions go way back:
![Page 4: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The earliest written discussion about psychological issues:
The recorded dialogues of Plato (428-347 B.C.E.), then his student Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.)are the first evidence of psychological discussions
A. Prescientific psychology:
Remember the Socratic Method
![Page 5: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
•1. Plato (428 – 327 B.C.E.) believed character and intelligence were inborn & inherited
•2. Aristotle ( 384 – 322 B.C.E.) believed people come into the world with a mind that is a blank slate “tabla rasa”
Life, the environment, experiences write on the slate to make us the people we are
The beginning of the infamous “nature vs. nurture” argument
![Page 6: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
3. The earliest personality theory:
Galen’s theory of bodily humors (often attributed to Hippocrates)
Personality was affected by levels of 3 biles (humors) in the body:
1. Black bile
2. Yellow bile
3. White bile
Makes one melancholy
Makes one phlegmatic
Makes one choleric
The right balance of biles makes one
sanguine
![Page 7: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Forward to the Renaissance
Back to Nature v. Nurture –
4. Galileo – new concept of mechanism
5. Copernicus – observation as a part of science
![Page 8: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
6. Rene Des Cartes (1596 – 1650) resumes the dialogue
He views man as having 2 innate ideas, everything else comes from the environment1. Self 2. god
“I think, therefore, I
am”
8. John Locke (1632 – 1704) – believed man was born with a “blank slate”
“..life, liberty and property..
So ends pre-scientific psych.
7. Sir Francis Bacon – encouraged empiricism in science
![Page 9: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
B. Scientific Psychology – begins in 1879 *
1. Wilhelm Wundt (1832 – 1920) – the father of psychology•A scientist with a medical degree, he felt a new discipline was needed
•He researched inner sensations, having subjects identify the structure of thoughts
Method of study - introspection
*1879 – Wundt establishes psych. lab. at Univ. of Leipzig
![Page 10: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Structuralism = “Lego Theory”
Wundt’s type of psych. becomes known as Structuralism
Wundt believed all people have the same components for thought, but each person assembles them differently
![Page 11: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
William James (1842 – 1910) of America develops his own type – focusing on the FUNCTION of thought•Known as the father of American psychology•Physician, then philosopher, he went to Europe and studied with Wundt
•Wrote the 1st real manual of psych in 1890 -
•His method: introspection
•His type of psych becomes known as Functionalism
![Page 12: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Psychology is changing & growing so fast, both structuralism & functionalism are defunct by early 1900sOther early leaders:
1. Hermann Ebbinghaus – classic memory studies
2. Sigmund Freud – develops psychoanalytic theory
3. Ivan Pavlov – studies on learning (conditioning)
4. John Watson – develops behaviorism
5. Max Wertheimer – develops Gestalt psych
6. Jean Piaget – cognitive, developmental work with kids
![Page 13: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
II. Major Perspectives – 6
A. Neuropsychology
1. Founder – no one person, many scientists contributed
2. Focus – explaining human experience thru brain chemistry and other anatomical functioning
- Role of neurotransmitters, areas & organs of the brain, hormones
3. Techniques of study – brain scans, electrical stimulation, lesioning, chemical analysis
![Page 14: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
B. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic:
1. Founder – Sigmund Freud
2. Focus – the UNCONSCIOUS MIND
3. Technique – Professional psychoanalysis: dream analysis, free association, hypnosis to reveal unconscious conflicts
•Childhood, drives for sex and aggression – resulting conflict
![Page 15: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
C. Behaviorism:
1. Founder – John Watson•Major figures – B.F. Skinner, Pavlov
2. Focus – LEARNING (always)•Study only what is observable and measurable, stimulus and response (or the reverse) in the organism
3. Technique – experiments/training of animals
•No free will
![Page 16: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
D. Cognitive:
1. No one founder
2. Focus – very broad field: thinking, intelligence, memory, language, problem-solving, all associated with THINKING
3. Technique - varies widely, depending on the subject
•Cognitive psych also embraces Gestalt psych
Gestalt = “whole”, perceptual studies
![Page 17: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
E. Humanism:
1. Founders – Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers
2. Focus – FEELINGS & EMOTIONS
•Human goodness, potential for success & happiness, need for unconditional positive regard, the present, mental health, free will
3. Technique – humanist therapy, interviews
![Page 18: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
1. Founder – no one individual
F. Social/Cultural psychology:
2. Focus – the impact of the social situation on the individual/effect of culture on thinking and behavior
3. Methods – interviews, field experiments, surveys
![Page 19: INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER 1. Definition: science of behavior and mental processes The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche - mind and logia](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032708/56649e7c5503460f94b7ecf3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
2 newer perspectives:
•Behavior genetics
•Evolutionary psychology
How much do genes and heredity influence behavior? Twin studies, breeding experiments. Leader – R. Plomin
Nature selects traits that are “fit” and promote continuation of one’s genes. Based on Darwin’s theory