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, 2012

, , ,, .

, ,, , ,

, ,( ) .

ISBN 978-92-5-405521-9

, ., ,

, ,: copyright@fao.org

Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy.

xxi xii

1. 12. , 4

3. 7 7

10 10 11

4. 20 20

( ) 34 36

37 37 38

pH 44 44

53 54 57

58 59 61

67 67 , 68

5. 73 73

(WRB)84

1 85 2 86 3 86 4 86

WRB 87 ,

WRB 88

92 1. 92 2. 96 3. , 101

1. 5 2. 7 3. 8 4. 9 5. 9 6. 10 7. 10 8. 12 9. 14 10. 14 11. 15 12. 17 13. 19 14. 20 15. 21 16. 21 17. , 21

18. ( ) 22 19. ( ) 22 20. 23 21. 23 22. 24 23. 24 24. 25 25. 29

26. 30 27. 32 28. 32 29. 32 30. 32 31. 33

32. 36 33. 36 34. 37 35. 37

36. -rH

37. 39

38. 40 39. 40 40. 41 41. 42 42. 43 43.

44. pH 44

45. 44 46. 46

47. 48 48. 49 49. 50 50. 51

51. 51 52. 51 53. 52 54. 52 55. 53 56. 53 57. 54 58. 55 59. ,

60. 57 61. 57 62. 58 63. 58 64. 60 65. 60 66. 61 67. 61 68. 61 69. / 62 70. / 62

71. / 62 72. / 63 73. , 64 74. 64 75. 64 76. 65 77. 65 78. 65 79. 66 80. 66 81. 66 82. 66 83. 69 84. 71

85. 79 86. , WRB 88

1. , 1

2. 9 3. 10 4. , 27

5. 31 6. 48 7. 56 8. 59

. . . . ,

, . , « »: ,

. ,, - ,

, (). ,

, crumby, lumpy cloddy -, - ,,

« » « ,»;

( -, ), - ( , ),

( , ), ( ,) ( , ),

( , ), ( ), ( ) (

( ) (, ).

( , ).

EC GPS HDPE HTM ,ISO PVC RSG USDA UTM (

– , ,.

–, .

, , , ,

, ,, , -

/ :, . , , ,

, , ,, ,

, , -(FAO-UNESCO, 1974, 1988), (Soil Survey Staff, 1975, 1999), , , (FAO-

, 1970-1981; , 2002), (ECSC–EEC-EAEC, 1985), (EC, 2005).

- ( , 1990).

,(Schoeneberger et al., 2002), (Soil Survey Staff, 2003),

(ISRIC, 2005) (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006).

2, — (FAO, 1990).

3, —(FAO, 1990); SOTER (ISRIC, 2005);

(Schoeneberger et al., 2002), (Soil Survey Stuff, 2003).

4, — (FAO, 1990) 5 (Kartieranleitung 5; Adhoc-AG-

Boden, 2005), DVWK (1995), (Schoeneberger et al., 2002), .

5, — (FAO, 1990),

(Schoeneberger et al., 2002), (Soil Survey Stuff, 2003) (IUSS Working

Group WRB, 2006). ,

(WRB) (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006).

WRB. ,

, , , , , ,, .

, (ISO) ,

( ). : DE/ST/HAL – 0381 = - , 381.

,, . :

( ). , 8 2006 060108.

, ,. ,

125 , ,, C R,

.1.1 ,2

80 , C R, .

.2.1 ,3 2 ,

.3.1 ,4

4.1 ,5 ,

. ( ) ,

. (0,0 ).

, , ,. , ,

, , ( .). : ,

1 – .2 ,

. , (GPS) .

(1 = 0,3048 ).

, 1:25,000 1:50,000, . : TK50 L4536 Halle (Saale) = 1:50,000 L4536 .

, (UTM)

. (, , );

GPS. : H: 56.95.250 : 51°23'30,84'' ; R: 44.91.600 : 11°52'40,16'' .

, , ,.

– ,. ,

( ) ( ),

., ( )

.( ) 5° C (FAO, 1978).

(Schoeneberger et al., 2002) SU /PC OV RA SLSN

(Ad-hoc-AG-Boden, 2005) WC 1 WC 2 WC 3 24WC 4 24

WC 5 24

WC 6 : : SU, 25°C; WC 2 (= ,

25° ,)

( . 2).

