world war 1 & 2 & their effects on international business
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Food For THOUGHT!
World WAR 1 & 2 & Their Effects On INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
Group MembersNoshiza Nazir BB-09-052Anum Shaukat BB-09-064Wajeeha Hasnain BB-09-066 M. Abdullah Rao BB-09-074 Zaheer Javed BB-09-080 M.Umar Hayyat Kanju BB-09-088
Causes of World War1.
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Did World War I change the world?
What was the world like before World War I?
What was the world like after World War I?
1. The world before 1914.2. What caused the war.
1. Effects of the war on the world.
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In a NutshellWhen did it happen? 1914–1918
Where did it happen? Europe, Africa and the Middle East
Who fought in the war? 1) Allied Powers (Leading member: Britain)
2) Central Powers (Leading member: Germany)
Who won? The Allied Powers
How many died? Soldiers: 8 millionCivilians or people who were not soldiers: 6 million
World War I
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Allied Powers• Britain• France• Serbia• Russia• Italy (joined after May 1915)
Central Powers• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Ottoman Turkey
vs
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Powerful countries
Competition for colonies
Arms and naval race
Alliances among the
great powers
Strong feelings of nationalism
Assassination of Archduke of
Austria-Hungary
What was the world like
before World War I?
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Powerful countries
• Britain Largest colonial empire in the world.
Most powerful navy.
• France Defeated by Germans in 1871 Franco- Prussian War.
Lost rich resource.
Looked for ways to recover it.
• Russia Largest empire in Europe.
Largest army.
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Powerful countries
• Austria- Large, unstable and divided empire.Hungary Different ethnic groups often attempted to
break away to form own nation-states.
• Germany Economy grew rapidly after 1871
Army best-trained and equipped in Europe. Kaiser Wilhelm II’s ambition.
• Ottoman Empire stretched from Europe to the Turkey Middle East and Asia.(1299)
Central government too weak to control all parts of its empire.
11Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006
Britain:• Largest colonial empire
in the world.
• Most powerful navy.
Britain:• Largest colonial empire
in the world.
• Most powerful navy.
France:• Lost rich resources in
the 1871 Franco-Prussian War.
• Looked for ways to recover it.
France:• Lost rich resources in
the 1871 Franco-Prussian War.
• Looked for ways to recover it.
Germany:• Rapid growth in economy and
power after 1871 reunification.
• Best-trained and equipped army in Europe.
• Huge territorial ambition.
Germany:• Rapid growth in economy and
power after 1871 reunification.
• Best-trained and equipped army in Europe.
• Huge territorial ambition.
Russia:• Largest empire in Europe.
• Largest army.
• Less advanced industrialization.
Russia:• Largest empire in Europe.
• Largest army.
• Less advanced industrialization.
The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkey):
• Empire stretched from Europe to the Middle East and Asia.
• Central government too weak to control all parts of its empire.
The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkey):
• Empire stretched from Europe to the Middle East and Asia.
• Central government too weak to control all parts of its empire.
Austria-Hungary:• Large, unstable and divided
empire.
• Different ethnic groups often attempted to break away to form their own nation-states.
Austria-Hungary:• Large, unstable and divided
empire.
• Different ethnic groups often attempted to break away to form their own nation-states.
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Competition for colonies
• Acquire colonies to:
-- further national security.
-- enhance national prestige.
-- obtain raw materials.
-- gain access to markets for manufactured goods.
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Competition for colonies
• Britain and France already in control of most of Africa and Asia.
• Very little left for Germany.
• Competition for colonies.
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Germany
Austria-Hungary
Arms and naval race• Germany’s ambition to expand army and navy to rival
its enemies.• Powerful military as bargaining voice, bragging rights
and able to fulfill expansionist policy?
“Germany is a young and growing empire. She takes part in trade that is rapidly expanding. Germany must have a powerful fleet to protect
that trade. She must be able to fight for her interests in any part of the world. Only those powers that have great navies will be listened
to with respect.”
Kaiser Wilhelm II in an interview published in the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph in November 1908
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Britain
Russia
FranceArms and naval race
• Britain, France and Russia felt the threat posed by an ambitious Germany.
• Also increased army and navy to maintain balance of military power.
The race is on!
