world war 1 & 2 & their effects on international business

Food For THOUGHT!

World WAR 1 & 2 & Their Effects On INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

Group MembersNoshiza Nazir BB-09-052Anum Shaukat BB-09-064Wajeeha Hasnain BB-09-066 M. Abdullah Rao BB-09-074 Zaheer Javed BB-09-080 M.Umar Hayyat Kanju BB-09-088

Causes of World War1.

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Did World War I change the world?

What was the world like before World War I?

What was the world like after World War I?

1. The world before 1914.2. What caused the war.

1. Effects of the war on the world.

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In a NutshellWhen did it happen? 1914–1918

Where did it happen? Europe, Africa and the Middle East

Who fought in the war? 1) Allied Powers (Leading member: Britain)

2) Central Powers (Leading member: Germany)

Who won? The Allied Powers

How many died? Soldiers: 8 millionCivilians or people who were not soldiers: 6 million

World War I

7

Allied Powers• Britain• France• Serbia• Russia• Italy (joined after May 1915)

Central Powers• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Ottoman Turkey

vs

8

Powerful countries

Competition for colonies

Arms and naval race

Alliances among the

great powers

Strong feelings of nationalism

Assassination of Archduke of

Austria-Hungary

What was the world like

before World War I?

9

Powerful countries

• Britain Largest colonial empire in the world.

Most powerful navy.

• France Defeated by Germans in 1871 Franco- Prussian War.

Lost rich resource.

Looked for ways to recover it.

• Russia Largest empire in Europe.

Largest army.

10

Powerful countries

• Austria- Large, unstable and divided empire.Hungary Different ethnic groups often attempted to

break away to form own nation-states.

• Germany Economy grew rapidly after 1871

Army best-trained and equipped in Europe. Kaiser Wilhelm II’s ambition.

• Ottoman Empire stretched from Europe to the Turkey Middle East and Asia.(1299)

Central government too weak to control all parts of its empire.

11Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006

Britain:• Largest colonial empire

in the world.

• Most powerful navy.

Britain:• Largest colonial empire

in the world.

• Most powerful navy.

France:• Lost rich resources in

the 1871 Franco-Prussian War.

• Looked for ways to recover it.

France:• Lost rich resources in

the 1871 Franco-Prussian War.

• Looked for ways to recover it.

Germany:• Rapid growth in economy and

power after 1871 reunification.

• Best-trained and equipped army in Europe.

• Huge territorial ambition.

Germany:• Rapid growth in economy and

power after 1871 reunification.

• Best-trained and equipped army in Europe.

• Huge territorial ambition.

Russia:• Largest empire in Europe.

• Largest army.

• Less advanced industrialization.

Russia:• Largest empire in Europe.

• Largest army.

• Less advanced industrialization.

The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkey):

• Empire stretched from Europe to the Middle East and Asia.

• Central government too weak to control all parts of its empire.

The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkey):

• Empire stretched from Europe to the Middle East and Asia.

• Central government too weak to control all parts of its empire.

Austria-Hungary:• Large, unstable and divided

empire.

• Different ethnic groups often attempted to break away to form their own nation-states.

Austria-Hungary:• Large, unstable and divided

empire.

• Different ethnic groups often attempted to break away to form their own nation-states.

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Competition for colonies

• Acquire colonies to:

-- further national security.

-- enhance national prestige.

-- obtain raw materials.

-- gain access to markets for manufactured goods.

13

Competition for colonies

• Britain and France already in control of most of Africa and Asia.

• Very little left for Germany.

• Competition for colonies.

14

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Arms and naval race• Germany’s ambition to expand army and navy to rival

its enemies.• Powerful military as bargaining voice, bragging rights

and able to fulfill expansionist policy?

“Germany is a young and growing empire. She takes part in trade that is rapidly expanding. Germany must have a powerful fleet to protect

that trade. She must be able to fight for her interests in any part of the world. Only those powers that have great navies will be listened

to with respect.”

Kaiser Wilhelm II in an interview published in the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph in November 1908

15

Britain

Russia

FranceArms and naval race

• Britain, France and Russia felt the threat posed by an ambitious Germany.

• Also increased army and navy to maintain balance of military power.

The race is on!

