an analysis of the contribution of herbert simon

7/24/2019 An Analysis of the Contribution of Herbert Simon

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AN ANALYSIS OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF HERBERT SIMON

THE ORGANIZATIONAL THEORIES

Summary

Studies by Herbert A. Sim! i! t"e #ie$d # r%a!i&ati!a$ t"ery "ad as

mai! mti'ati! (!(er! abut rea$ "uma! be"a'ir a$!% t"e

r%a!i&ati!s. Am!% "is ma)r (!tributi!s i! t"e r%a!i&ati!a$ #ie$d* t +"i("

ear!ed %reater re(%!iti! +as de#e!di!% t"e t"esis # bu!ded rati!a$ity. Gi'e!

t"e

re$e'a!(e # t"e +r, # Sim!* t"e -ur-se # t"is arti($e is t ma- t"e

(!tributi!s

mre im-rta!t t"is aut"r i! r%a!i&ati!a$ studies. T a("ie'e t"e

-r-sed %a$* +e -r(eeded t a! a!a$ysis # "is -ub$i(ati!s* +"i(" tta$ed

a--rimate$y /01 ri%i!a$ +r,s 2i!($udi!% arti($es a!d b,s3* -ub$is"ed

bet+ee! 4567

t February 8994. Besides t"is study a!d re#$e(ti! ! t"e ma)r -ub$i(ati!s

aut"r* +e (!du(ted a (!te!t a!a$ysis # t"e tit$es # t"eir -ub$i(ati!s* see,i!%

ide!ti#y t"e tra)e(try # t-i(s # i!terest t Sim!. T"e resu$ts

i!di(ated t"at* e'e! -rese!ti!% a mu$tidis(i-$i!ary* resear(" by Sim!

+ere %uided by a #u!dame!ta$ (!(er!: t see, a better u!dersta!di!% # t"e rea$

"uma! be"a'ir i! de(isi!;ma,i!% a!d -rb$em s$'i!%


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+it"i! r%a!i&ati!s.


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Sim! i! t"e (!tet # r%a!i&ati!a$ studies. H+e'er* it is +rt" !ti!% t"at t"e

im-rta!(e

"is +r, tra!s(e!ds t"e bu!daries # t"e s(ia$ s(ie!(es* (reati!% im-a(t i!

se'era$

areas # s(ie!ti#i( ,!+$ed%e.

T a("ie'e t"e %a$ -r-sed "ere* +e (arried ut a (m-re"e!si'e a!a$ysis # its

-ub$i(ati!s* tta$i!% a--rimate$y /01 ri%i!a$ +r,s 2i!($udi!% arti($es a!d

b,s3

-ub$is"ed #rm 4567 t February 8994. T"e sear(" strate%y used

(!sisted # t+ sta%es: t"e #irst i!($uded a study # t"e ma)r -ub$i(ati!s # t"e

aut"r

a!d t"e se(!d (!sisted # a (!te!t a!a$ysis # t"e tit$es # a$$ yur

ri%i!a$ -ub$i(ati!s.

T"e tet is stru(tured as #$$+s: se(ti! 8* +i$$ be -rese!ted

mai! (!(er!s a!d (!tributi!s # Sim! #r t"e 'arius areas # ,!+$ed%e=

i! se(ti! 6* +e -rese!t t"e resu$ts # t"e a!a$ysis # t"eir -ub$i(ati!s* a!d #i!a$$y

i!

se(ti! 0* sme (!($udi!% remar,s +i$$ be %i'e!.

8 C!(er!s a!d C!tributi!s t Or%a!i&ati!a$ T"ery

Sim! studies "a'e tra'ersed t"e #ie$ds # e(!mi(s* -sy("$%y*


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admi!istrati!* -"i$s-"y a!d (m-uter s(ie!(e. It is !ted* "+e'er* t"at a$$

Yur $i!e # t"i!,i!% is #(used ! u!dersta!di!% a!d de(isi!;ma,i!% -r(ess

-rb$em s$'i!% i! r%a!i&ati!s. Fr 'er 09 years* Sim! used

i!te!si'e$y t"e (m-uter as a t$* es-e(ia$$y #r t"e simu$ati! #

"uma! t"u%"t t"ru%" arti#i(ia$ i!te$$i%e!(e systems.

T"is se(ti! +i$$ eami!e ma)r (!(er!s a!d (!tributi!s # Sim!

t"e di'erse -ers-e(ti'es # r%a!i&ati!a$ t"ery. Im-rta!t$y* t"eir i!(ursi!s

i! e(!mi(s* (m-uter s(ie!(e a!d -sy("$%y ((urred t better u!dersta!d

t"e a(tua$ be"a'ir # i!di'idua$s i! de(isi! ma,i!% a!d -rb$em s$'i!%

r%a!i&ati!s t%et"er.

8.4 T"e (e!tra$ t"esis # t"e studies # Sim!

I! 4507* +it" t"e -ub$i(ati! # Admi!i!istrati'e be"a'ir* Sim! -rmtes t"e

t"ery

admi!istrati'e be"a'ir. His ideas mar, a !e+ era i! s(ia$ s(ie!(e*

+"se #(us # atte!ti! #a$$s ! (!(er! abut "uma! be"a'ir i! t"e -r(ess

de(isi!;ma,i!% a!d -rb$em;s$'i!% r%a!i&ati!. His t"ery & #a str!%

(riti(ism # sme # t"e basi( -ri!(i-$es # !e($assi(a$ e(!mi(s a!d

admi!istrati!

($assi(.

O!e s"u$d dra+ atte!ti! t t"e #a(t t"at* #rm a yu!% a%e* Sim! -re(u-a'ase


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+it" "uma! be"a'ir i! de(isi!;ma,i!% i! r%a!i&ati!s.

Si!(e t"e #irst studies i! 456@* t"e u!der%raduate -$iti(a$ s(ie!(e

U!i'ersity # C"i(a%* #(used ! t"is t"eme.

I! t"e ear$y -erid # "is +r, at Car!e%ie I!stitute # Te("!$%y i! 4505

su%"t* a$!% +it" t"er resear("ers* studyi!% t"e res$uti! -r(ess

-rb$ems i! r%a!i&ati!s. Sim! 2457/3 states t"e !eed #r mre adeuate t"eries

! s$'i!% -rb$ems #r -e-$e i! t"e r%a!i&ati!a$ #ie$d. By 4510*

de#e!ded t"e idea t"at t"e mst a--r-riate +ay t study t"e -rb$em s$'i!% +as

simu$ate t"is situati! +it" (m-uter -r%rams. Gradua$$y* t"e simu$ati! #

"uma! (%!iti! "as be(me !e # t"eir t-i(s # i!terest i! resear(".

