world war i and beyond chapter 19

“What caused the United States to become involved in World War I, and how did the U.S. change as a result of its involvement?”

SSUSH15 The student will analyze the origins and impact of U.S. involvement in World War I.

SSUSH15.a Describe the movement from U.S. neutrality to engagement in World War I, with

reference to unrestricted submarine warfare. SSUSH15.b Explain the domestic impact of World War I, reflected by the origins of the Great

Migration, and the Espionage Act and socialist Eugene Debs. SSUSH15.c Explain Wilson's Fourteen Points, the proposed League of Nations. SSUSH15.d Passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, establishing Prohibition, and the

Nineteenth Amendment, establishing women suffrage.  

“What caused World War I, and why did the United States enter the war?”

Vocabulary: Alsace-Lorraine casualty militarism contraband Francis Ferdinand U-boat William II Lusitania Western Front Zimmermann

note

From Neutrality to War

What Caused World War I?  Main Idea: In the early 1900s, Nationalism in Europe led to competition among nations. As the conflict grew, countries expanded their militaries and formed alliances with other nations.

The Fighting Begins

Main Idea: After the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, war broke out in Europe. Because of alliances between nations, the conflict spread quickly. New technology caused a stalemate, and led to a long and deadly war.

Wilson Urges Neutrality

Main Idea: Wilson hoped the United States could stay neutral during the war, but many Americans felt the war’s effects and were divided over where their loyalties fell.

Neutrality Gives Way to War

Main Idea: Wilson continued to try and stay neutral, but tension with Germany caused the United States to enter the war in 1917.

Continued…

Mobilization: readying of troops for war

Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary

Allies: Russia, France, Serbia, Great Britain

Stalemate: a situation in which neither side is able to gain the advantage

Autocrat: a ruler with unlimited power

Imperialism: increased rivalries within Europe

Militarism: aggressively building up a nation’s armed forces in preparation for war

Nationalism: countries acted in their own interests and minorities wanted independence (Social Darwinism)

Alliances: countries agreed to come to each other’s aid in the event of an attack.

Assassination: Archduke Francis Ferdinand killed June 28, 1914

Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie traveled to Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia

After a terrorist bombing injured two officers, Gavrilo Princip shot them, starting World War I.

Austria-Hungary thought Serbia was behind the assassination and declared war. Russia

began to mobilize, as did France, Russia’s ally. Germany declared war on Russia. When Germany invaded Belgium, Great Britain entered.

Military Strength, 1914CHART

Technology leads to stalemate: trench warfare; “no-man’s land”

1914 Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers

1915 Italy joins Allies Schlieffen Plan- German plan to strike France, then turn on Russia. They advance to within 30 miles of Paris, where the French and British stop them at the Marne.

Machine guns, hand grenades, poison gases, artillery shells

Old strategies – generals kept attacking, resulting in horrible casualties

Burned fields, poisoned wells, killed livestock

Submarines, blockades

Deadly Technology of World War IQUICK STUDY

Neutral to protect trade

Acted as peacemaker

Increased armed forces and began to prepare

Peace movement that consisted of former Populists, progressives, social reformers, and some women.

Reading Skill: Identify Causes NOTE TAKING

Political Cartoons: The Question of NeutralityANALYZE

Blockaded Germany to keep essential goods from them

Contraband goods

(war materials)

Germany’s response was U-boat attacks to blockade Britain; Germans violate neutral rights

Wilson wanted peace, but began to prepare for war

National Defense Act – expanded army

Naval Construction Act – build more warships

On Feb. 1, 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.

On Feb. 3, the U.S. broke off diplomatic relations with Germany, and Wilson asked Congress to allow armed merchant ships.

German U-BoatTRANSPARENCY

Secret offer from Germany to Mexico offering an alliance so Mexico could recover lost land in U.S.

Filibuster: senators talk and refuse to stop to prevent vote

U-boat: Unterseeboot, submarine

Lusitania, a British passenger ship, sunk in 1915. It was carrying weapons for the Allies as well as 1,200 passengers, including 128 Americans.

Sussex, a French passenger ship sunk in 1916

Sussex Pledge: German government promised to warn ships before attacking

Germany sinks U.S. ships City of Memphis, Illinois, and Vigilancia

April 6, 1917 War declared by Congress

“The world must be made safe for democracy” is a quote by Woodrow Wilson

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“How did the war affect Americans at home?”