16

Arms and naval race

700,000

403,000 380,000302,000

247,000

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

Russia Germany France Britain Austria-Hungary

Size of great powers' armies

1870

17

Arms and naval race

700,000

1,300,000

403,000

812,000

380,000

846,000

302,000381,000

247,000

424,000

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

Russia Germany France Britain Austria-Hungary

Size of great powers' armies

1870

1914

18

Alliances among the great powers

1907 (Triple Entente Agreement)

Britain, France and Russia allied to become the Allied Powers.

1882(Triple Alliance Agreement)

Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy allied to form the Central Powers.

The Balance of Power:

The great powers thought that forming alliances could deter countries from starting a war. This was because such a war would not be easy to win as it would quickly escalate as more countries joined the fight via the alliances.

19 Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006

Alliances among the great powers

• Instead, these alliances meant that a war between two countries would soon involve their allies and become a bigger conflict.

• Played an important part in causing World War I.

20

Strong feelings of nationalism

• Having an extreme pride in your country • Prior to WWI many countries felt an extreme sense of

nationalism • This nationalism resulted in a dislike for other countries • Serbian nationalism inspired plans for

creation of larger Serbian state (Serbia and Bosnia).

Austria-Hungary threatened by prospect of larger Serbian state south of its border.

21 Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006

Serbian nationalism to the south of Austria-Hungary’s border created a threat for Austria-Hungary.

22

Strong feelings of nationalism

• 1908 Austria-Hungary conquered Bosnia.• Many Slavs decided to set up

secret societies goal was to force Austria-Hungary

out of Bosnia.

23

Assassination of Archduke of Austria-Hungary

• 28 June 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir apparent to the chairman of Austria-Hungary, was shot in Bosnia.

• Killer was member of ‘Black Hand’, a secret society based in Serbia.

• The perfect excuse for Austria-Hungary to remove Serbian threat once and for all.

accused Serbia of planning the murder.

24

What really caused World

War I?

Powerful countries?

Competition for colonies?

Arms and naval race?

Alliances among the great powers?

Strong feelings of nationalism?

Assassination of Archduke of Austria-Hungary?

Critical Thinking

25

What really caused World War I?

Which view do you agree with?

26

What really caused World War I?

Which view do you agree with?

27

What really caused World War I?

Which view do you agree with?

Muhammad Umar Hayyat KanjuBB-09-088

The Two SidesTriple Alliance

GermanyAustria-Hungary

ItalyCentral Powers

Germany Austria-HungaryOttoman Empire

Triple EntenteEnglandFranceRussia

Allied PowersEngland, France, Russia,

United States, Italy, Serbia, Belgium,

Switzerland

Rules of World War 1• 1. A country must declare war before attacking another

country. • 2. Each side must wear uniforms or identify themselves

to each other before attacking. Soldiers wearing an enemy uniform will be shot as a spy.

• 3. Commanding officers should not be targeted

RULES OF WORLD WAR 1

4. Civilians, Surrendering Soldiers and Medical Personnel will not be attacked.

5. Hand to Hand combat is honorable, shooting from a distance is cowardly

6. Soldiers must be given the opportunity to surrender honorably.

• July 23rd Austria Hungary Presented Serbia with an ultimatum

• July 28th Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia

• July 29th Russia Mobilized its troops• August 1, 1914 Germany mobilized troops.

Summer of 1914

Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions

• August 2nd Germany declared war on Russia Germany invades Poland and Luxemburg, invasion of France starts

• August 3: Germany declared war on France• August 4: Germany declared war on Belgium and

invades it, • August 4:England declared war on Germany • August 5: Austria declared war on Russia and

Great Britain

Summer of 1914

Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions

Who Declared War on Who?

• Austria-Hungary Declared War on Serbia• Russia Declared War on Austria Hungary• Germany Declared War on Russia• Germany Declared War on France• England Declared War on Germany and

Austria Hungary

Technology used in World War 1

• Chemical weapons• U-boat submarines• Aircrafts• Tanks• Flame throwers

Technology:The U-boat (Submarine)

• Germany’s secret weapon during the war

• Sank dozens of British ships, controlled the oceans.

Why would the British think the U-boat was breaking the rules of War ?