(Soil Survey Staff, 2003) ( . 3;

PG = AQ = PQ =CR = DU = PU = FR = IF = US = ME = IM = XE = TH = IT = AR = TO =HT = IH =

,. , —

, ,. .

<0 ° C ( ).

,, ., ( . 4).

–. . ,

. 25 ( ,

), ,, , 10 .

, . ( . 5). , ,

(%) ( -1)L LP <10 <50 0-25 LL <10 <50 0-25 LD <10 <50 16-25 LV <10 <50 6-15 S SE 10-30 50-100 <6 SH 10-30 100-150 0-15 SM 10-30 150-300 0-15 SP 10-30 50-100 0-15 SV 10-30 100-150 6-15 T TE >30 150-300 <6 TH >30 150-300 0-15 TM >30 >300 0-15 TV >30 >150 6-15

:SOTER 2004 .

« » 10 10 .: SOTER, ISRIC, 2005. 5

CU = DO =RI = TE =IN = ( >1% ) DU =IM = ( >15%) KA =WE = ( >15%)

: SOTER, ISRIC, 2005. 2

CR = ( ) HI = ( )UP = ( ) IN = ( )MS = ( ) LO = ( )LS = ( ) BO = ( )TS = BO = ( )

: Schoeneberger et al., 2002.

%01 0-0.2 02 0.2-0.5 03 0.5-1.0 04 1.0-2.0 05 2-5 06 5-10 07 10-15 08 15-30 09 30-60 10 >60

. 0,2%, , .

.— , , —

- ( . 3). 6

( . 7). 7,

( )( ). , , ,

, .: N –

, E — , S — W — ; , SSW - - .

; ( . 8).

( . ),, ,

– ,. ,

A = AA .- .

AA4 AA5 AA6 AP .- . AP1 AP2

. : AA4 AA4T AA4I

AA4C AA4U M = MFMPH = HE HE1

HE2 HE3

HI1 HI2 F = FN FN1 FN2 FPP =

PN1 PN2 PN3

S = ,SRSI STSC SX SD Y = O = U = ,

Ce = Fo = Fi =

CeBa = FoAl = FiCo = CeMa = FoCl = FiJu = CeMi = FoGr = Ve =

CeOa = FoHa = Pu =

CePa = , FoLe = PuBe = CeRi = , FoMa = PuLe =

CeRy = FoPu = PuPe = CeSo = Ro = Lu =

CeWh = RoCa = LuCc Oi = RoPo = LuCo

OiCc = RoSu = LuTe

OiGr = RoYa = LuTo PiLi = Fr = Ot =

OiOl = FrAp OtSc =

OiOp = FrBa OtRu

OiRa = FrCi OtPa ( ,

)OiSe = FrGr = OiSo = FrMa = OiSu = FrMe =

N = BU = , ,NK = BR = VS = TE = VM = PL =

VE = MP = ( )VU = (

)MR = , (

)IS = ME = (

, )IF = MS = ID = MU =

IP = , MO = ( )

IB = PO = IU = ( ) CL = AD = SC = FE = SA = LF = , BP =

LV = DU = ( )AC =

MI = ,

CR = ,

F = 1 D = FE = DE =

FC = DS = ( -)

FS = ( - ) DD =

FD = DX =

FX = DT = W = 2 H = WE = HT = WS = ( - ) HM =

WD = HS = WX = HF = S = M = SE = B = SS = ( - )

SD = SX =

1 ,, ,

.2 , , .

. (1973, SOTER; ISRIC, 2005)

– ,.

( ) ,, . , ,

, ( ), ( )3.

, ,. ,

WE, . SA ,

in situ ,, .

, , ,. .

SOTER (ISRIC, 2005) . SOTER

1:1 000 000, .

, 12 .

(25-30 ) 1 ; , ,

10 < 20% ( );.

3 ( ) ( ) ,

( ), , .

., , , , .