Gi'e! t"is 'isi! Simm -re$imi!ary +r,* it is $i,e$y t"at t"e reader is

re#$e(ti!% ! t"e #$$+i!% uesti!s: +"at +u$d a resear("er t s-e!d mre

@9 years studyi!% "+ "uma!s s$'e -rb$ems a!d ma,e de(isi!s

T"ese issues deser'e su(" a! i!terest i! t"e r%a!i&ati!a$ T e$u(idate su("

uesti!s* +e must u!dersta!d +"at t"e mti'ati! i!"ere!t (!(er! #r Sim!

+it" su(" issues. Fr "im* t"ese are (e!tra$ issues i! r%a!i&ati!a$ studies si!(e

t"e

+r, # ma!a%ers* s(ie!tists* e!%i!eers* $a+yers ; i! s"rt* t"e +r, t"at

%uide t"e (urse # s(iety a!d its e(!mi( a!d %'er!me!ta$ r%a!i&ati!s ; is

+r,i!%*


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$ar%e$y -rb$em;s$'i!% a!d de(isi!;ma,i!%. T"is i!'$'es: a3 ("se

matters reuiri!% t"e estab$is"me!t # %a$s* b3 desi%!i!% (urses # a(ti!

satis#a(try

a!d (3 e'a$uate a!d ("se am!% a$ter!ati'e a(ti!s. T"e #irst # t"ese t"ree

a(ti'ities

is usua$$y (a$$ed -rb$em s$'i!%* a!d t"e t"ird is (a$$ed ma,i!%

de(isi! 2Sim!* 45/@3.

Be#re Bar!ard* +it" t"e -ub$i(ati! # T"e #u!(ti!s # t"e ee(uti'e i! 456/* a!dSim!*

+it" t"e -ub$i(ati! # Admi!istrati'e Be"a'ir i! 4507* "ad bee! %i'e! $itt$e

im-rta!(e t t"e -r(ess # de(isi! ma,i!%. S +"i$e t"e e!tire r%a!i&ati! is

-ermeated by de(isi!s a!d a(ti!s* dis-e!sed a %reater atte!ti! t t"e $atter t"a!

t"e #rmer.

Be"a'irism #i$$s t"is t"ereti(a$ %a-* em-"asi&i!% t"e -r(ess # ma,i!%

de(isi!* +"i(" (!siders (e!tra$ a(ti'ity # ma!a%eme!t.

T"e de(isi! -r(ess i!'$'es t"e se$e(ti! # (ertai! (!s(ius r u!(!s(ius

a(ti!s bet+ee! t"se t"at are -"ysi(a$$y -ssib$e #r t"e a%e!t a!d #r t"se !

+"i(" "e "as i!#$ue!(e a!d aut"rity. S t"ere are a $ar%e !umber # s"ares

a$ter!ati'es +"i(" are redu(ed by t"e i!di'idua$ t +"at is a(tua$$y ta,e!

e##e(t.


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Sim! says t"e admi!istratr* a!d ma,e de(isi!s i! t"e best +ay

-ssib$e* yu s"u$d e!sure t"at e'ery!e i! yur r%a!i&ati! t a$s ta,e

e##e(ti'e$y. A((rdi!% t t"e aut"r* t"e $ast 09 years* t"e te("!iues # de(isi!ma,i!%

"a'e ad'a!(ed (!siderab$y de-e!di!% ! t"e de'e$-me!t # a $ar%e !umber #

t$s ; i! -arti(u$ar* t"e t$s # -erati!s resear("* s(ie!(e

ma!a%eme!t te("!$%ies a!d e-ert systems 2Sim!* 45/73.

rried abut -r'idi!% ,!+$ed%e t"e de(isi! ma,er* Sim! %ra!ts

s-e(ia$ atte!ti! t (m-uter i!#rmati! systems. Fr t"e aut"r* "istri(a$$y*

i!#rmati! +as a s(ar(e #a(tr i! t"e de(isi!;ma,i!% -r(ess* but at t"e mme!t

(urre!t* are bei!% made a'ai$ab$e $ar%e amu!ts # i!#rmati! a!d t"is -r'ided

a $a(, # time #r -e-$e t -r(ess t"is i!#rmati!. C!seue!t$y* t"e -r(ess #

i!#rmati! reuires (m-utati!a$ systems 2e-ert systems r i!te$$i%e!(e

arti#i(ia$3 t"at a$$+ t"e -r(ess t +r, e##i(ie!t$y i!#rmati!a$ 2Sim!* 455/3.

T"ese systems -r'ide ea(" member # t"e %ru- a substa!tia$ -art #

i!#rmati!* assum-ti!s* %a$s a!d attitudes t"at are -art # t"e -r(ess

de(isi!. It s"u$d be !ted t"at t"e im-rta!(e %i'e! t i!#rmati! systems (a!

be

re$ated t t"e (!(e-t t"at* a((rdi!% t Sim!* de#i!es t"e r%a!i&ati!: (m-$e

(mmu!i(ati!s system a!d i!ter;re$ati!s"i-s t"at eist i! a "uma! %ru-


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2Sim!* 45073.

8.8 C!tributi! # Sim! t E(!mi(s

Sim! +! t"e Nbe$ ?ri&e i! E(!mi(s #r "e$-i!% t D-us"D t"e e(!my

(!'e!ti!a$ t"ery # su--$y a!d dema!d t t"e (m-$eity # t"e rea$ +r$d #

-sy("$%y a!d

be"a'ira$ s(ie!(e. He i!trdu(ed t"e t"ery # bu!ded rati!a$ity* i! +"i("

(!trasted t"e ($assi(a$ 'ie+ t"at admi!istratrs a$+ays ma,e de(isi!s t"at

maimi&e -r#its a!d t"at i!di'idua$s a$+ays ma,e t"e best ("i(e am!% se'era$

a$ter!ati'es. Sim! !ted t"at i!#rmati! -r(essi!% is $imited by t"e -e-$e

a!d %e!era$$y see, t a satis#a(try a--rimati! # t"e resu$ts 2Mar(" a!d

Sim!*

451/3.

Lambasti!% t"e e(!my* Sim! 24555* -. 503 ar%ues as #$$+s:

D?e-$e s"u$d (!sider t"at de(isi! ma,ers -ssess s,i$$s

Limited t e'a$uate a$$ -ssib$e a$ter!ati'es # a de(isi!* as +e$$ as "a!d$e

t"e u!(ertai! (!seue!(es # its de(isi!. O!e t"ery* t (me i!t eiste!(e*

s"u$d

be #irm$y based ! ,!+$ed%e abut t"e -r(ess # de(isi! ma,i!% a!d (urre!t

rea$ "uma! bei!%s. T"e $ess! t"at t"e e(!my is )ust be%i!!i!% t $ear! is t"at

a t"ery (a! !t be bui$t i! t"e (m#rt # a! arm("air +it"ut #u!dati!s


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Em-iri(a$ str!%. I# +e re$ied ! a ?--eria! 'ie+ t"at t"e #u!(ti! # e'ide!(e

(!test is i!(rre(t t"eries* t"e! +e (a! %i'e t"e !e($assi(a$ e(!mi(s* +it"ut

de$ay* a

'erdi(t # -r'e! #ai$ure. D

F$$+i!% "is (ritiue # ($assi(a$ e(!mi(s Nbe$ i! "is tet* Sim! 24575* -.