Austria –Hungry

Germany

Serbia

Russia

France

England

West ---------------------------------------------------East

U.S

The Great War Western Front

• Germans, Austria-Hungarians vs. French, British and later Americans

• Germany developed the Schlieffen Plan• Battle of the Marne (1914- German Defeat)• Trench Warfare on the Western Front

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Germany risked having to fight the Allied Powers on both the Eastern front and the Western front.

The Schlieffen Plan called for surprise occupation of neutral Belgium and lightning attack and defeat of France through Belgium.

Western Front: Battles• Battle of Verdun

– Ten months long – French and German armies. – Estimated 540,000 French and

430,000 German casualties – No strategic advantages were gained

for either side.

• Battle of Somme – English and French vs Germany – Six months of fighting – Five miles of advancement for Allies – 1 million men killed

Eastern Front• Russians and Serbs vs.

Germans and Austria-Hungarians

• War more mobile but still a stalemate

• Russia’s disadvantages– Not Industrialized– Short on Supplies

• Russia’s advantage– People

Eastern Front: Battles

• Battle of Tannenberg: – August 1914- First major eastern battle. – Russia was badly defeated and pushed back. – Russia lost millions of men against Germany,

undersupplied, under gunned

Other Fronts

• Japan, Australia, India join Allies

• Ottoman Turks, Bulgaria join Central Powers

• Gallipoli Campaign in the Ottoman Empire

• Battles occur in Africa and Asia for Colonial Possessions

Russia Exits the War

• In March 1917, Nicholas II abdicates his throne,

• the Russian Duma continued to fight. • In October 1917: Lenin and the

Bolsheviks took command: The Soviet Union is created.

• March 1918: Soviets and Germans sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending the war in the East.

US claims Neutrality

I didn’t raise my boy to be a soldierI brought him up to be my pride and joy

Who dares to place a musket on his shoulder,

To shoot some other mother’s darling boy?

True Story…

Nations 1914 1915 1916 Britain $594,271,863 $911,794,954 $1,526,685,102 France $159,818,924 $364,397,170 $628,851,988 Germany $344,794,276 $28,863,354 $288,899

US Road to War• British Blockade

did not allow products to leave or enter Germany

• German U-Boat Responsecounter to blockade, destroy all boats headed for British shores

May 7th 1915Sinking of the Lusitania

US Road to War

1916 Presidential ElectionAnd the Winner is…

Woodrow WilsonBecause

“he kept us out of the war”

US Declares War• Senate Declared War April 4th 1917• House of Representatives Declared

War April 6th 1917• Wilson’s reasoning for War

make the world “Safe for Democracy”

War on the Homefront

• World War I as a Total War– All Resources devoted to homefront

• Gov’t took over factories to make Military goods

• All had to work (Women took place of men in factories)

• Rationing- limit consumption of resources/goods necessary for the war effort

• Propaganda- one-sided information to keep support for the war

PropagandaUS

PropagandaGreat Britain

PropagandaGermany

Ending the War 1917-1918

• US Enters the War in April of 1917• March 1918 Russia and Germany sign the

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk• Germans now use all resources on Western

Front• March of 1918 Germany begins a massive

attack on France

Ending the War (1918)The Tide Turns

• German troops fatigued• US had 140,000 “fresh” troops• 2nd Battle of the Marne (June 1918)• Central Powers Crumble

– Revolutions in Austria Hungary– Ottoman Empire surrenders– German soldiers mutiny, public turns

against Kaiser Wilhelm II

Ending the War (1918)• Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on

November 9th 1918• 11th hour of the 11th day of the

11th month in 1918 Germany agreed to a cease-fire

• 8.5 million soldiers dead• 21 million soldiers wounded• Cost of 338 billion dollars

Ending the WarThe Paris Peace Conference

• Meeting of the “Big Four” at the Paris Peace Conference

• Wilson Proposed his “14 points”• “Big Four” created Treaty of Versailles

• War Guilt Clause• Break up of German, Austrian,

Russian and Ottoman Empire• Reparations• Legacy of bitterness and betrayal

Effects of World War I

• Before World War I feeling of optimism and progress of Human Kind

• After the War feelings of pessimism–New forms of Art, Literature, Philosophy and

Science»(ex. Surrealism, “Lost” Generation,

Psychoanalysis, Existentialism)

Anum ShaukatBB-09-064

Millions of dead,

wounded or homeless

people

Four empires broke up

New nation-states were

set up

World economy damaged

What was the world like after World War I?