., 75%

I IA IA1

IA2 IA3 IA4 ( ) II II1 , ,

II2 IB IB1 IB2 IB3 IU IU1

IU2 IU3 -

IP IP1 , IP2

/ IP3 IP4 M - MA MA1 MA2 , MA3 , MA4 MB MB1 ,

MB2 ( ) MB3 Fe-Mn

MB4 ( )

MB5 MB6 MU MU1 ,

S SC SC1 ,

SC2 , ,

SC3 , SC4 SC5 SO , SO1 ,

SE SE1 , SE2 U

UR UR1 ,

UF UF1 , UF2 , , UL UL1 UL2 , UM , UM1 UM2 , UC UC1 UC2 (

) UE UE1 UE2 UG UG1 UG2

UK * UK1

UO UO1 UO2 UA / UA1

UU * UU1 UU2 , UU3 UU4 UU5 ,

*: SOTER; ISRIC, 2005.

( / ),, : d…= , s…= .

vYn (1-10 ) :, , - , ,

, .vYa (1-10 ) :

( ), , ,,

, .Yn (10-100 ) :

, , - , ,, .

Ya (10-100 ) : ( ), , ,

, .Hn (100-10 000 ) :

, , - , ,, .

Ha (100-10 000 ) : ,, , , ,

IPi , ,.

IPp , ,.

IPf , .oPi , ,

.oPp , ,

.oPf , .T , ,

O - , ,, , .

(FAO, 1990). .

, ,, , , - .

, ,, , , , ,

, . 14

( 15) ,

(%)( )

N 0 V 0-2 1 >50 F 2-5 2 20-50 C 5-15 3 5-20 M 15-40 4 2-5 A 40-80 5 <2 D >80

( )N 0 F 0.2-0.6 V 0-2 M 0.6-2 F 2-5 C 2-6 C 5-15 S 6-20 M 15-40 B 20-60 A 40-80 L 60-200 D >80

WS A ( )

WR AD WG AM

WT AS WD AZ

%0 0 1 0-5 2 5-10 3 10-25 4 25-50 5 >50

–( 16).

SOTER (FAO, 1995),

,; –

; – ; – / .

: ( ) ;

( ); ( ); .

AR 50-100

( 20).

, – ,

., 1 .

( )N S F <2 H M 2-5 V C 5-20 E V >20

( ) ( )F <1 C <0.2

M 1-2 D 0.2-0.5

W 2-5 M 0.5-2 V 5-10 E >10 W 2-5

S <2 M 2-10 D 10-20 V >20

, , ,, , , , , ,, .

, , . 23 , .

,. ( )

( ). ,

. ( 5 ), . . 1 .

(%) ( )0 0-2 N 1 2-15 F <2 2 15-

40M 2-5

3 40-80

C 5-20

4 >80 V >20

%0 0-2 1 2-15 2 15-40 3 40-80 4 >80

,, . ,

. , 16 23 , 19,5 .

. : , ,. ,

, , 28 (25-31) 45 (39-51) .

. 10, 20, 25, 40, 50, 100 120 .

( 24). ( ).

( )A 0-2 S

C 2-5 W ,

G 5-15 I ,

D >15 B

– () .

( 4). ,

(USDA). ,

, ,. 2000-63-2

( ) , 4.

, ( , , ,

) ., 100% ( 4).

( 25). . > 2

: , , ,, .

: , , , ,, ( ).

: , , .

: (1990)

– – 100 . – -

30 100 . – , ,

– 30 100 .

– – 30 100 .

30% 25 cm . 30% 15 .

30% , 12- <20%, / < 0.4

– ,.

, 8% .

, , ,.

, 20% . – , ,

. 8% 7.5

2 , , 20% , 20% .

1 7 ( ) 1.1 , , S < 5 • : -

US < 5

• (>0.6 ):

CS < 5

• (0.2-0.6 ): MS < 5 • (<0.2 ),

: FS < 5

• (<0.12 ), :

VFS < 5

1.2 , , , , :

LS < 12

1.3 1.2,

SL < 10 ( )

2 3-7 ( ), 2-3 , ,

2.1 ( ) • :

SIL < 10 ( )

• : SI < 12 2.2 , , , • :

SL 10-25 ( )

• : L 8-27 • ,

SIL 10-27 ( )

2.3 , , :

SCL 20-35

3 3 ( ), 2-3 , , , ,

SC 35-55

3.2 , • , : CL 25-40 • , : C 40-60 3.3 , , • :

SICL 25-40

• , : SIC 40-60 • , : HC >60

, / . , – . , , ,

. : Schlichting, Blume, Stahr (1995), .

