open access: what it can do for science and scholarship in pakistan alma swan key perspectives ltd...

Open Access: What it can do for science and scholarship in

Pakistan

Alma Swan

Key Perspectives Ltd

Truro, UK

“The Role Of The Scientific Journal:First, to place before the general public the

grand results of Scientific work and Scientific discovery; and to urge the claims of Science to a more general recognition in Education and

daily life.

Secondly, to aid scientific men themselves, by giving early information of all advances made

in any branch of natural knowledge throughout the world, and by affording them an

opportunity of discussing the various scientific questions that arise from time to time.”

Nature, 4 November 1869Key Perspectives Ltd

“At a time when the journal has become the primary vehicle for communicating research results …. libraries are finding it difficult to maintain, let alone expand, their journal collections ….” “…. It is becoming increasingly clear that the current scientific communication process is not working in the best interests of the scientific community, nor in the best interests of society as a whole.”Stephen Pinfield, 2005Deputy Chief Information Officer and Director of Teaching & Learning

Resources and Information Resources, University of Nottingham


What has happened in the last 130 years? The number of scientific research

journals has grown, and grown, and grown…

Journal prices have risen - much faster than inflation. Since 1986: The UK retail price index has risen 70% Journal prices have risen 291%


One result …

The ‘Men of Science’ do not have access to all the scientific literature they need to enable science to progress as efficiently and effectively as possible


The communication of science

Opens eyes of the world to African science

Flow of ideas Generation of ideas New collaborations BRICs/technology transfer


‘Old’ paradigms

Using proxy measures of an individual scientist’s merit

It is a journal’s responsibility to disseminate your work

Printed article is the format of record Other scientists have time to find out what

you want them to know


‘New’ paradigms

Rich, deep, broad metrics for measuring the contributions of individuals scientists

Effective dissemination of your work is now in your hands (at last)

The digital format will be the format of record (is already in many areas)

Unless you routinely publish in Nature or Science, ‘getting it out there’ is up to you


“Just funding the research is a job only part done. A fundamental part of [our] mission is to ensure the widest possible dissemination and unrestricted access to that research.”

Robert Terry

Senior Policy Advisor, Wellcome Trust


What Open Access is about

Freely available Publicly available Permanently available


The World Wide Web has enabled Open Access to science

Not constrained by the limitations of print on paper

Available to any individual with Internet access, worldwide

With proper arrangements in place, availability is permanent


What Open Access is not about

NOT vanity publishing or self-publishing

NOT about non-peer-reviewed literature

NOT about publications that scientists expect to be paid for (e.g. books)


Why researchers publish their work

0 20 40 60 80 100

% respondents

Communicate results to peers

Advance career

Personal prestige

Gain funding

Financial reward


‘Open Access’?

A much better term to use is

Open Dissemination


Who benefits from Open Access?

Scientists – as authors Scientists – as readers Scientists – as teachers Universities Research funders Taxpayers and society at large Publishers


Increased citation rates

Biology 36%

Psychology108% Sociology 172% Health sci 57% Political Sci 57% Physics

250%

Economics 49% Education 77% Law 108% Business

76% Management

92%


(Courtesy of Stevan Harnad and co-workers)

Open Access increases citations

0 50 100 150 200 250

% increase in citations with Open Access

BiologyEconomics

Political SciHealth SciBusiness

EducationManagement

LawPsychology

SociologyPhysics


Range = 50%-200%(Courtesy Stevan Harnad and co-workers)

Open access increases citations (further studies)

Lawrence 2001 (computer science) Kurtz 2004 (astronomy) Brody & Harnad 2004 (all disciplines) Antelman 2005 (philosophy, politics,

electrical & electronic engineering, mathematics)


“Self-archiving in the PhilSci Archive has given instant world-wide visibility to my work. As a result, I was invited to submit papers to refereed international conferences/journals and got them accepted.”


An author’s own testimony on open access visibility

Lost citations, lost impact

Only around 15% of research is Open Access….

….. so 85% is not ….. and we are therefore losing 85% of

the 50% increase in citations (conservative end of the range) that Open Access brings (= 42.5%)



There is also a monetary measure


In the last 5 years there have been 7198 citations to 3699 articles by Pakistan scientists (indexed by ISI)

This figure could have been 42.5% higher (with OA) = 10221 citations

3023 citations have been lost over 5 years

With an annual S&T budget of 3bn PKR ….