Vocabulary: Selective Service Act CPI Bernard Baruch George Creel conscientious objector Great

Migration Espionage Act

The Home Front

America Mobilizes for War

Main Idea: To prepare the country for war, the government implemented a draft and created new federal administrative agencies to oversee the war effort.

Opposition and Its Consequences

Main Idea: At home, the United States dealt with Americans opposed to the war, harsh treatment of those against it, and prejudice against German Americans.

The War Changes American Society

Main Idea: When men entered the armed forces, Women moved into the workforce, African Americans moved north for a better life, and Mexicans crossed the border into the United States.

Liberty Bond: special war bonds sold to support the Allied cause

Price controls: system of pricing determined by the government on food

Rationing: distributing goods to consumers in a fixed amount

Daylight saving time: turning clocks ahead one hour for summer

Sedition: speech or actions encouraging rebellion

Vigilante: citizens who take the law into their own hands

Liberty Bonds raised $20 billion

Loaned $10 billion to Allies

Boy and Girl Scouts sold bonds

Poster and skits to advertise

Industry converted to war goods

War Industries Board: under Bernard Baruch; regulated production; controlled raw materials, production, and prices

War Trade Board: punished firms dealing with enemy

National War Labor Board settled labor disputes

Food Administration under Herbert Hoover

Price controls Rationing Hoover chose

voluntary restraint and efficiency; appealed to women

Daylight saving time instituted to save fuel needed to produce artificial light

Rising U.S. Production, 1915-1918CHART

Committee of Public Information (CPI)

Agency to educate the public about causes of war and to convince Americans to support the war effort

George Creel – director Distributed pamphlets and press

releases

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): goal of overthrowing capitalism

Vigilantes lynched and horse-whipped radicals

The goal of the Industrial Workers of the World was to overthrow capitalism.

Vigilantes lynched and horse-whipped radicals

Espionage Act 1917: made it illegal to interfere with the draft

Sedition Act: 1918, Illegal to interfere with the draft and to obstruct the sale of Liberty Bonds or discuss anything disloyal about the American government, the Constitution, or the army and navy

1,000 convictions; Eugene Debs sentenced to 10 years

Fear of foreigners led to nativism Fear of espionage and secret agents Feared sabotage of transportation and

communications “Hate the Hun” hostility toward Germans Lynching of Robert Prager, a citizen born in Germany

Cut off the flow of immigrants from Europe

Women, African Americans, and Mexican Americans recruited by industry

Great Migration: 500,000 African Americans went North

Mexicans came to the American West to work on ranches and farms

Supporting the WarTRANSPARENCY

The Great MigrationTRANSPARENCY

Reading Skill: Summarize NOTE TAKING

He’s in the Army NowINFOGRAPHIC

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Chapter 19Section 3

“How did Americans affect the end of World War I and its peace settlements?”

Vocabulary: convoy League of Nations Vladimir Lenin Henry Cabot Lodge John J. Pershing reparations Fourteen Points “irreconcilables” self-determination “reservationists”

Wilson, War, and Peace

America Gives the Allies the Edge  Main Idea: The impact of the United States joining the war was felt quickly and Germany surrendered in the fall of 1918.

Wilson Promotes Peace Without Victory

Main Idea: After World War I ended, Wilson encouraged independence, diplomacy, and free trade. He proposed his ideas in the Fourteen Points and traveled to France to make sure his voice was heard at the Allied peace conference.

Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference

Main Idea: The Allied leaders wanted Germany to make payment for war damages and rejected many of Wilson’s ideas.

America Rejects the Treaty

Main Idea: When the Treaty of Versailles was brought back to Congress, many Senators refused to ratify it without changes. Wilson refused to compromise and the treaty was defeated.

Selective Service Act: draft of young men for military service

American Expeditionary Force (AEF): American troops in Europe in WWI

Convoy: group of unarmed ships surrounded by a ring of destroyers, torpedo boats, etc.

Armistice: cease-fire Genocide: organized killing of an entire

people World War I is known as the “war to end all wars”

By 1917, German U-boats had sunk 430 Allied and neutral ships.

Troops were moved to Europe by surrounding unarmed ships with destroyers, torpedo boats and armed vessels.