20% . 30 ,

, , ;, , .

, 20% ( ) 150

. 3% (

). < 0.6 .

, (>2 ), , , ,

., 40%

( 26 5). ,, «

N 0 V 0-2 F 2-5 C 5-15 M 15-40 A 40-80 D > 80 S ,

:< 20%( )

40%( )

50-100 -;

20-50 -;

20% ( ,)

100 < 40% ( )

( ) ( )F 2-6 V < 2 M 6-20 F 2-6 C 20-60 M 6-20 S 60-200 C > 20 B 200-600 L > 600

FM /MC /CSSBBL

QUMI FE

, ( 12). , , ,

30. ( ,

) 2 . ,, .

D3 - 2/3D4 1/3 2/3

1/2 2/3

D5.1 - 1/6 1/3

D5.2 1/6

: Ad-hoc-AG-Boden (2005),

2/3 ( ).

2/3 1/6 ( ).

1/6 ( ).

.: , :

( ): (5-30 ),.

, .Oi – Oe – Oa,

; ; ;/N >29.

( ): , ,

( ) . Oi – Oe –Oa .

; /N 18-29. :

.; C/N 10-18.

– , .,

( ), ( ,, , ), ( ) .

( , ) (hue), (value) (chroma)

(Munsell, 1975). ( ) – ( ,, , ), –

1 ( ) 8 ( ), – 1 ( ) 8 ( ).

, , ., .

., , ,

., , .

, ,- , ,

, 3.5, 4, 6, 6.5, 8.5 9 YR. ,

3.5 YR, , 2.5 YR, 5 YR; 4 YR 5 YR . .

+ -., :,

., 10 YR, 5 ( )

, . 7.5 YR 4 ( ) 5 (

) ., 7.5 YR 7.5 YR > 4 (

) ., 5 YR, < 3.5 ( )

. 5 YR ; 7.5 YR 5 5; 7.5 YR

5 5 6; 10 YR 2; 10 YR 3/1 ( ) .

7.5 YR GY, B BG; 4 ( ); 2 ( ) (

). N1 N8 2.5 Y, 5 Y, 5 G 5 B ,

. 5 Y, GY G ( ).

< 2.0 ( ) < 2.0 ( ) < 3.0 ( ) .

2 ( ) . 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 5 (

) . 3 ( ) .

4 ( ) 5 ( ) 2 () .

> 2 ( ) > 2 ( ).

2 ( ) 2 ( ).

4 8 4 ( ) 5-8 2-3 ( ) .

, . 3 ( ) 4.5 ( ) 2 (

) . 4 ( )

( ). 3, 4 5 ( ) ( ).

5 ( ) ( ). 3.5 ( ) 1.5 ( )

. 5.5 ( ) .

,( ) .

, , ,.

%N 0 V 0-2 F 2-5 C 5-15 M 15-40 A > 40

V < 2 F 2-6 M 6-20 A > 20

( ), , , ,.

, , , ,.

D ,. ,

S < 0.5 C 0.5-2 D > 2

( ) 34.

( ) – ( ), , .

- ( ) -,

( 36). - (WRB)

- (DIN/ISO Draft, DVWK, 1995), ( , 20-100- ,

2 , ) 1-2 , .

, 1 ..

30 , .

,, 1- KCl.

, ( 2 , 0.5%

( / ) KCl). .

( , +244 10ºC, Ag/AgCl 1 M KCl; +287 ). ,rH, : rH = 2pH + 2Eh/59 (Eh 25 ºC).

,, ( 37).

( : N1 N ), (2.5 Y, 5 Y, 5 G, 5 B) .

.Fe²+

0.2% (M/V) , - , 10% (V/V) . Fe²+

- , -. , . .

rH- rH

> 35 < 33 NO3

< 29 Mn²+

Fe / Fe , < 20 Fe²+*

-; Fe²+

13-19 Fe²+/Fe³+ (

)*, < 13

< 10 * , , .

rH < 20,

. ( , .) .