Changes to society

Millions of dead, wounded or homeless people

• Nearly 8 million soldiers killed

• Millions of young men wounded and permanently disabled by gas or exploding shells

Millions of dead, wounded or homeless people

Casualty Figures from World War I

750,000

1,800,0001,700,000

1,400,000

France

Germany

Russia

Britain

Four empires broke up

• Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Russia broke up into smaller countries

New nation-states were set up

Yugoslavia

Lithuania

Latvia

Estonia

Poland Hungary

Effects of WW1 upon England

TRADE LOSS

Effects of WW1 upon France

Loss of Manpower

Effects on Germany

Blockade of Germany

American’s Economy

Increased Employment

Wages

Profits to Industry

World economy damaged

• World trade disrupted• Resources of great powers depleted• Farms, factories and industrial areas destroyed no

production• Infrastructure destroyed• Massive unemployment• Countries were in huge debts

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Changes to society

Changes to the position of women

Women’s expectations about their role in society changed equal rights, equal opportunities

Women working as street car drivers

Working on a project

Working in fields and daily activities

What was the world like after World War I?

Homeless people:There were numerous displaced refugees who had lost almost everything.

What does this picture tell you about the impact of World War I?

Destroyed infrastructure: A lengthy restoration was required and the economy was damaged.

Changes to position of women in society: They expected equal rights, equal opportunities.

Unemployment: Many jobs were displaced by the war.

Noshiza NazirBB-09-052

World War II (1939-1945)

Start of war..

• On September 1, 1939 Hitler sent troops into Poland after repeatedly being told NOT to try and take over neighboring countries by Britain and France.

• They declared war on September 3, 1939.

The Participants:

• Allied Powers

• Axis Powers

The Participants:

• Allied Powers• -England• -Soviet Union • -France • -United States

• Axis Powers• -Italy• -Germany• -Japan

Causes of the Second World War:

Causes for World War IIUNDERLYING:• Treaty of Versailles• Nationalism• Worldwide

Depression• Dictatorships• The policy of

appeasement• American

Isolationism

DIRECT:• Germany invading

Poland on September 1st, 1939

Causes of the Second World War:

1)German and Japanese Agendas:

The key cause of the war in Europe was Hitler's agenda of conquest and Japan's expansionism.

2)Hitler’s Aims

• To unite German speaking people

• He wanted living space in order to gain self-sufficiency.

• He wanted to dominate on all the Europe and the World.

3) Failure of the Treaty of Versailles.

• The size of Germany's military was severely restricted.

• Germany lost territory in Europe and was forced to give up territories from its overseas colonies.

• Germany was ordered to pay $33 billion in reparations (war damages).

4)Expansionism:

• The war was caused by the expansionist desires of Hitler, Mussolini and the Japanese imperialists.

• Germany, Italy and Japan wanted to conquer new territories and enslave or exterminate the peoples living there.

5)Economic Depression and Instability:

The Great World Depression in 1929 became a very important cause of the war.

It sent the German economy into a great disaster, causing a humongous number of unemployed people.

6) Democratic powers were passive

• USA – Isolated• France – France was

unlikely, and reluctant, to intervene against Germany, because it could not rely on Britain’s and America’s support.

• Britain – Between 1934 and 1937, Britain was sympathetic to German recovery.

7)Japanese Expansion• Sought total control

of Pacific (resources)• 1931- military

occupation of Manchuria

• 1936- Japan signs Pact with Germany, Italy.

• Japan wanted to extend influence in Far East

• July 1940: U.S. embargo of raw materials to Japan

• 1941: Lend-Lease aid to China

• Anticipating attack in the Philippines

• December 7, 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

8)United States and Japan

9)Mobilizing for War• 1940- Economy focuses on

military mobilization• Massive industrial output

(twice as productive as Germany, 5 times Japan)

• Primary focus: tanks, planes, battleships

• War Production Board• Military draft, training

Wartime propaganda

Muhammad Abdullah Rao

BB-09-74

Muhammad Abdullah Rao BB-09-74

World War

• Affected world's most powerful and populous countries

• Battle of multiple countries on multiple continents

Brief Information

When did it happen? 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945

Where did it happen? Europe, Africa, Middle East, Pacific, China, North & South America, South East Asia

