why do people maintain an exercise program? december 3, 2002
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Why Do People Maintain an Exercise Program?
December 3, 2002
How Many People Exercise?
Behavior Risk Survey (1997):
Popular belief:
Important Considerations
Interventions Stage of Life Cycle
– Major life changes lead to declines in exercise
Adherence Models for Exercise
Most are developed from health psychology Why do people stop or continue smoking? What is the problem with this logic?
Adherence Models
Self-Efficacy/Social Cognitive Theory Health Belief Model Theory of Reasoned Action Theory of Planned Behavior Decision Theory Transtheoretical Model
Self-Efficacy/Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1988)
Not as much of a health theory Efficacy Expectation-->Behavior-->
Outcome Expectations
Health Belief Model (Rosenstock, 1966)
Focus on preventative health behavior Most widely recognized conceptual
framework for health behavior Developed to encourage behaviors that
prevent unwanted negative conditions
Health Belief Model
Principle considerations– Individual must perceive a threat, and have– Sense of personal vulnerability– Disease will have at least moderate severity on
some component of life– Action will reduce severity or susceptibility– Very rational approach
Research on Health Belief Model
Slecker et al. (1984) used HBM to try to distinguish joggers from non-exercisers– Joggers = 3X/week for 20 minutes– Non-exerciser = hadn’t exercised regularly in past 6
months– Joggers = greater perception of severity, more
benefits of and cues to jogging, and less barriers to jog
– Perceived susceptibility did not distinguish joggers/non-exercisers
Health Belief ModelProblems
Theory of Reasoned Action(Azjen & Fishbein, 1980)
Applicable to volitional behaviors Assumes that people:
Theory of Reasoned Action(Azjen & Fishbein, 1980)
Intentions
Theory of Reasoned Action
Attitudes:
Theory of Reasoned Action
Subjective Norms:
Theory of Reasoned ActionProblems
Not appropriate for predicting or explaining behavior in situations where people had little power over events around them
If behavior is not fully under volitional control, a person may be highly motivated by attitudes and subjective norms, yet may not perform behavior
Theory of Planned Behavior(Azjen, 1985)
To improve predictive power, Azjen added another construct to the original model
Perceived Behavioral Control
Perceived ease or difficulty in performing a behavior
Extent that non-volitional factors interfere with ones' attempt to perform a behavior
Limitations
Decision Theory (Janis & Mann, 1977)
Use of cost-benefit analysis of behavior change
Costs of involvement in exercise may be high– time away from family, $$, social opportunities
Used as a strategy to make a decision May ask person to fill out a worksheet of
both, to draw attn. to benefits
Transtheoretical Model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983) 5-stage model Precontemplation
Contemplation
Transtheoretical Model
Preparation
Action Maintenance
Transtheoretical Model
Three advantages of dividing population into stages of change:
Transtheoretical Model
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