- , - 5-GY-5-B2-3/1-3 Fe²+/Fe³+ Fe ( -

), N7-8 10 YR 4/5 Fe²+CO3

, N7-8 5-B Fe2+3(PO4)2 •8H2O

10%HCl H2S)

5-10-B1-2/1-3 FeS, FeS2( Fe3S4)

, N8 N8 - - Fe

: Schlichting et al. (1995)

, ---.-

(CaCO3)

- 10% HCl

. ( 38). ,

, ., , , ,

( ). ,. HCl

. ,, -

%N 0 -

SL 0-2 ,MO 2-10 ST 10-25

EX > 25 HCl.

SC (« »**)HC ( **)HHC ( **)DPM * ( ,

/ ( 10 )* «

: ( ) >=2% .

15% , ,.

%N 0 EC = <1.8 -1 10 /25 H2OSL 0-5 EC = <1.8 -1 10 /250 H2OMO 5-15 EC = >1.8 -1 10 /250 H2OST 15-60

/EX > 60

15-25% , ,.

50% , ,.

, 50-100, ,

( ) ().

(CaSO4•2H2O) ,, ., ( , ,

(EC -1) ( 40) 30-

: 5% ( )

. 5% ( ) 1% ( )

5% ( )1% ( ) .

15-25% ( ) 1% ( ).

50% ( ) 1% ( ).

(CaSO4 • 2H2O; log Ks = -4.85 25 ºC).

EC ( -1= -1)(Richards, 1954).

( SE). SE,

1:2.5 ( , 20 /50 )SE

( 42, 43 ).

(~ 10 ). 10 25 . ( 2.5)

30- . < 0.01 ¹.

( NaCl) : [%] = 2.5 [ ¹] • 0.067 • 2.5.

2.5 SE

, , 43. 250 • C2.5 ECSE = WCSE

SCDG « » (

/ ( 10 )

8 15 ¹ ( SE, 25 ºC) . 4 ¹ ( SE, 25 ºC) 100

. 30 ¹ ( SE, 25 ºC) 100

ECSE = ¹ (25ºC)N ( ) < 0.75 SL 0.75-2 MO 2-4 ST 4-8 VST 8-15 EX > 15

: DVWK (1995).

( ) ( )

: DVWK (1995), ,.

- WCSE, /100

- < 0.5% 0.5-1% 1-2% 2-4% 4-8% 8-15%

, CS 5 6 8 13 21 35 MS 8 9 11 16 24 38 FS 10 11 13 18 26 40 LS, SL<10% 14 15 17 22 30 45 SiL 17 18 20 25 34 49 Si 19 20 22 27 36 51 SL10-20% 22 23 26 31 39 55 L 25 26 29 34 42 58 SiL10-27% 28 29 32 37 46 62 SCL 32 33 36 41 50 67 CL, SiCL 44 46 48 53 63 80 SC 51 53 55 60 70 88 SiC, C40-60% 63 65 68 73 83 102 HC<60% 105 107 110 116 126 147

( 31. 4)D1 D2 D3 D4 D5

80 120 170 240 300

, ( , ),- (1 2.5

1 KCl 0.1 CaCl2). , 15 .

50- 8 ³ (~10 ) 25 .

( )pHCaCl2 < 5.1 > 15%

< 4.6 > 4-15%

< 4.2 < 4%

(= <50%),

< 3.6 > 15%

< 3.4 4-15%

< 3.2 < 4%

: Schlichting, Blume, Stahr (1995), .

, ( 44).

( 45), ., .

NP , ,

. .S H2S ( ; « »);

, ,: 0.9 / 3 (

/ ). - .

, (Fieldes and Perrott, 1996). NaF:

NaF 9.5 / - .

OH-. ,. ,

, , ., NaF, (

) ( HCl).

,, 1 NaF ( 7.5).

- . – , 1 50

1 NaF ( 7.5), 2- . 9.5, . + -.

/ - ..

. 10-, – .

5% ( ) , 0.05-2

0.02-0.25 . 30% ( ) ,

0.02-2 .

/ ( 46).

, ( ).

S LS,SL, L

SiL, Si, SiCL, CL, SCL, SC,

SiC, C

S LS,SL, L

SiL, Si, SiCL, CL, SCL, SC, SiC, C

%- 7 <0.3 < 0.5 <0.6-1.2 - 6.5 0.3-

0.60.5-0.8

0.6-1.2

6 0.6-1 0.8-1.2

5.5 < 0.3 1-1.5 1.2-2 2-3 5 < 0.3 < 0.4 0.3-0.6 1.5-2 2-4 3-4 - 4.5 0.3-0.6 0.4-

0.60.6-0.9 2-3 4-6 4-6

- 4 0.6-0.9 0.6-1 0.9-1.5 3-5 6-9 6-9 - 3.5 0.9-1.5 1-2 1.5-3 5-8 9-15 9-15 - 3 1.5-3 2-4 3-5 8-12 > 15 > 15

2.5 3-6 > 4 > 5 > 12 2 > 6

: 3.5-6, 0.5 ; > 6, 1.0 .