Who fought in the war? 1) Allied (Leading member: Soviet Union)

2) Axis (Leading member: Germany)

Who won? Allied

How many died? Soldiers: 24 MillionCivilians or people who were not soldiers: 49 Million

World War 2

• Second World War• 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945• 6 years,1 day • Involved majority of the world’s nations• Great powers• Most widespread war of world in history

Dark Green: Allies before the Japanese attack on Pearl HarborLight Green: Allied countries that entered the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor.Blue: Axis Powers that had to choose a side in order to stay independent.Gray: Neutral countries during WWII

• Two opposing Military Alliances• Allies & Axis• Allies (France, Poland, UK) along with British

dominions (Australia, Canada, New Zealand & South Africa), Brazil, Norway, China, US, Soviet Union

• Axis ( Germany, Italy, Japan)• Economic, industrial and scientific capabilities • Nuclear weapons

Allies Axis

• Soviet Union• United States• United Kingdom• France • China• Poland• Canada• Australia• South Africa

• Germany• Japan• Italy• Hungary• Romania• Bulgaria

Location of World War 2

• Europe• Pacific• Atlantic• South & Middle East• China • Africa• North & South America

History

• Empire of Japan wanted to dominate East Asia, 1937

• Germany attack on Poland September 1, 1939

• From late 1939 to early 1941 Germany alliance with Italy

• UK and British were major allied against axis• North Africa Atlantic Battle • June 1941 European invasion of Soviet Union

(Largest Land War of World)• December 1941 Japan joined Axis.• Axis were defeated in North Africa

Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor

• Hawaii Operation or Battle of Pearl Harbor• Intelligence Section, power station, shipyard,& fuel

storage, Naval base• December 7,1941 Japan on defensive Combat Air

Patrol • Attack for the purpose to save Japan from UK.,

Netherland & US.• 353 Japanese fighters attacked on base• 2402 Americans were killed, 65 Japanese were killed• American entry into WW2 in both the Pacific & Europe• America declared war on 8th December 1941.

• In 1943 Germans defeats in Eastern Europe, Allied invasion of Italy & American victory in Pacific.

• 1944, the Western Allies invaded France• Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses • Soviet Union invaded Germany and its allies. • During 1944 and 1945, United States captured

Western Pacific islands by defeating Japanese Navy.

• The war in Europe ended by German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945.

Atomic Attack on Hiroshima & Nagasaki

• The United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima on 6 August, and Nagasaki on 9 August 1945.

• Only use of nuclear weapons to date• United States called for a surrender of Japan in

the Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945• Threatening Japan with "prompt and utter

destruction". The Japanese government ignored this ultimatum.

• Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945, ending the World War 2 and it was the total victory of the Allies over the Axis.

Adolf Hitler

• Austrian-born German Politician• Leader of Nazi Party• Chancellor of Germany from 1933-1945• Hitler against anti communism• Soldier, artist and writer• Roman Catholic• Killed Jews, 11-14 million people, 6 million of

them were Jewish.

Result of World War 2

• Primary Victors United States, UK & Soviet Union• WW2 altered the political & social structure of the world• Establishment of United Nations (UN)• Promoted international cooperation & prevent future

conflicts• Victors of the war (Great Powers), permanent member of

UNSC (United Nations Security Council) US, Soviet Union,China,UK & France

• United States and Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers

• Cold War began and last for 46 years

Trade of countries in the era of World War 2

• Germany: Farm production, food supplies export were cut off from eastern Germany (controlled by the Soviets).

• Japan: Lack of oil, rubber and other natural resources. Import of metal, oil and other materials from U.S.

• China: Silk, Chrome, chemical fertilizer and finished steel products

• America: Electronics, Aircrafts, machines and pharmaceuticals

• South Africa: Gold Metal, coffee, cocoa, cotton and rubber.• Norway: Fisheries and Agriculture Sector.

