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Red de Revistas Cientficas de Amrica Latina, el Caribe, Espaa y Portugal
Sistema de Informacin Cientfica
R. de LenCultivation of edible and medicinal mushrooms in Guatemala, Central America
Micologa Aplicada International, vol. 15, nm. 1, january, 2003, pp. 31-35,
Colegio de Postgraduados
Mxico
How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage
Micologa Aplicada International,
ISSN (Printed Version): 1534-2581
dcarrera@colpos.mx
Colegio de Postgraduados
Mxico
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MUSHROOMCULTIVATIONINGUATEMALA
MICOL. APL. INT., 15(1), 2003, PP. 31-35
31MICOLOGIAAPLICADAINTERNATIONAL, 15(1), 2003, pp. 31-35 2003, PRINTEDINBERKELEY, CA, U.S.A.
http://micaplint.fws1.com
INTRODUCTION
Guatemala is one of the countries where the
Mayan civilization flourished more than
2000 years ago. The famous mushroom
stones were described for the first time by
World Society for Mushroom Biology and Mushroom ProductsSymposium: Prospects of Mushroom Cultivation in Latin America for the XXI Century
CULTIVATIONOFEDIBLEANDMEDICINALMUSHROOMSINGUATEMALA, CENTRALAMERICA
R. DELEN
Planta Productora de Hongos Comestibles y Medicinales,7a. calle 33-26, zona 7, Jardnes de Tikal II, 01007
Guatemala, Guatemala. E-mail: rdeleon@itelgua.com
Presented in Cuernavaca, Mexico, February 22, 2002
ABSTRACT
Edible wild mushrooms have been consumed in Guatemala since pre-Columbiantimes. However, mushroom cultivation started until the end of the 1950s with
Agaricus bisporus. This was established on a commercial scale during the 1970s.The cultivation of Lentinula edodesbegan in 1979 using Quercuslogs as substrate;the use of oak sawdust started in 1991. Guatemala currently produces about 68,504kg of A. bisporusand A. bitorquis; 34,020 kg ofL. edodes; and 29,580 kg of
Pleurotusper year. Other mushrooms, such as Flammulina velutipes, Ganodermalucidum, Agrocybe aegerita, Volvariella volvacea, and Pholiota nameko have alsobeen produced experimentally since 1995.
Key words: Edible mushrooms, cultivation, history, Guatemala.
Carl Sapper 14, in 1898. Further studies
made by Lowy 8, 9indicated that the fung
represented in these sculptures played a role
in the Mayan society; however, their actua
use and meaning still remains unknown 13
In 1975, Lowy 10reported the consumption
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R. DELEN
MICOL. APL. INT., 15(1), 2003, PP. 31-35
32
of wild mushrooms that prevails in Guate-
malan communities, and nowadays a variety
of species can be found in popular markets(Fig. 1), such as: Cantharellus cibarius Fr.,C. odoratus (Schw.)Fr., Amanita caesarea
(Scop. : Fr.)Grev., Schizophyllum commune
Fr., Pleurotus levis (Berk. & Curt.)Sing.,
Lactarius deliciosus (L. : F.)S.F. Gray.,L.
indigoSchw. : Fr.,Hypomyces lactifluorum
(Schw. : Fr.)Tul., Laccaria amethistina
(Bolton : Hook)Murill, L. laccata (Scoop.
ex Fr.)Berk. & Broome, Tremella reticulata
Berk., Helvella crispa Scop. : Fr., H.
lacunosa Fr., Polyporus umbellatus Fr., andAgrocybe aegerita(Brig.)Sing. 1, 4, 12, 15 , 16.
Mushroom cultivation in Guatemala be-
gan at the end of the 1950s withA. bisporus
(Lange)Imbach 11. However, it was the
1970s when it was established on a com-
mercial scale, and available in supermar-
kets 3. The Central American Institute forResearch and Technology (ICAITI) began
to carry out research work in 1979 on the
cultivation of edible mushrooms. Pleurotus
flabellatusBerk. & Br. was cultivated us-
ing coffee by-products and citronella ba-
gasse as growing substrates 2. Subse-
quently, the ICAITI and the Veterinary
Faculty of the University of San Carlos de
Guatemala (USAC) studied the use of
wheat straw degraded by Pleurotus sajor-
caju (Fr. : Fr.)Qul. as animal feed for sheep5. In 1979, a small company also started
the production of Lentinula edodes on
Quercuslogs. After 1984, there was an in-
creased interest for cultivating edible
mushrooms, after a lecture given by G.
Guzmn 6.
CULTIVATION
In 1977, the first small farm for producing
A. bisporuswas established, and it has con-
tinued with this activity so far. At present,
four more companies are also cultivating the
white button mushroom. All mushroom
farms use composted wheat straw, supple-
mented with chicken manure, urea and dif-
ferent meals, as substrate. The pasteuriza-
tion method is by means of steam, although
one company pasteurizes the substrate with
the heat generated during composting. An-
other company takes advantage of the
steam produced by geothermal facilities topasteurize the substrate, because it is
located in a volcanic region. The current
production of Agaricus mushrooms in
Guatemala is of around 68,504 kg/year;
70% of this production is consumed within
the country and 30% is exported to El Sal-
vador and Honduras.