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Arms and naval race
700,000
403,000 380,000302,000
247,000
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
Russia Germany France Britain Austria-Hungary
Size of great powers' armies
1870
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Arms and naval race
700,000
1,300,000
403,000
812,000
380,000
846,000
302,000381,000
247,000
424,000
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
Russia Germany France Britain Austria-Hungary
Size of great powers' armies
1870
1914
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Alliances among the great powers
1907 (Triple Entente Agreement)
Britain, France and Russia allied to become the Allied Powers.
1882(Triple Alliance Agreement)
Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy allied to form the Central Powers.
The Balance of Power:
The great powers thought that forming alliances could deter countries from starting a war. This was because such a war would not be easy to win as it would quickly escalate as more countries joined the fight via the alliances.
19 Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006
Alliances among the great powers
• Instead, these alliances meant that a war between two countries would soon involve their allies and become a bigger conflict.
• Played an important part in causing World War I.
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Strong feelings of nationalism
• Having an extreme pride in your country • Prior to WWI many countries felt an extreme sense of
nationalism • This nationalism resulted in a dislike for other countries • Serbian nationalism inspired plans for
creation of larger Serbian state (Serbia and Bosnia).
Austria-Hungary threatened by prospect of larger Serbian state south of its border.
21 Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006
Serbian nationalism to the south of Austria-Hungary’s border created a threat for Austria-Hungary.
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Strong feelings of nationalism
• 1908 Austria-Hungary conquered Bosnia.• Many Slavs decided to set up
secret societies goal was to force Austria-Hungary
out of Bosnia.
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Assassination of Archduke of Austria-Hungary
• 28 June 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir apparent to the chairman of Austria-Hungary, was shot in Bosnia.
• Killer was member of ‘Black Hand’, a secret society based in Serbia.
• The perfect excuse for Austria-Hungary to remove Serbian threat once and for all.
accused Serbia of planning the murder.
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What really caused World
War I?
Powerful countries?
Competition for colonies?
Arms and naval race?
Alliances among the great powers?
Strong feelings of nationalism?
Assassination of Archduke of Austria-Hungary?
Critical Thinking
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What really caused World War I?
Which view do you agree with?
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What really caused World War I?
Which view do you agree with?
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What really caused World War I?
Which view do you agree with?
Muhammad Umar Hayyat KanjuBB-09-088
The Two SidesTriple Alliance
GermanyAustria-Hungary
ItalyCentral Powers
Germany Austria-HungaryOttoman Empire
Triple EntenteEnglandFranceRussia
Allied PowersEngland, France, Russia,
United States, Italy, Serbia, Belgium,
Switzerland
Rules of World War 1• 1. A country must declare war before attacking another
country. • 2. Each side must wear uniforms or identify themselves
to each other before attacking. Soldiers wearing an enemy uniform will be shot as a spy.
• 3. Commanding officers should not be targeted
RULES OF WORLD WAR 1
4. Civilians, Surrendering Soldiers and Medical Personnel will not be attacked.
5. Hand to Hand combat is honorable, shooting from a distance is cowardly
6. Soldiers must be given the opportunity to surrender honorably.
• July 23rd Austria Hungary Presented Serbia with an ultimatum
• July 28th Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
• July 29th Russia Mobilized its troops• August 1, 1914 Germany mobilized troops.
Summer of 1914
Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions
• August 2nd Germany declared war on Russia Germany invades Poland and Luxemburg, invasion of France starts
• August 3: Germany declared war on France• August 4: Germany declared war on Belgium and
invades it, • August 4:England declared war on Germany • August 5: Austria declared war on Russia and
Great Britain
Summer of 1914
Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions
Who Declared War on Who?
• Austria-Hungary Declared War on Serbia• Russia Declared War on Austria Hungary• Germany Declared War on Russia• Germany Declared War on France• England Declared War on Germany and
Austria Hungary
Technology used in World War 1
• Chemical weapons• U-boat submarines• Aircrafts• Tanks• Flame throwers
Technology:The U-boat (Submarine)
• Germany’s secret weapon during the war
• Sank dozens of British ships, controlled the oceans.
Why would the British think the U-boat was breaking the rules of War ?