1993 !tes:

De "a'e see! t"at t"e ($assi(a$ t"ery a$+ays $eads t t"e same (!($usi!s a!d

t"at

-ri!(i-$es # -er#e(t rati!a$ity are (!trary t t"e #a(ts t"at a(tua$$y ((ur i!

a(tua$ -r(ess # de(isi! ma,i!%. e !+ u!dersta!d mu(" # t"e me("a!ism #

("i(e

rati!a$ "uma!. e ,!+ "+ t"e system +r,s i! i!#rmati! -r(essi!%

(a$$ed ma!* %i'e! t"e (m-$eity. Besides "is -er(e-ti!* abi$ity t use

-r(ess i!#rmati! t $, #r a$ter!ati'es t (a$(u$ate (!seue!(es* t res$'e

u!(ertai!ties a!d t"us ; smetimes* !t a$+ays ; #i!d t"e +ay # a(ti!

is su##i(ie!t$y satis#a(try. D

It is bser'ed t"e! t"at t"e Dadmi!istrati'e ma!D -rmted by Sim! i!

re-$a(i!% t"e De(!mi( ma!D # ($assi(a$ t"ery is $imited i! t"e ,!+$ed%e # a$$

a$ter!ati'es a!d u!ab$e t estab$is" (riteria t -timi&e t"eir de(isi!s* s

see,s t ma,e de(isi!s t"at meet t"e mi!imum sta!dards # satis#a(ti! a!d !e'er


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-timi&ati!. I! "is 'ie+* Sim! ar%ues t"at a! a$ter!ati'e is %d !$y i#: 243

A set # (riteria t"at e!ab$e a$$ a$ter!ati'es are (m-ared a!d

283 t"e a$ter!ati'e is ("se! a((rdi!% t t"ese (riteria. Mre'er* a! a$ter!ati'e is

satis#a(try +"e!: 243 t"ere is a set # (riteria t"at des(ribes a mi!imum

satis#a(ti! # t"e a$ter!ati'es a!d 283 t"e ("se! a$ter!ati'e meets t"ese (riteria

2Mar(" a!d

Sim!* 451/3.

8.6 C!tributi! t Admi!istrati'e T"eries

I! "is b, Admi!istrati'e be"a'ir* Sim! ma,es sme "ars" (riti(ism # t"e

t"ery

($assi(a$ ma!a%eme!t* es-e(ia$$y +it" re%ard t admi!istrati'e -ri!(i-$es.

A((rdi!% t t"e aut"r* mst ,!+! -ri!(i-$es # admi!istrati! are as

sayi!%s* i.e.* i! -airs a!d #r ea(" -ri!(i-$e* t"ere is a!t"er +"i(" is

(!tradi(try. Sim! a$s i!di(ates t"at studies su##er #rm admi!istrati'e

su-er#i(ia$ity* 'ersim-$i#i(ati! a!d $a(, # b)e(ti'ity. He ar%ues t"at a

%e!era$$y "as bee! $e#t ut # studyi!% t"e a(tua$ $(ati! # de(isi!;ma,i!%

#u!(ti!s*

(!te!t t s-ea, # terms $i,e aut"rity* (e!tra$i&ati!* s-a! # (!tr$ a!d

#u!(ti! +it"ut tryi!%* "+e'er* t de#i!e t"em -erati!a$$y.

T"e aut"r (ites* #r eam-$e* t"e (ase # mismat(" -ri!(i-$e


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s-e(ia$i&ati! +it" t"e -ri!(i-$e # t"e (!tr$ u!it* bt" bei!% -rese!ted

Ori%i!a$$y by Fay$ i! 454@. I# t"e de(isi!s # a! i!di'idua$ at a!y -i!t i!

admi!istrati'e "ierar("y* a$+ays sub)e(t t t"e i!#$ue!(e # a si!%$e ("a!!e$

aut"rity 2(!tr$ u!it3 reuires a brader ,!+$ed%e abut t"e

r%a!i&ati!* +"i(" is restri(ted by t"e -ri!(i-$e # s-e(ia$i&ati!.

A!t"er (riti(ism made by Sim! is i! re$ati! t t"e a--eara!(e # aut"rity* t

em-"asi&ed t"e as-e(t # -ersuasi! a!d arbitrari!ess by t"e aut"rs # t"e t"ery

($assi(. Sim! 245073 "as t"e aut"rity as !e # 'arius +ays # i!#$ue!(i!% t"e

be"a'ir # i!di'idua$s* a!d its mai! #eature -ersuasi! a!d

a%reeme!t # t"e subrdi!ate.

Fr Sim! 245073* t"e s(ia$ s(ie!(es su##ered #rm a(ute s("i&-"re!ia*

es-e(ia$$y i! re$ati! t t"e im-rta!(e %i'e! t rati!a$ity. At !e etreme*

+ere e(!mists +" attributed t"e rati!a$ e(!mi( ma! a! m!is(ie!(e

absurd* a!d t"er etreme +u$d be t"e tre!ds # s(ia$ -sy("$%y* t"at redu(ed

t"e

,!+$ed%e # a!d a##e(ti! s"+ed t"at -e-$e are !t as rati!a$ as

t"i!,.

it" t"e -r-siti! # be"a'ira$ t"ery addressi!% as-e(ts # rati!a$ ity

Limited* Sim! su%"t a ba$a!(e bet+ee! t"e t+ -re'ius a--ra("es based !


12/32

-remise t"at* i! #a(t* "uma! be"a'ir is i!te!ti!a$* a$t"u%"

bu!ded$y rati!a$. At t"is -i!t* t"ere are t"e %reatest -ssibi$ities #r

de'e$-me!t # a %e!ui!e t"ery # r%a!i&ati! a!d admi!istrati! 2Sim!*45073.

Re#erri!% t t"e #ie$d # %e!era$ t"ery # admi!istrati!* Sim! em-"asi&es t"at

admi!istrati'e t"ery is* i! esse!(e* t"e t"ery # -ur-si'e rati!a$ity a!d $imited

be"a'ir # "uma!s see,i!% be"a'irs satis#a(try. Furt"ermre*

says t"at t"e mai! (!(er! # ma!a%eme!t t"ery $ies at t"e bu!dary bet+ee! t"e

rati!a$ a!d irrati!a$ as-e(ts # "uma! s(ia$ be"a'ir 2Sim!* 45073.

