what open access can do for you and your country; and what you and your country can do for open...

What open access can do for you and your country; and what you and your country can do for open access

Alma Swan

Key Perspectives Ltd

Truro, UK

‘Old’ paradigms

Use of proxy measures of an individual scientist’s merit is as good as it gets

It is a journal’s responsibility to disseminate your work

Printed article is the format of record Other scientists have time to search out

what you want them to know

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‘New’ paradigms Rich, deep, broad metrics for measuring

the contributions of individual scientists Effective dissemination of your work is

now in your hands (at last) The digital format will be the format of

record (is already in many areas) Unless you routinely publish in Nature or

Science, ‘getting it out there’ is up to you

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Open Access: What is it?

Online Immediate Free (non-restricted) Free (gratis) To the scholarly literature that authors

give away Permanent

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Open Access: how?

Open Access journals (www.doaj.org)

Open Access repositories (author ‘self-archiving’)

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Open Access: Why should we have it?

Benefits to researchers themselves Benefits to institutions Benefits to national economies Benefits to science and society

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For you, for your institution, for your country

Increases individual’s impact Increases institutional impact Increases a country’s impact Certainly has financial implications in all

three respects Enables better monitoring, assessment

and management of science

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Open Access increases citations

0 50 100 150 200 250

% increase in citations with Open Access

BiologyEconomics

Political SciHealth SciBusiness

EducationManagement

LawPsychology

SociologyPhysics

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Range = 50%-200%(Data: Stevan Harnad and co-workers)

The USouthampton conundrum…

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The G-Factor rankings

(universitymetrics.com)

Why is Southampton so strong?

Strong research base TBL et al Mandatory deposit of research output in

ECS repository for 4 years (c11K items) University repository actively managed

and now to have mandatory deposit All = very strong web presence

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Lost citations, lost impact

Only around 15% of research is Open Access….

….. so 85% is not ….. and we are therefore losing 85% of

the 50% increase in citations (conservative end of the range) that Open Access brings (= 42.5%)

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National economies Belgian scientists: 16454 articles in 2005 Number of citations: 16706 If all had been OA, there would have been

(42.5% more) 23806 citations Since the Belgian Government invested

€1.29 bn in S&T in 2005 ….. This means lost impact worth €0.55 bn to

the Belgian economy

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Sacrificed impact

0 10000 20000 30000

Articles2005

Citations2005

Potentialcitations

2005

'Sacrificed'citations

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Belgian Govtspending on

S&T 2005

Value of'sacrificed'citations

Value ofpotentialimpact

€ billions

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Measure, assess, and manage science more effectively

Assess individuals, groups, institutions, on the basis of citation analysis

Manage, assess scientific programmes to the benefit of our societies

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Navigation and analysis of science output: Citebase

Find researchers Measure citations to articles (not journals) Follow the citations through the literature Measure downloads (and predict

citations) Use citation patterns to analyse science

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Track citation history

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This article’s citation / hits / history

Citations Downloads References Cited by Co-cited

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Measure, assess, and manage science more effectively Assess individuals, groups, institutions, on

the basis of citation analysis Track trends: growth, latency, longevity Identify hubs and authorities Identify silent, ‘unsung’ contributors Predict impact, directions Manage, assess scientific programmes to

the benefit of our societies

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The RAE

Move to ‘metrics’ “Correlation between RAE ratings and

mean departmental citations +0.91 (1996) and +0.86 (2001) [Eysenck & Smith, 2002]

Now an RAE plug-in for the EPrints software

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Repositories: interoperable

Show their content in a specific form Harvested by search engines Form a database of global research Freely available Publicly available Permanently available

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Open Access repositories

circa 1000 worldwide 13 in Belgium (6 for e-theses) Open source software (e.g.

EPrints from Southampton University)

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If you build it …

… will they come?

No, you will only capture 15-20% of your research output if you leave it to researchers

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Author readiness to comply with a mandate

0 20 40 60 80 100

% respondents

Would complywillingly

Would complyreluctantly

Would notcomply

81%

14%

5%

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University of Tasmania

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DESTpublications

Data courtesy of Arthur Sale Key Perspectives Ltd

University of Queensland

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Data courtesy of Arthur Sale Key Perspectives Ltd

Queensland University of Technology

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Data courtesy of Arthur Sale Key Perspectives Ltd

Institutions with a mandate already

University of Southampton School of Electronics & Computer Science (since 2003) (90+% compliance already)

CERN (2003) (90% compliance already) Queensland University of Technology (2004)

(40%+ compliance and growing) University of Minho, Portugal (2005) Recently, NIT (Mumbai), Zurich University and others on the way …

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Mandates

Come in different flavours Some don’t even seem like a

mandate The language you use can be

constructed to avoid any contention

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Case study I: ECS, Southampton School of Electronics &

Computer Science, University of Southampton

Mandate early 2003 Sanctioned in the sense

that assessment is based upon repository content

It works

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Case study II: Minho University

Minho University, Braga, Portugal

Repository established 2003 Mandate introduced 2005

when self-archiving rate dropped off

Mandate backed by financial incentives paid to departments

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Minho University repository

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Mandate introduced

(Data courtesy of Eloy Rodrigues) Key Perspectives Ltd

Case study III: QUT QUT, Brisbane Mandate introduced by

DVC Tom Cochrane at the beginning of 2004

Not sanctioned, but supported by vigorous and sympathetic library advocacy

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The optimal policy language

Researchers will deposit the full article immediately upon acceptance

The metadata MUST be revealed (set as Open Access)

The rest of the article may be made Open Access when appropriate

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Author readiness to comply with a mandate

0 20 40 60 80 100

% respondents

Would complywillingly

Would complyreluctantly

Would notcomply

81%

14%

5%

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“To commune with pigs is restful to the harassed mind” (Aristotle)

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Thank you for listening

aswan@keyperspectives.co.uk

www.keyperspectives.co.uk

Key Perspectives Ltd