Russia suffered enormous casualties on the Eastern Front.

March 1917, Czar Nicholas II gives up power

He and his family are taken prisoner by the rebels and killed

Bolsheviks, under Vladimir Lenin, violently overthrew Russia’s government in Nov. 1917

Lenin made peace with Germany on Mar. 3, 1918, freeing the Germans troops to concentrate on defeating the Allies on the Western Front.

General John J. Pershing arrived in France in June, 1917, with 14,500 troops; veteran of the Spanish-American War

He recommends an army of 1 million men by 1918.

Selective Service Act passed in May 1917

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

3 million draftees

11,000 women, who served as nurses, drivers, and clerks

14,000 civilian women served abroad in war effort

Pershing kept Americans independent of Allied armies.

Intended to use more offensive moves 300,000 African American troops were kept

separate and most never saw combat. Harlem Hell Fighters, 369th Infantry Regiment persuaded white officers to loan them to the French. The entire regiment received France’s highest combat medal, the Croix de Guerre.

Germans were within 50 miles of Paris. Battle of Chateau-Thierry, Americans

helped the French save Paris; lost half of troops; began to turn the tide of the war

Used tanks to break German lines Summer of 1918, German advance

stopped permanently General Ludendorff, asked Kaiser Wilhelm to seek peace.

St. Mihiel: General Pershing and troops routed Germans

Airplanes used in dogfights

Eddie Rickenbacker: 26 enemy fighters

Col. Billy Mitchell organized a fleet of over 1,400 bombing planes; new strategy for war

Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 1918

Killed 25 machine-gunners captured 132 Germans

Congressional Medal of Honor

Allies wanted total surrender

Armistice Kaiser fled to

Holland November 11,

1918 ended fighting

50,000 Americans dead Estimated 8 million European

soldiers and sailors dead Millions of civilians died Armenians-100s of thousands killed

by Ottoman forces in a campaign of genocide.

Military Casualties of World War ICHART

Reading Skill: SequenceNOTE TAKING

Fourteen PointsFourteen Points: Wilson’s peace goals, such as an end to : Wilson’s peace goals, such as an end to entangling alliancesentangling alliances

Self-determination: Self-determination: power to make decisions about one’s own power to make decisions about one’s own futurefuture

Spoils: Spoils: rewards of warrewards of war League of Nations: League of Nations: an organization in which the nations of the an organization in which the nations of the

world would join together to ensure security and peace for allworld would join together to ensure security and peace for all Reparations: Reparations: payment from an enemy for economic injury payment from an enemy for economic injury

suffered during a warsuffered during a war Versailles Treaty: Versailles Treaty: treaty ending World War I, on treaty ending World War I, on June 28, 1919June 28, 1919

Fourteen PointsFourteen Points Peace without victoryPeace without victory Open diplomacyOpen diplomacy Freedom of the seas and free tradeFreedom of the seas and free trade Movement toward ending colonialismMovement toward ending colonialism Reduction of armamentsReduction of armaments Ethnic self-determinationEthnic self-determination League of NationsLeague of Nations

Wilson took no Republicans or senatorsWilson took no Republicans or senators Allies wanted spoils; wanted to divide up Germany’s Allies wanted spoils; wanted to divide up Germany’s

coloniescolonies Wilson had to agreeWilson had to agree

Wilson hoped to persuade Congress to accept the plan

Article 10: attack on one is an attack on all Republican senators rejected it fearing war

Georges Clemenceau, French premier demanded harsh penalties against Germany

Created Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia Reparations: Decided Germany owed $33 billion Germany couldn’t pay and did not forget humiliation Versailles Treaty: June 28, 1919

Reading Skill: SummarizeNOTE TAKING

Self-determination violated

-Some Germans and Austrians attached to other nations

-Iraq created from Basra, Baghdad, and Mosul from the Ottoman Empire

-Iraq given to Britain as a mandate (territory overseen by another nation)

Many Americans thought the treaty was Many Americans thought the treaty was too harsh toward Germany, especially too harsh toward Germany, especially the “war guilt clause”the “war guilt clause”

““Irreconcilables”:Irreconcilables”: senators would not senators would not accept treaty and were isolationist; accept treaty and were isolationist; disliked Article 10, calling for mutual disliked Article 10, calling for mutual defensedefense

““Reservationists”:Reservationists”: wanted changes and wanted changes and to impose restrictions on American to impose restrictions on American participation in League of Nationsparticipation in League of Nations

Gave 36 speeches in 23 days Suffered a stroke, paralyzing one

side of body Senate refused to approve treaty

Economy: no plan to help troops back into society

Women workers fired Gloom – end of optimism African American troops; no jobs;

number of lynchings increase

Should the United States Join the League of Nations?DECISION POINT

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“What political, economic, and social effects did World War I have on the United States?”