…. and 42.% impact lost… …. that means 1.26bn PKR-worth of impact

lost to Pakistan over 5 years

And for individual scientists….

Diamond, A M (1986) What is a citation worth? J. Human Resources 21, 200 (www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v11p354y1988.pdf)

Marginal value of one citation is 50-1300 USD (depending on field and number of citations: an increase from 0 to 1 citation is worth more than from 30-31 citations)

Update for inflation (170%) = 86-2227 USD Convert to rupees = 5142-133175 PKR Now let’s look at one Pakistan scientist’s situation….


http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v11p354y1988.pdf

Let’s take one Pakistan scientist


Dr Atta-ur-Rahman

292 citations Could have been 42.5% higher

(or more) = 584 Each citation is worth 5142 PKR Value of lost impact = 3m PKR Conservatively!!!


Two ways to provide Open Access

Publish in an Open Access journal

Deposit copies of published articles in an Open Access repository (‘self-archiving’)


Open Access journals

‘New’ Open Access publishers BioMedCentral Public Library of Science c2000 Open Access journals in existence

‘Traditional’ publishers offering a hybrid publishing model


Open access journals in Asia

Approximately 130 About 90% are learned society

journals India, Japan and South Korea

have most Pakistan itself has none (so far)


Self-archiving

Subject-centred repositories (e.g. arXiv) Institutional repositories

Subject coverage reflects institution Interoperable (Open Archives Initiative-

compliant) Global interlinked network – a

worldwide database of research


Open Access repositories

550+ worldwide Open source software

(e.g. EPrints from Southampton University)


Repository types

Most are institution-wide Some are departmental Some are cross-institutional Some are national Some are subject-specific Some contain only specific types of article

(e.g. theses/dissertations)


Why an institutional repository?

Fulfils a university’s mission to engender, encourage and disseminate scholarly work

Enables a university to compile a complete record of its intellectual effort

Forms a permanent record of all digital output from an institution

Enables standardised online CVs for all researchers (e.g. RAE exercise)

‘Marketing’ tool for universities An institution can mandate self-archiving across

all subject areas


CERN preprint archive


How are the authors responding?

24% have submitted an article to an Open Access journal (49% intend to)

22% have deposited an article in an Open Access institutional repository

15% have deposited an article in a subject-based Open Access repository


An institutional repository provides researchers with:

Secure storage (for completed work and for work-in-progress)


An author said…


“This is a very handy way to keep all of one’s work together and findable, which helps me as much as anyone else.”



A location for supporting data that are unpublished, and other digital objects


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70%

re

spo

nd

en

ts Postprint

Conference paper

Preprint

Technical report

Working paper

Book chapter

Dissertation or thesis

Courseware

Discussion paper

Software

Monograph

Manual

Video file

Audio file




A location for supporting data that are unpublished

One-input-many outputs (CVs, publications)


What discourages self-archiving?

“ I worry about copyright infringement”


Publisher permissions (by publisher)

65%6%

29%

'Green' (postprints) 'Pale green' (preprints) 'Grey' (neither yet)


Publisher permissions (by journal)

79%

13%

8%

'Green' (postprints) 'Pale green' (preprints) 'Grey' (neither yet)


Publisher permissions

92% of journals permit self-archiving

SHERPA/RoMEO list at:

www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php

Or at: http://romeo.eprints.org/stats.php


http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php


“I worry about copyright infringement”

“It will be too difficult”


Easy28%

Very difficult1%

Somewhat difficult

8%

Very easy44%

Neither easy nor difficult13%

Article archived by someone

else6%



“I worry about copyright infringement”

“It will be too difficult” “It will take too long”


Under an hour23%

More than a day3%

3-4 hours2%

A few minutes52%

1-2 hours8%

Article archived by

someone else12%


What can encourage self-archiving?

Highlighting the increased visibility and impact


What can encourage self-archiving?