I!(ursi! 8.0 # Sim! i! Cm-utati!a$ S(ie!(e

I!ter'ie+ed by >u% Ste+art abut "is re$ati!s"i- +it" (m-uter s(ie!(e*

Sim! 24550* -. 63 res-!ds:

DI "ad (!ta(t +it" (m-uters ear$y ! +"e! t"ey +ere i!'e!ted* a!d t"ey me

#as(i!ated. Cm-uters are ab$e t ma!i-u$ate symb$ a!d it seemed t me 'ery

+it" t"u%"t. T"e idea t"at t"ey (u$d be used i! s$'i!% -rb$ems

%e!era$ -ur-ses* #e$$ as a tr'-ara me. D

Fr Sim!* t"e (m-uter is t"e mst im-rta!t te("!$%y t"at emer%ed #rm t"e

ma("i!e

steam* -er"a-s si!(e t"e i!'e!ti! # +riti!%. Em-"asi&es t"at a$$ (m-uter

s(ie!tists


13/32

s"u$d "a'e a res-!sibi$ity t t"i!, dee-$y abut t"e im-$i(ati!s a!d

#eatures # t"is te("!$%y t t"e +ider (mmu!ity.

>ue t t"e i!(rease i! (m-uti!% resur(es 2"ard+are a!d s#t+are3* Sim!

ma,es use # arti#i(ia$ i!te$$i%e!(e systems* bt" t u!dersta!d "+ t i!(rease

(a-a(ity # "uma! t"u%"t ; ete!d t"e bu!dary # $imited rati!s ity. T"se

te("!$%ies "a'e bee! used ete!si'e$y i! -sy("$%y t simu$ate t"e (%!iti'e

-r(ess

"uma!. N+ a$s "a'e bee! used i! #a(i!% -rb$ems # -"i$s-"y # !ature

"uma! ,!+$ed%e.

T"us* it is be$ie'ed t"at t"e s,i$$s t"at determi!e t"e ua$ity # de(isi!

de(isi! ma,i!% a!d -rb$em s$'i!%* a!d are stred i! -e-$es mi!ds*

(a! be stred ! ma("i!es a!d* es-e(ia$$y tday* t"ese ma("i!es are (a$$ed

Cm-uter 2Sim!* 45/73.

Sim! a$s "as used (m-uter te("!$%y t a--$y t"eir te("!iues

-erati!a$ resear(" i! mde$i!% (m-$e systems. Fr t"e aut"r* t"e mde$i!% is

mai! ; -er"a-s t"e #irst ; te("!iue t study t"e be"a'ir # systems

(m-$e* bei!% used t -redi(t* a!a$y&e a!d -res(ribe smet"i!% abut t"ese

systems

2Sim!* 45593.

"at be(mes e'ide!t is t"at t"e mst re(e!t resear(" i!terest #r Sim!


14/32

i! t"e #ie$d # (m-uter s(ie!(e rested ! t"e #$$+i!% t-i(s: i!te$$i%e!(e

Arti#i(ia$ "uma!;(m-uter i!tera(ti!* i!#rmati! -r(essi!% systems* use #

(m-uters i! t"e study 2mde$i!%3 # -"i$s-"i(a$ -rb$ems re$ati!% ti!te$$i%e!(e a!d

e-istem$%y* s(ia$ im-a(t assessme!t # (m-uter te("!$%y ! -e-$e a!d

r%a!i&ati!s. H+e'er* a$$ t"ese studies attem-t t eami!e t"e issue # "+

"uma!s ma,e de(isi!s a!d s$'e r%a!i&ati!a$ -rb$ems.

91.98 Sim! a!d be"a'irism

T"e d(tra$ resear(" # Sim! ! de(isi! ma,i!% i! r%a!i&ati!s ; a!d

$ater* ! admi!istrati'e be"a'ir ; $ed "im t t"e #ie$d # -sy("$%y.

A((rdi!% t t"e aut"r* i! t"e mid 19s* "is resear(" i!terest +as %reater

use (m-uter simu$ati!s t de'e$- t"eries # "uma! be"a'ir

2Sim!* 45@93.

C%!iti'e -sy("$%y "as bui$t a!d tested em-iri(a$ mde$s simi$ar t

"+ "uma!s s$'e -rb$ems. Ma!y # t"ese mde$s ta,e t"e #rm

(m-uter -r%rams t"at simu$ate "uma! be"a'ir. T"e t- sear("es

Re(e!t Sim!* t%et"er +it" t"er resear("ers* s"+ "+ t"e (e!tra$ #(us

(!stru(ti! # (m-uter -r%rams t"at (a! $ear! !e+ s,i$$s t"ru%"

eami!i!% rea$ eam-$es # -rb$em s$'i!% by i!di'idua$s.


15/32

Fr Sim!* mu(" # t"e resear(" i! (%!iti'e s(ie!(e aimed

u!dersta!d "+ i!te$$i%e!t systems -er#rm t"e +r,. O!$y i! t"e $ast #i'e

years* atte!ti! tur!s t t"e uesti! # "+ systems are i!te$$i%e!t ; as t"ey

$ear!. Lear!i!% is (ru(ia$ #r ada-tati! i! e!'ir!me!ts

(!sta!t ("a!%e. T"ere#re* a!y resear(" ! de(isi!;ma,i!% t"at i!($udes

ada-tati!

a!d $ear!i!% +u$d be +e$(me 2Sim!* 45/73.

Curre!t$y* !e # t"e im-rta!t %a$s # basi( s(ie!ti#i( resear(" is t u!dersta!d

"+ t"e "uma! mi!d* +it" r +it"ut t"e use # t"e (m-uter* s$'es -rb$ems a!d

ma,es de(isi!s. ?sy("$%y* e(!mi(s* statisti(s* mat"emati(s* resear("

-erati!a$* -$iti(a$ s(ie!(e* ma!a%eme!t s(ie!(e* arti#i(ia$ i!te$$i%e!(e a!d

s(ie!(e

"ad si%!i#i(a!t %ai!s i! (%!iti'e resear("* es-e(ia$$y i! t"e $ast (e!tury by

see, t u!dersta!d "+ "uma!s s$'e -rb$ems a!d ma,e de(isi!s 2Sim!*

45/73.

A!t"er (!(e!trati! # resear(" #r Sim!* mre #(used uesti!s

e-istem$%i(a$* +as t"e study # t"e -r(ess # s(ie!ti#i( dis('ery. T"is resear("

su%"t t eami!e i! de-t" e'ide!(e 2$abratry re(rds* -a-ers -ub$is"ed*

b,s* et(.3. ((urred as # %reat s(ie!ti#i( dis('eries t"ru%"ut "istry

"uma!ity. T"us* t"ere +u$d be t"e -ssibi$ity # bui$di!% a simu$ati!


16/32

t"ese (m-utati!a$ -r(esses a!d subseue!t$y (!du(ti!% e-erime!ts i!