Austria –Hungry
Germany
Serbia
Russia
France
England
West ---------------------------------------------------East
U.S
The Great War Western Front
• Germans, Austria-Hungarians vs. French, British and later Americans
• Germany developed the Schlieffen Plan• Battle of the Marne (1914- German Defeat)• Trench Warfare on the Western Front
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Germany risked having to fight the Allied Powers on both the Eastern front and the Western front.
The Schlieffen Plan called for surprise occupation of neutral Belgium and lightning attack and defeat of France through Belgium.
Western Front: Battles• Battle of Verdun
– Ten months long – French and German armies. – Estimated 540,000 French and
430,000 German casualties – No strategic advantages were gained
for either side.
• Battle of Somme – English and French vs Germany – Six months of fighting – Five miles of advancement for Allies – 1 million men killed
Eastern Front• Russians and Serbs vs.
Germans and Austria-Hungarians
• War more mobile but still a stalemate
• Russia’s disadvantages– Not Industrialized– Short on Supplies
• Russia’s advantage– People
Eastern Front: Battles
• Battle of Tannenberg: – August 1914- First major eastern battle. – Russia was badly defeated and pushed back. – Russia lost millions of men against Germany,
undersupplied, under gunned
Other Fronts
• Japan, Australia, India join Allies
• Ottoman Turks, Bulgaria join Central Powers
• Gallipoli Campaign in the Ottoman Empire
• Battles occur in Africa and Asia for Colonial Possessions
Russia Exits the War
• In March 1917, Nicholas II abdicates his throne,
• the Russian Duma continued to fight. • In October 1917: Lenin and the
Bolsheviks took command: The Soviet Union is created.
• March 1918: Soviets and Germans sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending the war in the East.
US claims Neutrality
I didn’t raise my boy to be a soldierI brought him up to be my pride and joy
Who dares to place a musket on his shoulder,
To shoot some other mother’s darling boy?
True Story…
Nations 1914 1915 1916 Britain $594,271,863 $911,794,954 $1,526,685,102 France $159,818,924 $364,397,170 $628,851,988 Germany $344,794,276 $28,863,354 $288,899
US Road to War• British Blockade
did not allow products to leave or enter Germany
• German U-Boat Responsecounter to blockade, destroy all boats headed for British shores
May 7th 1915Sinking of the Lusitania
US Road to War
1916 Presidential ElectionAnd the Winner is…
Woodrow WilsonBecause
“he kept us out of the war”
US Declares War• Senate Declared War April 4th 1917• House of Representatives Declared
War April 6th 1917• Wilson’s reasoning for War
make the world “Safe for Democracy”
War on the Homefront
• World War I as a Total War– All Resources devoted to homefront
• Gov’t took over factories to make Military goods
• All had to work (Women took place of men in factories)
• Rationing- limit consumption of resources/goods necessary for the war effort
• Propaganda- one-sided information to keep support for the war
PropagandaUS
PropagandaGreat Britain
PropagandaGermany
Ending the War 1917-1918
• US Enters the War in April of 1917• March 1918 Russia and Germany sign the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk• Germans now use all resources on Western
Front• March of 1918 Germany begins a massive
attack on France
Ending the War (1918)The Tide Turns
• German troops fatigued• US had 140,000 “fresh” troops• 2nd Battle of the Marne (June 1918)• Central Powers Crumble
– Revolutions in Austria Hungary– Ottoman Empire surrenders– German soldiers mutiny, public turns
against Kaiser Wilhelm II
Ending the War (1918)• Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on
November 9th 1918• 11th hour of the 11th day of the
11th month in 1918 Germany agreed to a cease-fire
• 8.5 million soldiers dead• 21 million soldiers wounded• Cost of 338 billion dollars
Ending the WarThe Paris Peace Conference
• Meeting of the “Big Four” at the Paris Peace Conference
• Wilson Proposed his “14 points”• “Big Four” created Treaty of Versailles
• War Guilt Clause• Break up of German, Austrian,
Russian and Ottoman Empire• Reparations• Legacy of bitterness and betrayal
Effects of World War I
• Before World War I feeling of optimism and progress of Human Kind
• After the War feelings of pessimism–New forms of Art, Literature, Philosophy and
Science»(ex. Surrealism, “Lost” Generation,
Psychoanalysis, Existentialism)
Anum ShaukatBB-09-064
Millions of dead,
wounded or homeless
people
Four empires broke up
New nation-states were
set up
World economy damaged
What was the world like after World War I?