Vocabulary: influenza Nicola Sacco inflation Bartolomeo Vanzetti Red Scare Warren G. Harding Palmer Raidscreditor nation

Effects of the War

America Adjusts to Peace

Main Idea: While adjusting to peace, Americans dealt with rough times, including a deadly flu epidemic, loss of opportunities that women and African Americans had gained, and economic problems due to inflation.

The Red Scare

Main Idea: The Soviet Union emerged as a communist nation and led to the Red Scare, the widespread fear that communists and radicals were plotting in the United States.

Americans Embrace Normalcy

Main Idea: The 1920 election of Warren G. Harding symbolized a return to “normalcy,” but it was clear the United States was now an economic power and could not retreat completely back into isolationism.

Bird flu that spread around the world

Pandemic that killed 550,000 Americans

Killed 50 to 100 million worldwide

The Spread of Influenza in the United StatesGRAPH

Employment opportunities during the war

Post-war recession: -women lose jobs -African American workers compete

with returning soldiers -Race riots in American cities Inflation soared as consumers

wanted scarce goods Labor strikes increased

Economic Adjustments Wartime demand

dropped Soldiers faced

unemployment Lower demand Higher cost of living Labor Unrest

increased Discrimination

against blacks

The Red Scare Russian Revolution

Bolsheviks Vladimir Lenin Communism

Renewed Nativism Palmer Raids Anti-Immigration

Laws American Civil

Liberties Union

Sacco and Vanzetti

Attorney General Palmer became convinced that Communist agents were planning to overthrow the American government

thirty-eight bombs sent to leading politicians by anarchists

Palmer recruited J. Edgar Hoover as his special assistant and together they used the Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918) to launch a campaign against radicals and left-wing organizations.

The public lost interest by spring of 1920 as one Palmer- predicted terrorist attack after another failed to occur

Political Cartoons: Reaction to RadicalsTRANSPARENCY

During World War I, Charles T. Schenck produced a pamphlet maintaining that the military draft was illegal

Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes rejected the argument that the pamphlet was protected by the First Amendment.

He argued that the government is justified in silencing free speech if there is a “clear and present” danger to the nation

Communism in the Soviet Union

A single political party controls the government

Individuals have no rights that the

government is legally bound to respect

The government promises to create revolutions in other

countries and spread communism

The government owns all land and property

One of the key social tensions of the era

1919 – 4 million workers held 3600 strikes

Most Strikes were beat down by federal authorities

Communist Plot 1919 Bombings? Because of the

violence, Economic Boom, and increased wages Union membership declined from 5 million to 3.4 million in 1920

• Boston Police Strike(1919), police commissioner refused to recognize a policemen's union. Governor Calvin Cooledge finally called out the state militia to maintain order in the city, declaring "There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime.".

Steelworkers 1919 Gary, Indiana US Steel Corporation used force to

break the strike 18 dead, 100s seriously wounded federal troops occupied the city for

several months.

United Mine Workers Coal Strike

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Refers to a widespread attitude in a society of a rejection of alien persons or culture

Believed immigrants could not be fully loyal to the US

Did not like Jews, Catholics, or Orthodox Christians

City problems (slums, corruption) were blamed on the immigrants

Immigrants meant competition for jobs Believed they carried dangerous political ideas

Socialism, Anarchy, etc. Most of them came from very politically unstable

countries

Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas NOTE TAKING

Election of 1920: Warren G. Harding; Republican

Called for a return to “normalcy” – a simpler time

U.S. was economic giant and a creditor nation

Political changes: German and Russian monarchies toppled, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires ended; Britain and France weakened; U.S. stronger

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Illegal to manufacture, sell, or transport alcoholic beverages

18th Amendment Ratified in 1919