$abratry

abut t"e be"a'ir # i!di'idua$s i! t"e -r(esses # s(ie!ti#i( dis('ery. T

-er#rm

su(" resear("* it "as bee! !e(essary t de'e$- !e+ mde$i!% $a!%ua%es

a!d !e+ (m-utati!a$ te("!iues t ($$e(t em-iri(a$ data 2


17/32

U!i'ersity3* (3 +it" t"e aid # statisti(a$ s#t+are S?HIN* +e -r(eeded t a!

a!a$ysis

$ei(a$ i! /01 se(urities* see,i!% t ide!ti#y t"e #reue!(y # ,ey+rds. It s"u$d

be

(!siders t"at t"is a!a$ysis s"+ed str!% $imitati!s* es-e(ia$$y #r bei!% "e$d

!$y i! t"e tit$es # -ub$i(ati!s* yet be(ame use#u$ t dem!strate t"e mai!

t-i(s # i!terest t Sim! duri!% its @9 years # resear(" a!d -ub$i(ati!s.

T"e #$$+i!% 2Fi%ure 43 s"+s t"e resu$ts # $ei(a$ a!a$ysis # /01

b!ds* t"us a$$+i!% t ide!ti#y t"e #reue!(y # ,ey+rds i! t"e tit$es #

-ub$i(ati!s 2t"e !umber i! -are!t"eses i!di(ates t"e #reue!(y # t"e +rd i! t"e

tit$es3.

Fi%ure 4. Freue!(y # ,ey+rds i! t"e tit$es # -ub$i(ati!s # Sim!.

I! 'ie+ # t"is resu$t a!d i! (!)u!(ti! +it" t"e study i! "is ma)r +r,s* +r,

must

ma,e sme (mme!ts ! t"e #reue!(y # ,ey+rds a!d +"at t"ey

re-rese!ted i! t"e tra)e(try # resear(" a!d studies # Sim!.

S(ie!(e 2@43= t"ery 21/3= s(ie!ti#i( 2663= admi!istrati! admi!istrati' a!d 2853:

t"e "i%"

#reue!(y # t"ese ,ey+rds de!ti!% t"e (!sta!t (!(er! # Sim! i! "is

resear(" +it" t"e -r-siti!* a!a$ysis a!d t"ery de'e$-me!t. Su(" +rds


18/32

a$s i!di(ate atte!ti! t t"e s(ie!ti#i( as-e(ts # t"eir studies*

-redmi!a!t$y i! t"e #ie$d # ma!a%eme!t s(ie!(e.

;S$'i!% -rb$em 2143* "uma! 2143* be"a'ir be"a'ira$ 2003 de(isi! 26@3=ma,i!%de(isi!

28@3: T"ese ,ey+rds i!di(ate t"e t"eme* smetimes im-$i(it* smetimes

e-$i(it$y* +ere -rese!t i! mu(" # t"e resear(" a!d -ub$i(ati!s

Sim! ; "uma! be"a'ir i! t"e -r(ess # -rb$em s$'i!% a!d de(isi!

de(isi!.

Cm-uters 2013* simu$ati! 2843* te("!$%y 2843= arti#i(ai$;i!te$$i%e!(e 24/3: it

($ari#y "ere t"at t"ese ,ey+rds a--ear #reue!t$y be(ause

Sim! see,i!% resur(es i! i!#rmati! te("!$%y 2s#t+are a!d "ard+are3

im-rta!t t$s a!d resur(es t (!du(t t"eir resear(". T"ru%" systems

arti#i(ia$ i!te$$i%e!(e* "e su%"t t simu$ate "uma! be"a'ir i! t"e -r(ess

de(isi!;ma,i!% a!d r%a!i&ati!a$ -rb$em s$'i!%.

C%!iti'e 26/3= -sy("$%y 2863= ("ess 24/3: t"ese +rds i!di(ate !e # t"e

Re(e!t resear(" t-i(s # Sim! ; (%!iti'e -sy("$%y ; a!d t"e attem-t t

u!dersta!d "+ i!te$$i%e!t systems $ear!. T"e term ("ess i!di(ated 'arius

Smetimes* as i! sme -$$s Sim! studied t"e be"a'ir # ("ess -$ayers

be#re t"e de(isi!;ma,i!% -r(ess.


19/32

Rati!a$ity 24@3* reas!i!% 2403 rati!a$ 2483= "euristi( 253: t"e #reue!(y # t"ese

+rds i! t"eir -ub$i(ati!s resu$ti!% #rm t"e t"eme # t"e tet -rese!ted i! t"e

Nbe$

457/* i! +"i(" Sim! -r-sed t"e t"ery # bu!ded rati!a$ity* i!di(ati!% t"at

bei!%

"uma! ma,es de(isi!s t"at meet t"e mi!imum sta!dards # satis#a(ti! a!d !e'er

-timi&ati!.

Or%a!i&ati! 20@3* -ub$i( 2473* mu!i(i-a$ 2443: t"e ((urre!(e # t"ese termsdem!strates t"e

Sim!s (!(er! +it" t"e study # t"e -rb$ems # -ub$i( r%a!i&ati!s a!d

-ri'ate.

O!e must (!sider t"at t"e #ra%i$ity i!"ere!t $ei(a$ a!a$ysis te("!iue 2at

#a(t )ust -i!t t"e #reue!(y # -a$a Jras ut # (!tet3* t"e (!siderati!s

S(ie!(e 2@43= t"ery 21/3= s$'i!% 2-rb$em3 2143* "uma! 2143 i!#rmati! 20/3=

r%a!i&ati! 20@3=

(m-uters 2013= mde$ 2013= be"a'ir be"a'ira$ 2003= (%!iti'e 26/3= de(isi!

26@3= system 2603=

S(ie!ti#i( 2663* e(!mi( 2643= admi!istrati! admi!istrati'e 2853= s(ia$ 2853

dis('eri!% 2873=

ma,i!% 2de(isi!3 28@3= -sy("$%y 2863= simu$ati! 2843 te("!$%y 2843= ("ess

24/3= arti#i(ia$i!te$$i%e!(e


20/32

24/3= ma!a%eme!t 2473= -ub$i( 2473= (m-$e 2413= rati!a$ity 24@3= reas!i!% 2403=

mde$i!% 2483= rati!a$ 2483= mu!i(i-a$ 2443= "euristi( 253* mat"emati(a$ 253=

-$a!!i!% 253= e-ert

-rese!ted ab'e "a'e a "i%" de%ree # bias* i# t"e aut"r # t"is arti($e "ad !t

a -riri de-t" study a!d u!dersta!di!% # ($assi(a$ +r,s # Sim!.

Tab$e 4 -rese!ts t"e -ub$i(ati!s # Sim! !t #r de(ades* but i!