: Schlichting, Blume, Stahr (1995), .

30 (): [12 + (

× 0.1)] % 18%, 20% .

, 30 ( ) .

, < 30 .

4% 30 .

0.6% . 1.5% .

( : 1:1.7-2)

, . –,

.. ( ),

– ( ) .

, ;in situ ( ) .

, ., ,

( ) ( ). ,

, . ( )

( ). ,

( 50%). , .

( 6) 48.

. , , ( 50).

, 51. ,

. ( , ).

( ,). ( ,

). , 52.

, ,, .

( ,) ( ) .

; ;, ,

, ,; .

4 ,, .

, ., , ,

10-60º ..

( ). .

, , 10 cm .

, / 20 .

. 25% .

SS SG MAPM

BL AB AP

( ) AS - AW ( ) SA - SB SN PR PS -WE COGR WC PL CL CR LU

FF VMFM FC MC MVCV

CO + PR PR AB

PL / PR

( ) ( )., , , .

( 1, 1) , ( )

. ( ). ( 2, 1)

( 53) - .

/ // /

VF / <1 <10 <5

FI / 1-2 10-20 5-10 ME 2-5 20-50 10-20 CO / 5-10 50-100 20-50 VC / >10 100-500 >50

EC - >500 -

( 54) .

SHA ;.

VHA ;.

EHA ;.

:: SSH – ; SHH – ; HVH –

LO VFR ,

.VFI ;

.EFI -

; .: : VFF – ; FRF –

; FVF – .

( 55). –

. 3 ( 56).

5-10 , --

50 -1 .

450 ².

– . 57.

.: : SSS –

; SVS – .

NPL SPL ,

.: : SPP –

; PVP –.

. <2 .

(105°C). , , ,

. ( 1.3 -3) .

*pF (p – , F – ) – log(hPa).

, ( )( 58).

0.90 -3 .20% ( ) ,

<0.9 BD1

; , ., 0.9-1.2

,1.2-1.4

1.4-1.6 BD3

1-2 ,;

,, ( )

1.6-1.8 BD4

>1.8 BD5

1.0-1.2 BD1

1.2-1.4 BD2

, ( -, ,

1.4-1.6 BD3

( -, ,

>1.6 BD4, 5

: >2%, 0.03 -3 1%- ( . .

0.03 -3 = 3%, 0.06 -3 = 4% . .).

« » (PD=BD + 0.009 · % ) ( 7)., ,

( 59).

- - D1( )

<3 SV1 <0.04

D2 ( )

3-<5 SV2 0.04-0.07

5-<8 SV3 0.07-0.11

8-<12 SV4 0.11-0.17

D5 ( )

12SV5 >0.17

: Ad-hoc-AG-Boden (2005).

-, , . « »

« », , , .

, ., .

– , 10-, , ,

( 60).

I - , . ,.

( ) ( )

( ), ,

C - ,, ;

.( ), «

».P ,

%1 <2 2 2-5 3 5-15 4 15-40 5 >40

- ( -)

( 8). .

( )( ) (63).

« ».

V <0.5 F 0.5-2 M 2-5 C 5-20 VC 20-50

: : FM –;; FF – ; MC –.

<2 ( )

>2 ( )

N 0 0 V 1-20 1-2 F 20-50 2-5 C 50-200 5-20 M >200 >20

- , ( , , , ),

( - ) ,,

(« »). , , ,.

, ( 64).

( , ).

(67). , -

68, - ,

, , ..

( ) ..

( [ ]).

%N 0 V 0-2 F 2-5 C 5-15 M 15-40 A 40-80 D >80

., , .

, ,, .

2-5 .P

CS -HCS - -CH -CC ( aCO3)GHC « » ( ,

. « » ,,

- (Bullock et al., 1985)). JA MN SL ( )SA STSF ( )PF -Sl , ( –

SP , .SN , .