Zaheer JavedBB-09-80

General Effects and Results of WWII

Social Effects - Psychological Trauma

• There was psychological shock, but it was less than WWI because people knew:– What to expect– Feared the worst– There was a need for the war– The price of failure was

unacceptable

Social Effects - Women• Women took on many of the roles that had

traditionally belonged to men• Many people belonging to minority groups also

took on jobs that traditionally they had not• Women took on jobs in the war effort,

including those such as:– Military nurses – working near battles

around the world to save wounded men– Factory workers – building the machines

necessary to fight wars– Journalists – reporting the happenings of

the battle front to news agencies in their home countries

Social Effects - Women

• The most common job for a woman to take on during the World War I or II was that of a nurse

• At first men doubted that the women would work well in a battle situation, but those doubts quickly disappeared after the nurses proved themselves

Social/Economic Effects

• Women were not the government's only target for recruitment

• The government also decided to begin recruiting more minorities for many of the same reasons it began recruiting women

• In World War II, they recruited nearly over a million African Americans to be in the military and work in the factories

• However, strikes occurred protesting their rise in status

Social Effects - Minorities

• African-American soldiers played a significant role in World War II

Social Effects - Minorities

• Despite the numbers they faced racial discrimination:– Racially segregated forces– Blacks were often classified as unfit for

combat and were not allowed on the front lines

– Blacks were mostly given support duties– No blacks were given the Medal of

Honor during either world war

Social Effects – Women & Minorities

• The first and second World Wars did much to awaken the women and minority groups

• For the first time since the Civil War era, African American rights became an issue

• It is now common place for women to hold jobs, their role in society has expanded greatly since the era prior to World War I

Economic Effects

• When the men came back and many women went back to the kitchen

• There was a huge growth in munitions/ aircraft industries – other industries (eg house building) were put on hold

• There was a huge emphasis on food production – Dig for Victory

Increase of Scientific and Technological Development

• War led to an increase in scientific and technological development– V-2 rocket– Nuclear weapons

Economic Effects• Rationing – notably of oil and food• Shortages of workers –

– Schedule of Protected Occupations – prevented the call-up of key workers to the armed services

– Essential Works Order – allowed the government to conscript people to certain work

• The Government had to take control of the economy – eg who worked where, trade, railways, shipping, banking, etc.

• Training of workers was disrupted, so there was a lack of good management

Economic Effects - Creation of the IMF, WTO, and World Bank

• The Bretton Woods Conference (1944) set up the:– International Monetary Fund to try to prevent another

world economic depression. It keeps track of the flow of goods going to and from countries and stabilizes the exchange rate

– The World Bank was established to provide finance (loans) and advice to reduce poverty

– The International Trade Organization (ITO) was formed to try to regulate and insure free trade

Economic Effects

• Massive government debts were accumulated, particularly to America (Lend-Lease)

• Huge losses of merchant shipping to submarines

• Destruction of factories/machines – in 1945 Britain lost 12% of her productive capacity

• Destruction by bombing created a need for massive house building after the war

Destruction

• Immense destruction of infrastructure– 1/3 of the homes in Britain were destroyed– Coal production was at 40% prewar levels– 23% of Europe’s farmland was out of production

• This led to a severe crisis during the winter of 1946-7

Displaced People

• millions of people had been uprooted from their homes and were displaced because:– Refugees who fled before

invading armies– Slave-workers were taken to

Germany and Austria– Prisoners in concentration and

death camps

Deaths• More than 60 million people were killed

United Nations

• Created in 1945 to replace the League of Nations

• Main purposes are:– Maintain world peace– Develop good relations between countries– Promote cooperation in solving the world’s

problems– Encourage respect for human rights

• Was more successful because it included more nations than the League

Internal Stresses

• Within formerly occupied countries, there was internal stress between those who had collaborated and those who had resisted

• In Greece, this led to a civil war

Origins of the Cold War – Superpower Status After WWII

• With the serious weakening of Britain and France as world powers, only the U.S. and USSR were left as superpowers

End of European Domination

• The U.S. emerged clearly as the world superpower– Germany was destroyed as a great power– Britain and France were destroyed as great

imperial powers

Rise of USSR

• The USSR had:– Recovered and expanded its empire– Became the dominant military power on the

continent of Europe– Acquired enormous prestige as the chief opponent

and victor over Nazism– Was the leading communist power– Found itself the only one of the former Great

Powers able to resist U.S. domination

Pakistan, Jordan, Palestine, India,

Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Egypt, Laos,

Cambodia, Vietnam, Egypt, China, Afghanistan and many more

New Nations

Baby Boom

Death of old Powers

Rise of new Powers

Birth of future Powers