-erids i! +"i(" t"ey "i%"$i%"ted sme issues # %reatest im-rta!(e.

C"art 4. Freue!(ies # ,ey+rds i! di##ere!t -ub$i(ati!s Sim!

-erids.

?ERIO> FREKUENCY S

4567 ; 450@ Admi!istrati! 2493* mu!i(i-a$ 2493* (ity 273* -ub$i( 263 L(a$ 263

urba! 283= be"a'ir

243= de(isi! 243 "uma! 243.

4507 ; 451@ T"eries 2403= r%a!i&ati! 2483* "uma! 2443 admi!istrati! 2443=

be"a'ir 2/3=

de(isi! 273* e(!mi( 213= s(ie!(e 213= rati!a$ 203* -ub$i( 263* -rb$em;s$'i!%

283.

4517 ; 45@@ Cm-uter 2403= de(isi! 2403* "uma! 2403* -rb$em;s$'i!% 2483=

t"ery 2443=

simu$ati! 2493= "euristi( 273 i!#rmati! 273= be"a'ir 2@3.


21/32

45@7 ; 4575 I!#rmati! 2873= r%a!i&ati! 24@3* -rb$em;s$'i!% 2413= s(ie!(e

2463= system 2403=

t"eries 2463= mde$ 2/3= (m-uter 273* "uma! 273= arti#i(ia$;i!te$$i%e!(e 2@3=

be"a'ir

2@3= de(isi! 213.

45/9 ; 8994 S(ie!(e 2673= (%!iti'e 2693=;s(ie!ti#i( dis('eri!% 2873= mde $ 2803*

-rb$em;s$'i!%

2883* e(!mi( 2893= t"eries 2453* "uma! 24/3= rati!a$ity 24@3= system 2413=

(m-uter

2403 i!#rmati! 2403= arti#i(ia$;i!te$$i%e!(e 2463= be"a'ir 2463= de(isi! 253.

?erid bet+ee! 4567 a!d 450@: sti$$ 'ery yu!%* duri!% "is %raduati!* Sim!

(!(er!ed +it" t"e -r(ess # de(isi! ma,i!% i! r%a!i&ati!s. T"is t"eme +as

-rese!ted i! a -a-er t"at ear!ed "im a s("$ars"i- t assist resear("er beside

resear("er C$are!(e E. Rid$ey i! t"e #ie$d # mu!i(i-a$ admi!istrati!. Su(" +as

t"e

im-rta!(e atta("ed t t"is sub)e(t* +"i(" +as t"e mai! #(us # studies i! "is

t"esis

d(trate. A$$ t"ese years # resear(" ear!ed "im se'era$ -ub$i(ati!s # b,s a!d

arti($es

abut t"e -r(ess # de(isi! ma,i!% i! -ub$i( r%a!i&ati!s 2i! t"is -erid*

-ub$is"ed


22/32

00 arti($es a!d 0 b,s3.

?erid bet+ee! 4507 a!d 451@: T"is -erid be%i!s +it" t"e -ub$i(ati! # "is +r,

C$assi(a$* Admi!istrati'e be"a'ir* !e # t"e %reatest (!tributi!s t t"e t"eries# Sim!

r%a!i&ati!a$. T"e +rds mst #reue!t$y i!di(ated i! t"e tit$es # t"eir

-ub$i(ati!s i! t"is -erid s"+ t"e im-rta!(e t"at Sim! attributed t t"e

t"eries* t"e

r%a!i&ati!* admi!istrati! a!d "uma! be"a'ir i! de(isi!;

de(isi! 2t"is -erid "e -ub$is"ed /6 arti($es a!d 1 b,s3.

?erid bet+ee! 4517 a!d 45@@: t"is -erid is mar,ed by t"e a--eara!(e #

(m-uters a!d t"e -ssibi$ity # ide!ti#yi!% t"ese ma("i!es bei!% used as

im-rta!t aids i! t"e -r(ess # de(isi! ma,i!% a!d -rb$em s$'i!%

Or%a!i&ati!a$* #r eam-$e* by mde$i!% a!d (m-uter simu$ati! #

(m-$e -rb$ems 2t"at -erid* "e -ub$is"ed 48/ arti($es a!d @ b,s3.

?erid bet+ee! 45@7 a!d 4575: T"is -erid is mar,ed by i!(reasi!% resear("

arti#i(ia$ i!te$$i%e!(e systems. Sim! made use # su(" te("!$%y i! t"eir resear("

t u!dersta!d mre ($ear$y t"e be"a'ir # t"e "uma! mi!d i! s$'i!%

-rb$ems a!d de(isi! ma,i!%. I!#rmati! systems i! r%a!i&ati!s are a$s

Sim! #(us # study 2i! t"is -erid* "e -ub$is"ed 475 arti($es a!d @ b,s3.

Bet+ee! 45/9 a!d 8994: Sim! de'tes s-e(ia$ atte!ti! t (%!iti'e -sy("$%y*


23/32

aimi!% t u!dersta!d "+ $ear!i!% ((urs i! i!te$$i%e!t systems a!d

be"a'ir # s(ie!tists i! ma)r s(ie!ti#i( dis('eries 2t"ru%" e-erime!ts*

usi!% (m-uter simu$ati!3. A((rdi!% t Sim! 2457/3* u!dersta!d t"e -r(esst"at

s(ie!tists use t dis('er !e+ $a+s a!d tested "y-t"eses "as bee! a! a(ti'ity

dmi!a!t mde$ # (%!iti'e -sy("$%y a!d arti#i(ia$ i!te$$i%e!(e #r de(ades

a!d !e # its mai! areas # resear(" a(ti'ities 2i! t"is -erid* "e -ub$is"ed 6/6

arti($es a!d 7 b,s3.

A((rdi!% t Tab$e 4* +e (a! see t"at sme ,ey+rds 2de(isi!*

"uma!* -rb$em;s$'i!%* be"a'ir3 ((ur at di##ere!t -erids # t"eir -ub$i(ati!s*

rea##irmi!% t"us t"e mai! (!(er! # Sim! t"ru%"ut t"e (urse # t"eir

resear(": t"e

"uma! be"a'ir i! de(isi!;ma,i!% a!d -rb$em s$'i!%.

A((rdi!% t t"is #i!di!%* it s"u$d (u!tera(t a (ertai! #a$$a(y t"at Sim! +u$d

("a!%ed its mai! #(us # (!(er! duri!% t"e -erid # t"eir resear(" a!d

-ub$i(ati!s. T"e #ie$ds # (m-utati!a$ s(ie!(e* arti#i(ia$ i!te$$i%e!(e a!d

simu$ati!

(m-uti!% bee! studied t be im-rta!t t"at t"e #e rrame!tas assisted i!

t"eir resear(" a!d better u!dersta!di!% # "uma! be"a'ir* but +ere !t

i! t"e (e!ter # t"eir (!(er!s.