: Shoeneberger et al. (2002), .

/ - 69.

CCI ( ,

PPV PH CF LA VOBR NS

75% ( )

B 50%;

D 50-90%; .

C 50-90%;

P( ) .

KQ ( )KQ -FFM - ( )FO -IGYCCS -MPNK

1-25 / .

, ,; , .

, 10 < 20% ( )

M , ( 90%

C ( 90%

I (75 )

( 90% ).

- – -

( ), - ( -

) --.-

, -, ( ),

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Ad-hoc-AG-Boden. 2005. Bodenkundliche Kartieranleitung – 5. Auflage. Hannover, Germany. 438 pp. Bullock, P., Federoff, N., Jongerius, A., Stoops, G., Tursina, T. & Babel, U. 1985. Handbook for soil thin section description. Waine publications. 152 pp. DVWK. 1995. Bodenkundliche Untersuchungen im Felde zur Ermittlung von Kennwerten zur Standortscharakterisierung. Teil I: Ansprache von Böden. DVWK Regeln 129. Bonn, Germany, Wirtschafts- und Verlagsges. Gas und Wasser. ECSC–EEC–EAEC. 1985. Soil map of the European Communities 1:1 000 000. Luxembourg. 124 pp. and paper maps. European Commission Joint Research Centre. 2005. Soil Atlas of Europe.FAO. 1978. Report on the agro-ecological zones project. Vol. 1. Methodology and results for Africa. World Soil Resources Report No. 48/1. Rome. FAO. 2002. FAO/UNESCO Digital Soil Map of the World and derived soil properties. Land and Water Digital Media Series #1 rev 1. FAO, Rome. FAO–ISRIC. 1990. Guidelines for profile description. 3rd Edition. Rome. FAO–UNESCO. 1970–1981. Soil map of the world 1:5 000 000. Vol. 2–9. Paris. FAO–UNESCO. 1974. Soil map of the world. Vol. I – legend. Paris. 59 pp. FAO–UNESCO. 1988. Soil map of the world. Revised legend. World Soil Resources Report No. 60. Rome. Fieldes, M. & Perrott, K.W. 1966. The nature of allophane soils: 3. Rapid field and laboratory test for allophane. N. Z. J. Sci., 9: 623–629. International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC). 2005. Updated global and national soils and terrain digital databases (SOTER).IUSS Working Group WRB. 2006. World reference base for soil resources 2006. World Soil Resources Reports No. 103. Rome, FAO. Jahn, R. 2004. Research needs and new developments in soil classification and mapping: meeting the changing demands for soil information. Proceedings of International Conference on Innovative Techniques in Soil Survey, pp. 207–222. Cha-Am, Thailand. Meuser, H. 1996. Ein Bestimmungsschlüssel für natürliche und technogene Substrate in Böden städtisch-industrieller Verdichtungsräume. Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenk., 159:305–312. Munsell. 1975. Standard Soil Color Charts.Richards, L.A. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Agriculture Handbook No. 60. USDA Rossiter, D.G. 2004. Proposal: classification of urban and industrial soils in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). In: Abstracts Eurosoil 2004. Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.Schlichting, E., Blume, H.-P. & Stahr, K. 1995. Bodenkundliches Praktikum. 2nd edition. Berlin, Vienna, Blackwell. 295 pp. Schoeneberger, P.J. Wysocki, D.A, Benham, E.C. & Broderson, W.D. 2002. Field book for describing and sampling soils. Version 2.0. Lincoln, USA, National Soil Survey Center, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA. UNEP–ISSS–ISRIC–FAO. 1995. Global and national soils and terrain digital database (SOTER). World Soil Resources Report No. 74 Rev. 1. Rome.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Survey Staff. 1975. Soil Taxonomy.Agricultural Handbook No. 436. Washington, DC. 754 pp. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil Taxonomy, A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. 2nd edition. Agricultural Handbook No. 436. Washington, DC. 869 pp. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Survey Staff. 2003. Keys to soil taxonomy. 9th edition. Washington, DC, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA. 332 pp. Van Reeuwijk, L.P. 2006. Procedures for soil analysis. 7th edition. Technical Report 9. Wageningen, Netherlands, ISRIC – World Soil Information.

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