Changes to society
Millions of dead, wounded or homeless people
• Nearly 8 million soldiers killed
• Millions of young men wounded and permanently disabled by gas or exploding shells
Millions of dead, wounded or homeless people
Casualty Figures from World War I
750,000
1,800,0001,700,000
1,400,000
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
Four empires broke up
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Russia broke up into smaller countries
New nation-states were set up
Yugoslavia
Lithuania
Latvia
Estonia
Poland Hungary
Effects of WW1 upon England
TRADE LOSS
Effects of WW1 upon France
Loss of Manpower
Effects on Germany
Blockade of Germany
American’s Economy
Increased Employment
Wages
Profits to Industry
World economy damaged
• World trade disrupted• Resources of great powers depleted• Farms, factories and industrial areas destroyed no
production• Infrastructure destroyed• Massive unemployment• Countries were in huge debts
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Changes to society
Changes to the position of women
Women’s expectations about their role in society changed equal rights, equal opportunities
Women working as street car drivers
Working on a project
Working in fields and daily activities
What was the world like after World War I?
Homeless people:There were numerous displaced refugees who had lost almost everything.
What does this picture tell you about the impact of World War I?
Destroyed infrastructure: A lengthy restoration was required and the economy was damaged.
Changes to position of women in society: They expected equal rights, equal opportunities.
Unemployment: Many jobs were displaced by the war.
Noshiza NazirBB-09-052
World War II (1939-1945)
Start of war..
• On September 1, 1939 Hitler sent troops into Poland after repeatedly being told NOT to try and take over neighboring countries by Britain and France.
• They declared war on September 3, 1939.
The Participants:
• Allied Powers
• Axis Powers
The Participants:
• Allied Powers• -England• -Soviet Union • -France • -United States
• Axis Powers• -Italy• -Germany• -Japan
Causes of the Second World War:
Causes for World War IIUNDERLYING:• Treaty of Versailles• Nationalism• Worldwide
Depression• Dictatorships• The policy of
appeasement• American
Isolationism
DIRECT:• Germany invading
Poland on September 1st, 1939
Causes of the Second World War:
1)German and Japanese Agendas:
The key cause of the war in Europe was Hitler's agenda of conquest and Japan's expansionism.
2)Hitler’s Aims
• To unite German speaking people
• He wanted living space in order to gain self-sufficiency.
• He wanted to dominate on all the Europe and the World.
3) Failure of the Treaty of Versailles.
• The size of Germany's military was severely restricted.
• Germany lost territory in Europe and was forced to give up territories from its overseas colonies.
• Germany was ordered to pay $33 billion in reparations (war damages).
4)Expansionism:
• The war was caused by the expansionist desires of Hitler, Mussolini and the Japanese imperialists.
• Germany, Italy and Japan wanted to conquer new territories and enslave or exterminate the peoples living there.
5)Economic Depression and Instability:
The Great World Depression in 1929 became a very important cause of the war.
It sent the German economy into a great disaster, causing a humongous number of unemployed people.
6) Democratic powers were passive
• USA – Isolated• France – France was
unlikely, and reluctant, to intervene against Germany, because it could not rely on Britain’s and America’s support.
• Britain – Between 1934 and 1937, Britain was sympathetic to German recovery.
7)Japanese Expansion• Sought total control
of Pacific (resources)• 1931- military
occupation of Manchuria
• 1936- Japan signs Pact with Germany, Italy.