24/32

Tab$e 8 $ists a$$ t"e b,s -ub$is"ed by Sim!

2I!di'idua$$y a!d i! (;aut"rs"i-3 i! t"e -erid #rm 4567 t 8994. T"is

-rese!tati! is

re$e'a!t be(ause it e!ab$es t"e reader t better u!dersta!d t"e (!(er!s a!d

(!tributi!s

t"is t"ery t s(ie!(e i! %e!era$.

Tab$e 8. B,s -ub$is"ed by Sim! 2i!di'idua$$y a!d i! (;aut"rs"i-3 bet+ee!

4567 a!d

8994.

TITLE TIME

4567 t 450@

Rid$ey* C.E.* Sim!* H. A. 2456/3. MEASURING MUNICI?AL ACTIJITIES.

Sim!* HA* >i'i!e* R* C-er* EM* C"er!i!* M. 245043. >etermi!i!% ORS

FOR ?ROFESSIONAL STAFF IN A ?UBLIC ELFARE AGENCY.

Sim!* H. A. 245063. AS?ECTS OF FISCAL CONSOLI>ATION

METRO?OLITAN.

Sim!* HA* S"e-"ard* R S"ar-* F 245063. Lsses FIRE AN> FIRE RISMINISTRATION.


25/32

Sim!* H. A. 245073. A>MINISTRATIJE BEHAJIOR.

Sim!* H.A. 2Ed.3. 2450/3. LOCAL ?LANNING A>MINISTRATION.

Sim!* H.A.* Smit"bur%* >..* T"m-s!* J.A. 245193. ?UBLICA>MINISTRATION.

Sim!* HA* e(e!tra$i&ati! IN THE CONTROLLERS >E?ARTMENT Or%a!i&i!%

4517 t 45@@

Sim!* H. A. 245173. MO>ELS OF MAN.

Mar("* . G.* Sim!* H. A. 2451/3. ORGANIZATIONS.

Sim!* H. A. 245@93. THE NE SCIENCE OF MANAGEMENT >ECISION.

H$t* CC* Mdi%$ia!i* Mut"* .* Sim!* HA 245@93. ?RO>UCTION

?LANNING*

INJENTORIES* AN> OR< FORCE.

A!d* A.* Fis"er* C.* Sim!* H. A. 245@63. ESSAYS ON THE STRUCTURE OF

SOCIAL SCIENCE

MO>ELS.

Sim!* H. A. 245@13. THE SHA?E OF AUTOMATION.

45@7 t 4575

Sim!* H. A. 245@53. THE SCIENCES OF THE ARTIFICIAL.


26/32

Ne+e$$* A.* Sim!* H. A. 245783. HUMAN ?ROBLEM SOLJING.

Sim!* H. A.* Si,$ssy* L. 2Eds.3. 245783. MEANING AN>

RE?RESENTATION: E-erime!ts

ITH INFORMATION ?ROCESSING SYSTEMS.

I)iri* Y.* a!d Sim!* H. A. 245773. SISTRIBUTIONS AN> THE SIZES OF

BUSINESS FIRMS.

Sim!* H. A. 245773. MO>ELS OF >ISCOJERY.

Sim!* H. A. 245753. MO>ELS OF THOUGHT 2J$. I3.

45/9 t 8994

Sim!* H. A. 245/83. MO>ELS OF bu!ded rati!a$ity 2J$s. 4 83.

Sim!* H. A. 245/63. REASON IN HUMAN AFFAIRS.

Eri(ss!* ATE.

La!%$ey* ?. Sim!* HA* Brads"a+* GL Zyt,+* M 245/73. SCIENTIFIC

>ISCOJERY:

COM?UTATIONAL E?LORATIONS OF THE CREATIJE ?ROCESSES.

Sim!* H. A. 245/53. MO>ELS OF THOUGHT 2J$. II3.

Sim!* H. A. 245543. MO>ELS OF MY LIFE.

Sim!* H. A. 245573. MO>ELS OF bu!ded rati!a$ity 2J$. 63.

L,i!% at Tab$e 8* it is bser'ed t"at t"e +r,s t"at (!tributed mst t t"e


27/32

r%a!i&ati!a$ t"eries +ere -ub$is"ed i! t"e -erid #rm 4507 t 45@9*

"i%"$i%"ti!%:

Admi!istrati'e Be"a'ir 245073* ?ub$i( Admi!istrati! 245193* Or%a!i&ati!s

2451/3 a!d T"e

Ne+ S(ie!(e # Ma!a%eme!t >e(isi! 245@93.

0t". Fi!a$ T"u%"ts

A#ter t"e a!a$ysis # t"e s(ie!ti#i( -rdu(ti! # Sim!* !e (a! better u!dersta!d

"+

T"is aut"r "as (!tributed t r%a!i&ati!a$ t"eries. Sure$y* admi!istrati'e

s(ie!(e*

e(!mi(s* (m-uter s(ie!(e a!d -sy("$%y "a'e %ai!ed a $t #rm

studies a!d t"eries # Sim!. T"e (!tributi! t t"ese areas is due*

#u!dame!ta$$y* t"e (e!tra$ (!(er! t"ru%"ut "is $i#e: t study t"e be"a'ir

"uma! i! t"e -r(ess # de(isi! ma,i!% a!d s$'i!% r%a!i&ati!a$ -rb$ems.

As mu(" as it may seem t"at Sim! "as ("a!%ed "is #(us # resear(" r

area # ,!+$ed%e t"ru%"ut t"eir resear("* !e (a! (!($ude* a#ter a (!siste!t

a!a$ysis i! "is +r,* +"i(" it did !t. T"e aut"rs e!%a%eme!t i! resear(" i! t"e

#ie$d

(m-uter s(ie!(e* arti#i(ia$ i!te$$i%e!(e systems* mde$i!% a!d simu$ati!s

(m-utati!a$ ((urred !$y t assist t"e resear(" "e -er#rmed aru!d t"e


28/32

"uma! be"a'ir.

T"e re$e'a!(e # t"e ideas # Sim! t r%a!i&ati!a$ t"ery sta!ds ut as mu("

#r

%reat!ess # "is -r-siti!s as t"e -ri!(i-$es t"at $ed "is +r,.

