wind studies using sodar technologytriton by secondwind low power consumption operates in adverse...
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Wind Studies Using Sodar TechnologyWhere is all the wind?
Ralph L. NicholsWind Energy Program Manager
Georgetown Rotary
Georgetown, SC
2Environmental Sciences & Biotechnology Directorate
Mission•Advance the sustainable development of offshore renewable energy to include wind and hydrokinetic resources.•First proposal 2005•First grant, State of South Carolina 2007, $0.4M•USDoE Office of EERE sets goal of 20% of electricity from wind by 2030, 2008•SEP-NETL grant 2008, SC Roadmap to Gigawatt-Scale Coastal Clean Energy Generation:Transmission, Regulation, Demonstration•Drivetrain team wins $45M for test facility, with $45M in-kind from SC•October 2010 USDoI signs first lease for offshore wins farm, CapeWind
3Environmental Sciences & Biotechnology Directorate
Partners
Savannah RiverNational Laboratory
CURI DrivetrainTest Facility
BaruchInstitute
Coastal CarolinaUniversity
Santee Cooper
Clemson University
SC Energy Office
USCG
4Environmental Sciences & Biotechnology Directorate
“Thinking differently”
Storage = capacity resource, dispatchable
Btu/(m/s)Depending on temp and pressure
Non-dispatchable
Weather dependent
Wind
Btu/kgDispatchable
(capacity resource)
Nuclear
Btu/kgDispatchable
(capacity resource)
Coal
FutureEnergyAvailabilityFuel
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10001051282166644
3
3
3
3
Wind Power
speedwindUrotorofareaA
densityairUAPower
3***5.0
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Wind Shear
Surface roughness
Wind speed increases with height
Increase varies depending on site conditions
Groundcover
Topography
Typical wind turbine has a hub height of 40m – 80m
Measure wind speed at difference heights
01
02
1
2
lnln
zzzz
zUzU
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Power Curve
Wind speed histogram
3000 kW wind turbine
Power generation begins at 4 m/s
Double wind speed (5 –10 m/s), results in a 900% increase in power output
Typical 3MW Offshore Wind Turbine
Wind Speed (m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Freq
uenc
y (%
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Pow
er O
utpu
t (kW
)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
9Environmental Sciences & Biotechnology Directorate
Objective
Accelerate acceptance of Sodar data as “bankable”for use in obtaining financing of wind farm projects
Currently accepted technology is expensive to perform offshore due to construction costs.
Hub height measurements using accepted technology requires FAA permit due to the height of the towers.
Assess South Carolina coastal and offshore wind energy resource
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Wind Monitoring
Prospecting
Wind farm design
Project Financing
Operation
Forecasting
Maintenance
Wind speed
Wind direction
Turbulence
Temperature
Barometeric pressure
Why? What?
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Monitoring Network
Winyah BaySodar
Met Tower
Waites IslandMet Tower
North Myrtle Beach
Georgetown
Buoy transect
Buoy transect
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Measuring Wind Speed
Anemometer, wind vaneRequires tower
>200ft needs FAA permit
Multiple heightsWind shear
Multiple sensorsShadowing
Require maintenance
CupRotation speed correlated to wind speed
Data recorder
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Buoys
Interactively coupled model of ocean-atmosphere interactions
WRF (atmosphere), ROMS (ocean), SWAN (waves)
Nested models increase grid resolution from 8km to 1km
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Remote Sensing
SodarCoastal, Offshore
SecondWind Triton
Baruch Institute
Santee Cooper
Increase fidelity of vertical profile
Environmental Sciences & Biotechnology Directorate
20m
0
80
40
20
60
100
180
140
120
160160
200
Wind Speed
Hei
ght (
m)
Met Tower SodarWind Turbine
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Sodar
Triton by SecondWind
Low power consumption
Operates in adverse weather conditions
Robust online data analysis package
Small (6’x6’x4’) and portable
Rugged
Designed for wind power assessments
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Measuring Wind Speed
SodarSound detection and ranging“Chirp” of sound emitted from a phased array of transceiversReflected sound collected by transceivers array
Different air densities at different heights
Data analyzed to determine wind speed and direction (horizontal and vertical) at 11 different heights, up to 200m
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Sodar Testing
Coastal
Offshore
Validate with Met tower
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Sodar DemonstrationOffshore
August 2010
SecondWind TritonU.S Coast Guard
Environmental Sciences & Biotechnology Directorate
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Model Validation
North Myrtle Beach
1.6km offshore
5 km offshore
Winyah Bay
1.6km offshore
5 km offshore
Coastal Carolina University, N. C State
Interactively coupled model of ocean-atmosphere interactions
WRF (atmosphere), ROMS (ocean), SWAN (waves)
Nested models increase grid resolution from 8km to 1km
20Environmental Sciences & Biotechnology Directorate
Wind Profile Transects
Model Output
Distance offshore (km)
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Aev
erag
e An
nual
Win
d Sp
eed
(m/s
)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
North Myrtle Beach @ 100mNorth Myrtle Beach @ 10mWinyah Bay @ 100mWinyah Bay @ 10m
Annual Average
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Wind Speed Histograms
Winyah Bay, 8km offshore
Wind Speed @ 100m (m/s)0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Annu
al F
requ
ency
(%)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Cum
ulat
ive
Annu
al F
requ
ency
(%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
FrequencyCumulative
North Myrtle Beach, 8 km offshore
Wind Speed @ 100m (m/s)0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Annu
al F
requ
ency
(%)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Cum
ulat
ive
Annu
al F
requ
ency
(%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
FrequencyCumulative
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Wind Energy Production
3MW Offshore Wind TurbineHub @ 100m, 112m rotor diameter
11700 MW/yr production per wind turbine
39% Net Capacity Factor
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Institute for Offshore Renewable Energy Development
Pilot test, 80MW
Test stand
Environmental Sciences & Biotechnology Directorate
South CarolinaOffshore Energy Park
Georgetown
SodarDopplerLidar
0 2.5 5km
10 km
50m Met tower
24Environmental Sciences & Biotechnology Directorate
Summary
Horns Rev
Wind power varies with the cube of wind speed
Distribution of wind speed must be measured at a potential wind farm site
Offshore met towers are expensive and are not typically built to the height of the wind turbine
Acceptance of remote sensing data as “bankable” will reduce the cost of wind power assessments and accelerate offshore wind power development
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