• Japan wanted to extend influence in Far East
• July 1940: U.S. embargo of raw materials to Japan
• 1941: Lend-Lease aid to China
• Anticipating attack in the Philippines
• December 7, 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
8)United States and Japan
9)Mobilizing for War• 1940- Economy focuses on
military mobilization• Massive industrial output
(twice as productive as Germany, 5 times Japan)
• Primary focus: tanks, planes, battleships
• War Production Board• Military draft, training
Wartime propaganda
Muhammad Abdullah Rao
BB-09-74
Muhammad Abdullah Rao BB-09-74
World War
• Affected world's most powerful and populous countries
• Battle of multiple countries on multiple continents
Brief Information
When did it happen? 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945
Where did it happen? Europe, Africa, Middle East, Pacific, China, North & South America, South East Asia
Who fought in the war? 1) Allied (Leading member: Soviet Union)
2) Axis (Leading member: Germany)
Who won? Allied
How many died? Soldiers: 24 MillionCivilians or people who were not soldiers: 49 Million
World War 2
• Second World War• 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945• 6 years,1 day • Involved majority of the world’s nations• Great powers• Most widespread war of world in history
Dark Green: Allies before the Japanese attack on Pearl HarborLight Green: Allied countries that entered the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor.Blue: Axis Powers that had to choose a side in order to stay independent.Gray: Neutral countries during WWII
• Two opposing Military Alliances• Allies & Axis• Allies (France, Poland, UK) along with British
dominions (Australia, Canada, New Zealand & South Africa), Brazil, Norway, China, US, Soviet Union
• Axis ( Germany, Italy, Japan)• Economic, industrial and scientific capabilities • Nuclear weapons
Allies Axis
• Soviet Union• United States• United Kingdom• France • China• Poland• Canada• Australia• South Africa
• Germany• Japan• Italy• Hungary• Romania• Bulgaria
Location of World War 2
• Europe• Pacific• Atlantic• South & Middle East• China • Africa• North & South America
History
• Empire of Japan wanted to dominate East Asia, 1937
• Germany attack on Poland September 1, 1939
• From late 1939 to early 1941 Germany alliance with Italy
• UK and British were major allied against axis• North Africa Atlantic Battle • June 1941 European invasion of Soviet Union
(Largest Land War of World)• December 1941 Japan joined Axis.• Axis were defeated in North Africa
Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor
• Hawaii Operation or Battle of Pearl Harbor• Intelligence Section, power station, shipyard,& fuel
storage, Naval base• December 7,1941 Japan on defensive Combat Air
Patrol • Attack for the purpose to save Japan from UK.,
Netherland & US.• 353 Japanese fighters attacked on base• 2402 Americans were killed, 65 Japanese were killed• American entry into WW2 in both the Pacific & Europe• America declared war on 8th December 1941.
• In 1943 Germans defeats in Eastern Europe, Allied invasion of Italy & American victory in Pacific.
• 1944, the Western Allies invaded France• Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses • Soviet Union invaded Germany and its allies. • During 1944 and 1945, United States captured
Western Pacific islands by defeating Japanese Navy.
• The war in Europe ended by German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945.
Atomic Attack on Hiroshima & Nagasaki
• The United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima on 6 August, and Nagasaki on 9 August 1945.
• Only use of nuclear weapons to date• United States called for a surrender of Japan in
the Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945• Threatening Japan with "prompt and utter
destruction". The Japanese government ignored this ultimatum.
• Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945, ending the World War 2 and it was the total victory of the Allies over the Axis.
Adolf Hitler
• Austrian-born German Politician• Leader of Nazi Party• Chancellor of Germany from 1933-1945• Hitler against anti communism• Soldier, artist and writer• Roman Catholic• Killed Jews, 11-14 million people, 6 million of
them were Jewish.
Result of World War 2
• Primary Victors United States, UK & Soviet Union• WW2 altered the political & social structure of the world• Establishment of United Nations (UN)• Promoted international cooperation & prevent future
conflicts• Victors of the war (Great Powers), permanent member of
UNSC (United Nations Security Council) US, Soviet Union,China,UK & France
• United States and Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers
• Cold War began and last for 46 years
Trade of countries in the era of World War 2
• Germany: Farm production, food supplies export were cut off from eastern Germany (controlled by the Soviets).
• Japan: Lack of oil, rubber and other natural resources. Import of metal, oil and other materials from U.S.
• China: Silk, Chrome, chemical fertilizer and finished steel products
• America: Electronics, Aircrafts, machines and pharmaceuticals
• South Africa: Gold Metal, coffee, cocoa, cotton and rubber.• Norway: Fisheries and Agriculture Sector.
