what open access can do for you and your country; and what you and your country can do for open...
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What open access can do for you and your country; and what you and your country can do for open access
Alma Swan
Key Perspectives Ltd
Truro, UK
‘Old’ paradigms
Use of proxy measures of an individual scientist’s merit is as good as it gets
It is a journal’s responsibility to disseminate your work
Printed article is the format of record Other scientists have time to search out
what you want them to know
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‘New’ paradigms Rich, deep, broad metrics for measuring
the contributions of individual scientists Effective dissemination of your work is
now in your hands (at last) The digital format will be the format of
record (is already in many areas) Unless you routinely publish in Nature or
Science, ‘getting it out there’ is up to you
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Open Access: What is it?
Online Immediate Free (non-restricted) Free (gratis) To the scholarly literature that authors
give away Permanent
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Open Access: how?
Open Access journals (www.doaj.org)
Open Access repositories (author ‘self-archiving’)
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Open Access: Why should we have it?
Benefits to researchers themselves Benefits to institutions Benefits to national economies Benefits to science and society
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For you, for your institution, for your country
Increases individual’s impact Increases institutional impact Increases a country’s impact Certainly has financial implications in all
three respects Enables better monitoring, assessment
and management of science
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Open Access increases citations
0 50 100 150 200 250
% increase in citations with Open Access
BiologyEconomics
Political SciHealth SciBusiness
EducationManagement
LawPsychology
SociologyPhysics
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Range = 50%-200%(Data: Stevan Harnad and co-workers)
The USouthampton conundrum…
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The G-Factor rankings
(universitymetrics.com)
Why is Southampton so strong?
Strong research base TBL et al Mandatory deposit of research output in
ECS repository for 4 years (c11K items) University repository actively managed
and now to have mandatory deposit All = very strong web presence
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Lost citations, lost impact
Only around 15% of research is Open Access….
….. so 85% is not ….. and we are therefore losing 85% of
the 50% increase in citations (conservative end of the range) that Open Access brings (= 42.5%)
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National economies Belgian scientists: 16454 articles in 2005 Number of citations: 16706 If all had been OA, there would have been
(42.5% more) 23806 citations Since the Belgian Government invested
€1.29 bn in S&T in 2005 ….. This means lost impact worth €0.55 bn to
the Belgian economy
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Sacrificed impact
0 10000 20000 30000
Articles2005
Citations2005
Potentialcitations
2005
'Sacrificed'citations
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Belgian Govtspending on
S&T 2005
Value of'sacrificed'citations
Value ofpotentialimpact
€ billions
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Measure, assess, and manage science more effectively
Assess individuals, groups, institutions, on the basis of citation analysis
Manage, assess scientific programmes to the benefit of our societies
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Navigation and analysis of science output: Citebase
Find researchers Measure citations to articles (not journals) Follow the citations through the literature Measure downloads (and predict
citations) Use citation patterns to analyse science
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Track citation history
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This article’s citation / hits / history
Citations Downloads References Cited by Co-cited
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Measure, assess, and manage science more effectively Assess individuals, groups, institutions, on
the basis of citation analysis Track trends: growth, latency, longevity Identify hubs and authorities Identify silent, ‘unsung’ contributors Predict impact, directions Manage, assess scientific programmes to
the benefit of our societies
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The RAE
Move to ‘metrics’ “Correlation between RAE ratings and
mean departmental citations +0.91 (1996) and +0.86 (2001) [Eysenck & Smith, 2002]
Now an RAE plug-in for the EPrints software
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Repositories: interoperable
Show their content in a specific form Harvested by search engines Form a database of global research Freely available Publicly available Permanently available
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Open Access repositories
circa 1000 worldwide 13 in Belgium (6 for e-theses) Open source software (e.g.
EPrints from Southampton University)
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If you build it …
… will they come?
No, you will only capture 15-20% of your research output if you leave it to researchers
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Author readiness to comply with a mandate
0 20 40 60 80 100
% respondents
Would complywillingly
Would complyreluctantly
Would notcomply
81%
14%
5%
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University of Tasmania
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DESTpublications
Data courtesy of Arthur Sale Key Perspectives Ltd
University of Queensland
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Data courtesy of Arthur Sale Key Perspectives Ltd
Queensland University of Technology
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Data courtesy of Arthur Sale Key Perspectives Ltd
Institutions with a mandate already
University of Southampton School of Electronics & Computer Science (since 2003) (90+% compliance already)
CERN (2003) (90% compliance already) Queensland University of Technology (2004)
(40%+ compliance and growing) University of Minho, Portugal (2005) Recently, NIT (Mumbai), Zurich University and others on the way …
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Mandates
Come in different flavours Some don’t even seem like a
mandate The language you use can be
constructed to avoid any contention
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Case study I: ECS, Southampton School of Electronics &
Computer Science, University of Southampton
Mandate early 2003 Sanctioned in the sense
that assessment is based upon repository content
It works
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Case study II: Minho University
Minho University, Braga, Portugal
Repository established 2003 Mandate introduced 2005
when self-archiving rate dropped off
Mandate backed by financial incentives paid to departments
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Minho University repository
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(Data courtesy of Eloy Rodrigues) Key Perspectives Ltd
Case study III: QUT QUT, Brisbane Mandate introduced by
DVC Tom Cochrane at the beginning of 2004
Not sanctioned, but supported by vigorous and sympathetic library advocacy
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The optimal policy language
Researchers will deposit the full article immediately upon acceptance
The metadata MUST be revealed (set as Open Access)
The rest of the article may be made Open Access when appropriate
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Author readiness to comply with a mandate
0 20 40 60 80 100
% respondents
Would complywillingly
Would complyreluctantly
Would notcomply
81%
14%
5%
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“To commune with pigs is restful to the harassed mind” (Aristotle)
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