Fig. 1. Edible mushrooms sold in a popularmarket at Tecpan, Chimaltenango.
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MUSHROOMCULTIVATIONINGUATEMALA
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The first company that produced L.
edodes,established in 1984, used Quercus
logs as substrate. Of its production, 70%was consumed in Guatemala and 30% ex-
ported to Mexico and Panama. The annual
production during those years reached about
37,000 kg; however, it closed down in 1993.
Another company is now producing about
34,020 kg per year of shiitake. Sawdust from
rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) is being
used as substrate. Most mushrooms are ex-
ported (80%), while a small proportion
(20%) is marketed in Guatemala (Fig. 2A).
There is also a small shiitake farm using
oak logs as substrate around the city of
Guatemala. Its production is consumed in
the local market (Fig. 2B).The commercial production of Pleurotus
began in 1986. Initially it was consumed
only by French and Italian residents in Gua
temala. The company uses wheat straw and
coffee pulp as substrates (Fig. 2C). In 1999a second company was established produc
ing P. eryngii(DC. : Fr.)Qul. on sawdus
of rubber trees and corn-cobs. Oyste
mushrooms are normally sold in the
domestic market. The annual production
of Pleurotus is of about 29,580 kg. Mos
Fig. 2A-D. Commercialcultivation of edible
mushrooms in Guate-
mala. A-B: Shiitake
mushrooms cultivated
using sawdust from
rubber trees (A) and
oak logs (B) as growing
substrates. C: Oystermushrooms grown on a
mixture of wheat straw
and coffee pulp. D: Pro-
duction of mushroom
spawn within a mush-
room farm around the
city of Guatemala. D
A
B
C
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R. DELEN
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production (90%) is consumed in Guate-
mala, while a small proportion (10%) is
exported to El Salvador and Honduras.
The total production of cultivated edible
and medicinal mushrooms in Guatemalahas been estimated to be 132,104 kg per
year (Table 1), includingA. bisporusandA. bitorquis (51.9%), L. edodes (25.7%),
and Pleurotus (22.4%). A total of 76 em-
ployees work in the developing mushroom
industry. Two Agaricus farms in Guate-
mala produce their own spawn, while the
other three import the spawn from the
Table 1. Estimated production of cultivated and medicinal mushrooms in Guatemala (2000).
Species Production Proportion of Typical substrates Number of
(Fresh weight, kg) production (%) Employees
Agaricus bisporus 68,504 51.9 Supplemented wheat straw 46
A. bitorquis and sugar cane bagasse
Lentinula edodes 34,020 25.7 Sawdust from oak and 17
rubber trees
Pleurotusspp. 29,580 22.4 Wheat straw, coffee 13
pulp, corn-cobs
Total 132,104 100 76
Figs. 3-4. Experimental cultivation of edible mushrooms in Guatemala. 3: Ganoderma lucidumcultivated onsawdust from rubber trees supplemented with corn-cobs. 4:Agrocybe aegerita grown on wheat straw.
U.S.A. All Pleurotus and shiitake farms
produce their spawn (Fig. 2D). One farmsells spawn to rural villages for the
cultivation of Pleurotuson local agricultural
by-products (e.g., coffee pulp, wheat straw,
corn-cobs), as well as for shiitake cultivation
on logs for the sustainable management of
the forest.
Training courses have been carried out
since 1990, in order to promote Pleurotus
production in rural villages having traditions
of mushroom consumption. There are three
non-governmental organizations involved
3 4
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MUSHROOMCULTIVATIONINGUATEMALA
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in programmes of rural development. Two
work in San Marcos (a diocesan priest, and
Pastoral de la Tierra Interdiocesana),while another works in Huehuetanango
(Asociacin para el Desarrollo de
Huehuetanango).
In 1995, several studies were performed
on the cultivation of Flammulina velutipes
(Curt. ex Fr.) Sing., Ganoderma lucidum
(Leyss.: Fr.) P. Karst., Agrocybe aegerita
(Brig.) Sing., Volvariella volvacea (Bull.:
Fr.) Sing., and Pholiota nameko (T. Ito) S.
Ito et Imai apud Imai. A Thai strain of G.
lucidum has been cultivated on sawdustfrom rubber trees supplemented with corn-
cobs in a mushroom farm from Escuintla,
a tropical region of Guatemala (Fig. 3). Na-tive strains of A. aegerita have been iso-
lated, characterized in the laboratory, and
cultivated on straw (Fig. 4) 7.Mushroom production and consumption
in Guatemala is greater than that of any
other Central American country. Since
1991, the Orthodox Monastery Lavra
Mambr has promoted the use of medicinal
mushrooms. It is being achieved through
capsules and tinctures containingL. edodes,
Grifola frondosa, and several species of
Ganoderma.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author thanks the following persons for their information
on mushroom production: Mrs. Faviola Silva, Estratos
Company; Eng. Florentin Prez, Piln Cosechn; Dr. Fridolin
Birk Myconos; and Mr. Hideo Kojima. Nun Yvonne
Sommerkamp and M.Sc. Isabel Valdez for the text review andtranslation.
LITERATURE CITED
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