Zaheer JavedBB-09-80
General Effects and Results of WWII
Social Effects - Psychological Trauma
• There was psychological shock, but it was less than WWI because people knew:– What to expect– Feared the worst– There was a need for the war– The price of failure was
unacceptable
Social Effects - Women• Women took on many of the roles that had
traditionally belonged to men• Many people belonging to minority groups also
took on jobs that traditionally they had not• Women took on jobs in the war effort,
including those such as:– Military nurses – working near battles
around the world to save wounded men– Factory workers – building the machines
necessary to fight wars– Journalists – reporting the happenings of
the battle front to news agencies in their home countries
Social Effects - Women
• The most common job for a woman to take on during the World War I or II was that of a nurse
• At first men doubted that the women would work well in a battle situation, but those doubts quickly disappeared after the nurses proved themselves
Social/Economic Effects
• Women were not the government's only target for recruitment
• The government also decided to begin recruiting more minorities for many of the same reasons it began recruiting women
• In World War II, they recruited nearly over a million African Americans to be in the military and work in the factories
• However, strikes occurred protesting their rise in status
Social Effects - Minorities
• African-American soldiers played a significant role in World War II
Social Effects - Minorities
• Despite the numbers they faced racial discrimination:– Racially segregated forces– Blacks were often classified as unfit for
combat and were not allowed on the front lines
– Blacks were mostly given support duties– No blacks were given the Medal of
Honor during either world war
Social Effects – Women & Minorities
• The first and second World Wars did much to awaken the women and minority groups
• For the first time since the Civil War era, African American rights became an issue
• It is now common place for women to hold jobs, their role in society has expanded greatly since the era prior to World War I
Economic Effects
• When the men came back and many women went back to the kitchen
• There was a huge growth in munitions/ aircraft industries – other industries (eg house building) were put on hold
• There was a huge emphasis on food production – Dig for Victory
Increase of Scientific and Technological Development
• War led to an increase in scientific and technological development– V-2 rocket– Nuclear weapons
Economic Effects• Rationing – notably of oil and food• Shortages of workers –
– Schedule of Protected Occupations – prevented the call-up of key workers to the armed services
– Essential Works Order – allowed the government to conscript people to certain work
• The Government had to take control of the economy – eg who worked where, trade, railways, shipping, banking, etc.
• Training of workers was disrupted, so there was a lack of good management
Economic Effects - Creation of the IMF, WTO, and World Bank
• The Bretton Woods Conference (1944) set up the:– International Monetary Fund to try to prevent another
world economic depression. It keeps track of the flow of goods going to and from countries and stabilizes the exchange rate
– The World Bank was established to provide finance (loans) and advice to reduce poverty
– The International Trade Organization (ITO) was formed to try to regulate and insure free trade
Economic Effects
• Massive government debts were accumulated, particularly to America (Lend-Lease)
• Huge losses of merchant shipping to submarines
• Destruction of factories/machines – in 1945 Britain lost 12% of her productive capacity
• Destruction by bombing created a need for massive house building after the war
Destruction
• Immense destruction of infrastructure– 1/3 of the homes in Britain were destroyed– Coal production was at 40% prewar levels– 23% of Europe’s farmland was out of production
• This led to a severe crisis during the winter of 1946-7
Displaced People
• millions of people had been uprooted from their homes and were displaced because:– Refugees who fled before
invading armies– Slave-workers were taken to
Germany and Austria– Prisoners in concentration and
death camps
Deaths• More than 60 million people were killed
United Nations
• Created in 1945 to replace the League of Nations
• Main purposes are:– Maintain world peace– Develop good relations between countries– Promote cooperation in solving the world’s
problems– Encourage respect for human rights
• Was more successful because it included more nations than the League
Internal Stresses
• Within formerly occupied countries, there was internal stress between those who had collaborated and those who had resisted
• In Greece, this led to a civil war
Origins of the Cold War – Superpower Status After WWII
• With the serious weakening of Britain and France as world powers, only the U.S. and USSR were left as superpowers
End of European Domination
• The U.S. emerged clearly as the world superpower– Germany was destroyed as a great power– Britain and France were destroyed as great
imperial powers
Rise of USSR
• The USSR had:– Recovered and expanded its empire– Became the dominant military power on the
continent of Europe– Acquired enormous prestige as the chief opponent
and victor over Nazism– Was the leading communist power– Found itself the only one of the former Great
Powers able to resist U.S. domination
Pakistan, Jordan, Palestine, India,
Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Egypt, Laos,
Cambodia, Vietnam, Egypt, China, Afghanistan and many more
New Nations
Baby Boom
Death of old Powers
Rise of new Powers
Birth of future Powers