Highlighting the increased visibility and impact

Requiring authors to self-archive


Author readiness to comply with a mandate

0 20 40 60 80 100

% respondents

Would complywillingly

Would complyreluctantly

Would notcomply

81%

14%

5%


Institutions with a mandate already

University of Southampton School of Electronics & Computer Science (since 2003) (90+% compliance already)

CERN (2003) (90% compliance already) University of Southampton (2004) Queensland University of Technology

(2004) (40%+ compliance and growing) University of Minho, Portugal (2005)


Key Perspectives Ltd(Australian data courtesy of Arthur Sale)

University of Tasmania

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700Ju

n-04

Jul-0

4

Aug

-04

Sep

-04

Oct

-04

Nov

-04

Dec

-04

Jan-

05

Feb-

05

Mar

-05

Apr

-05

May

-05

Jun-

05

Actualdocuments

DESTpublications


University of Queensland

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

03/0

2/20

04

03/0

3/20

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03/0

4/20

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03/0

6/20

04

03/0

7/20

04

03/0

8/20

04

03/0

9/20

04

03/1

0/20

04

03/1

1/20

04

03/1

2/20

04

03/0

1/20

05

03/0

2/20

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03/0

3/20

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03/0

4/20

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03/0

5/20

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03/0

6/20

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7/20

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03/0

8/20

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03/0

9/20

05

03/1

0/20

05

Do

cum

ents

Documents

DEST


Queensland University of Technology

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

24/0

5/20

04

24/0

6/20

04

24/0

7/20

04

24/0

8/20

04

24/0

9/20

04

24/1

0/20

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24/1

1/20

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2/20

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1/20

05

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2/20

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3/20

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6/20

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7/20

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24/0

8/20

05

24/0

9/20

05

Do

cum

ents


% of DEST output

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%

2004 2005


Developments around the world

Australian Govt funds nationwide network of repositories to make Australian science more visible

French funding bodies set up OA archives All German universities now have a

repository Netherlands has a nationwide ‘Cream of

Science’ initiative


The developing world…

Brazil is well ahead India is moving fast China now developing a policy Pakistan has built its first

national repository


Other drivers for Open Access

Data sharing stipulations E-science Interdisciplinary research Scientometrics


There are many more measures…

Bibliometric measures: Co-citations Hub/authority counts Incest analysis

Impact measures: Citation growth, longevity, latency-to-peak Download growth, longevity, latency-to-peak Etc, etc, etc


Effective ways to achieve OA in Pakistan Encourage authors to use OA journals

where appropriate Build an archive Teach them how to deposit (do it for

them if necessary) Advocate: tell authors the advantages Reassure: the consequences are not

disastrous Insist they do it (impose a mandate)


Wellcome Trust:

World’s largest private funder of biomedical (and allied) research

Spends c£400 million per annum


“Just funding the research is a job only part done. A fundamental part of [our] mission is to ensure the widest possible dissemination and unrestricted access to that research.”

Robert TerrySenior Policy Advisor, Wellcome Trust


Wellcome Trust

Issued a Position Statement on Open and Unrestricted Access to Published Research

Amended its Grant Conditions accordingly

Effective 1 October 2005


The Wellcome Trust policy on OA

Requires self-archiving of articles

Will pay publication fees for

publishing in open access journals

(1-2% of Wellcome’s total research

expenditure)


Deals with publisher obstructions:If publishers insist on copyright terms inconsistent with the prior funding agreement, then the Trust simply tells grantees to choose among three options:

Give the journal fewer rights than it wants and retain

the right to comply with the funding agreement

Insert a Wellcome-written paragraph into the

publisher's copyright transfer agreement allowing

the grantee to comply with the funding agreement

Find another publisherKey Perspectives Ltd

Publisher reaction?


Readiness to comply with a mandate

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Au

stra

lia/N

ewZ

eala

nd

Asi

a (e

xcep

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hin

a, J

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Ch

ina

Jap

an

Can

ada

US

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Cen

tral

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uth

Am

eric

a

Eu

rop

ean

Un

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(exc

ept

UK

)

Eu

rop

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U/U

K)

UK

Mid

dle

Eas

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Afr

ica

Comply willingly Comply reluctantly Would not comply


Thank you for listening

[email protected]

www.keyperspectives.co.uk/OpenAccessArchive/

Shukriyah


mailto:[email protected]

http://www.keyperspectives.co.uk/OpenAccessArchive/

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