A((rdi!% t t"e aut"r* t"eir a(ti'ities re$ated t s(ie!(e "a'e a$+ays "ad t+

-ri!(i-$es

Guidi!%: #irst* t +r, #r t"e "arde!i!% # s(ia$ s(ie!(e* s t"at it

(u$d be better eui--ed +it" t"e t$s t"ey !eed #r t"e di##i(u$t tas,s

resear("* a!d se(!d* t +r, t im-r'e re$ati!s bet+ee! !atura$ s(ie!tists a!d

s(ia$ s(ie!tists* s t"at t"ey (u$d (!tribute t%et"er +it" t"e ,!+$ed%e

a!d s,i$$s i! t"e ma!y (m-$e issues # -ub$i( -$i(y t"at reuire bt"

ty-es # ,!+$ed%e 2Sim!* 457/3. Me!ti!i!% t"eir -ra(ti(a$ e-erie!(es i!

r%a!i&ati!s* said t"at i! "is +r, a$+ays tried t a--$y t"eir ,!+$ed%e

s(ie!ti#i( de(isi! ma,i!% i! r%a!i&ati!s a!d* (!'erse$y* use t"ese

-ra(ti(a$ e-erie!(es t %ai! ideas #r !e+ resear(" 2Sim!* 457/3. I! rder t

dissemi!ate t"eir ideas* Sim! +r,ed i! 'arius i!stituti!s -arti(i-ated i!

!umerus

C!%ress #i!a$$y "ad a! a(ademi( a!d -r#essi!a$ $i#e uite i!te!se.

Fi!a$$y* it is +rt" !ti!% t"at Sim!* a$!% +it" t"ers* "e$-ed

better u!dersta!di!% # r%a!i&ati!a$ -"e!me!a. Ma!y # t"e D#adsD re(e!t


29/32

es-e(ia$$y i! t"e #ie$d # admi!istrati!* are s$i%"t$y #r%tte! be(ause #

i!(!siste!(y # t"eir -r-sa$s. Mre'er* t #urt"er i!'esti%ate t"e +r,

aut"rs su(" as Sim! !tes t"at (!siste!(y a!d ri%i!a$ity # t"eir t"eri&i!%

s"u$d ("eris" #r a $!% time* debates a!d studies i! t"e #ie$d # r%a!i&ati!a$

t"ery.

Re#ere!(es

* Sim!* H. A. T"e -r(esses # s(ie!ti#i( dis('ery: t"e strate%y #

e-erime!tati!.

C%!iti'e S(ie!(e. '.48* -.465;47@* 45//.

Mar("* . G.= SIMON* H.A. Or%a!i&ati!s. Ne+ Yr,* NY: i$ey* 451/.

SIMON* H.A. Admi!istrati'e Be"a'ir. Ne+ Yr,* NY: Ma(mi$$a!* 4507.

SIMON* HA T"e Ne+ S(ie!(e O# Ma!a%eme!t >e(isi!. Ne+ Yr,* NY: Har-er

a!d R+* 45@9.

SIMON* H. A. O! H+ t >e(ide "at t >. T"e Ra!d ur!a$ # E(!mi(s*

'.5* !.8* 457/.

SIMON* HA Rati!a$ de(isi! ma,i!% i! busi!ess r%a!i&ati!s. Ameri(a!

E(!mi( Re'ie+* '.@5* -.

056;146* 4575.

SIMON* H. A$ter!ati'e Jisi!s # Rati!a$ity. I!: AR


30/32

SIMON* HA ma!a%eme!t Ma,i!% >e(isi!s: T"e r$e # i!tuiti! a!d emti!.

A(ademy # Ma!a%eme!t

Ee(uti'e* -.17;@0* #eb. 45/7.

SIMON* H.A. et a$. >e(isi! ma,i!% a!d -rb$em s$'i!%. Ma!a%eme!t s(ie!(e.

'.47* !.1* -.44;84* 45/7.

SIMON* HA ?redi(ti! a!d -res(ri-ti! i! systems mde$i!%. O-erati!s

Resear("* '.6/* -.7;40* 4559.

SIMON* H. A. I!#rmati! 494: Its !t +"at yu ,!+* its "+ yu ,!+ it. T"e

ur!a$ #r Kua$ity a!d

?arti(i-ati!* '.84* !.0* -. 69;66* 455/.

SIMON* H.A. -ub$i( admi!istrati! "y ur!a$ # ?ub$i( Admi!istrati!

Resear(" a!d T"ery* './*

!.4* -.4;44* 455/.

SIMON* H.A. Rati!a$ity G!e A+ry >e(isi! ma,i!% I!(!siste!t +it"

E(!mi( a!d Fi!a!(ia$ T"ery.

Busi!ess E(!mi(s. '.60* !.6* -.56;50* 4555.

SIMON* H. A. I!ter'ie+ed by >u% Ste+art ; Om!i ?ub$i(ati!s I!ter!ati!a$.

u!e* 4550. A'ai$ab$e #rm:

"tt-:+++.m!ima%.(mar("i'esi!ter'ie+ssim!."tm$. A((essed Mar(" 8994.

SIMON* H. A. >e(isi! Ma,i!% a!d ?rb$em S$'i!%* 45/@. A'ai$ab$e #rm:

"tt-:die##.(m-a%e4@6."tm. A((essed Mar(" 8994.


31/32

SIMON* H. A. Autbi%ra-"y. T"e ##i(ia$ +eb site # t"e Nbe$ Fu!dati!.

457/. A'ai$ab$e #rm:

"tt-:+++.!be$.see(!mi(s$aureates457/sim!.autbi."tm$. A((essed

Mar(" 8994.

SIMON* H. A. O##i(ia$ site +it" #u$$ bib$i%ra-"y # t"e aut"r* "is resear("

i!terests i! re(e!t

area # -sy("$%y. A'ai$ab$e at:

"tt-:-sy.(mu.edu-sy#a(u$ty"sim!"sim!:"tm$. A((essed

Mar(" 8994.

SIMON* H. A. O##i(ia$ site +it" t"er aut"r i!#rmati!. A'ai$ab$e #rm:

"tt-:-sy.(mu.edu-sy#a(u$ty"sim!. A((essed Mar(" 8994.

SIMON* H. A. Re(e!t resear(" i!terests i! (m-uter s(ie!(e. A'ai$ab$e #rm:

"tt-:+++.-sy.(mu.edu-sy#a(u$ty"sim!(m-;s(i."tm$. A((essed Mar(" 8994.

SIMON* H. A. Re(e!t resear(" i!terests i! -"i$s-"y. A'ai$ab$e #rm:

"tt-:"ss.(mu.edu"tm$de-artame!ts-"i$s-"i-e-$edire(try"erbertsim!."

tm$. A((essed

i! Mar(" 8994.

SIMON* H. A. Re(e!t resear(" i!terests i!($ude e(!mi(s a!d ma!a%eme!t.

A'ai$ab$e #rm:

"tt-:+++.%sia.(mu.edua#sa!dre+%sia+r,-r(rster#u$.timesim!"tm$.

A((essed Mar("


32/32

8994.

SIMON* H. A. Re(e!t resear(" i!terests i! (m-uter s(ie!(e. A'ai$ab$e #rm:

"tt-:-sy.(mu.edu-sy#a(u$ty"sim!"sim!:"tm$. A((essed Mar(" 8994.

an analysis of the contribution of herbert simon

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