an ecological status report for phytoplankton and ... · 2. ecological status report 3. pan ‐...

W7 Global patterns of phytoplankton dynamics in coastal ecosystems

An ecological status report for phytoplankton and microbial plankton in the North Atlantic

and adjacent seas

William K.W. LiBedford Institute of Oceanography, Canada

Todd D. O’BrienNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA

Xosé

Anxelu G. MoránInstituto Español de Oceanografía, Spain

W7 Global patterns of phytoplankton dynamics in coastal ecosystems

1.

Context and timeline

2.

Ecological status report

3.

Pan‐North Atlantic patterns

4.

Case studies

5.

Future plans

An ecological status report for phytoplankton and microbial plankton in the North Atlantic

and adjacent seas

WGPME (Working Group on Phytoplankton and Microbial Ecology)

ICES Mission

To advance the scientific capacity to give advice on

human activities affecting, and affected by, marine

ecosystems.

What is ICES?

The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)

coordinates and promotes marine research on oceanography, the

marine environment, the marine ecosystem, and on living marine

resources in the North Atlantic. Members of the ICES community

now include all coastal states bordering the North Atlantic and the

Baltic Sea. ICES cooperates with organizations and institutes on

an

international scale.

BelgiumCanadaDenmark (including Greenland and Faroe Islands)EstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyIcelandIrelandLatvia

LithuaniaNetherlandsNorwayPolandPortugalRussiaSpainSwedenUnited KingdomUnited States of America

ICES Member Countries (20)


2007 – by correspondence

2008 ‐

Halifax


2009 ‐

Berlin


2010 Aberdeen

2011 Galway

2012 Málaga


Thematic area 1 - Understanding Ecosystem Functioning•

Climate change processes and predictions of impacts;

• Fish life history information in support of ecosystem approach to management (EAM);

• Biodiversity and the health of marine ecosystems;

• The role of coastal‐zone habitat in population dynamics of commercially exploited species;

• Top predators (marine mammals, seabirds, and large pelagics) in marine ecosystems;

• Sensitive ecosystems (deep‐sea coral, seamounts, Arctic) as well as rare and data‐poor species;

• Integration of surveys in support of EAM.

Thematic area 2 - Understanding Interactions of Human Activities with Ecosystems• Impacts of fishing on marine ecosystems;

• Carrying capacity and ecosystem interactions associated with mariculture;

• Influence of development of renewable energy resources (e.g. wind, hydropower, tidal and waves) on marine habitat and biota;

• Population and community level impacts of contaminants, eutrophication, and habitat changes in the coastal zone;

• Introduced and invasive species, their impacts on ecosystems and interactions with climate change processes.

Thematic area 3 - Development of options for sustainable use of ecosystems•

Marine living resource management tools;

• Operational modelling combining oceanographic, ecosystem, and population processes;

• Marine spatial planning, including the effectiveness of management practices

(e.g. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)), and its role in the conservation of biodiversity;

• Contributions to socio-economic understanding of ecosystem goods and services, and forecasting of the impact of human activities.

ICES Science Plan 2009‐20133 Thematic areas16 Research topics


Towards an ecological status report for

phytoplankton and microbial plankton in

the North Atlantic

Here we (WGPME) describe work in progress

aimed at establishing trends at various scales of

space and time for phytoplankton and other

microbial plankton (and associated variables such

as inorganic nutrients), with a view towards

understanding climatic and anthropogenic signal

propagation through ocean ecosystems.

2011


ICES Phytoplankton and Microbial

Plankton Status Report

In this first full report, the ecological status of

phytoplankton and microbial plankton of the

North Atlantic and adjacent seas is presented by

reference to seven geographical regions

containing 61 monitoring locations, and to 40

standard areas of the Continuous Plankton

Recorder survey. Coverage stretches from the

subpolar waters of the Labrador Sea to the

subtropical waters of southwestern Iberia, and

extends into the Mediterranean Sea.

North Atlantic Sites

Site analysis: monthly‐adjusted multi‐year trend

p

< 0.01

p

< 0.01

p

< 0.01

p

< 0.01

p

> 0.05

p

< 0.05

p

> 0.05

Site overview

Pan‐North Atlantic description (2001‐2010)

++ p <0.05

‐‐

p <0.05

+++ p <0.01

‐‐‐

p <0.01

+ p >0.05

‐

p >0.05

INCR

EASE

DEC

REAS

E

++ p <0.05

‐‐

p <0.05

+++ p <0.01

‐‐‐

p <0.01

+ p >0.05

‐

p >0.05

INCR

EASE

DEC

REAS

E


61 sites (2001‐2010) 61 sites (1981‐2010)

CPR Areas (2001‐2010) CPR Areas (1981‐2010)

Pan‐North Atlantic description: simple count

Sea

surface te

mpe

rature

Wind speed

Chlorop

hyll

Diatoms

Dinoflagellates

Diatom/(Diatom+D

inoflagellate)

Picoe

ukaryotic

algae

Synecho

coccus

Bacteria

2001‐2010 Local Sites Percent of positive slopes 27% 62% 60% 47% 59% 44% 80% 83% 38%(number of positive slopes) 17/61 38/61 29/48 23/48 28/47 21/47 8/10 10/12 5/13

1981‐2010 Local Sites Percent of positive slopes 98% 62% 89% 53% 48% 48%(number of positive slopes) 60/61 38/61 17/19 14/26 12/25 12/25

2001‐2010 CPR areas Percent of positive slopes 67% 40% 31% 38% 18% 79%(number of positive slopes) 27/40 16/40 11/35 13/34 6/32 27/34

1981‐2010 CPR areas Percent of positive slopes 100% 60% 88% 56% 28% 76%(number of positive slopes) 40/40 24/40 22/25 14/24 7/25 19/25

> 50% positive

> 50% negative

Year1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Silicate

‐0.6

‐0.4

‐0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Year1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Phosph

ate

‐0.6

‐0.4

‐0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Year1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Nitrate

‐0.6

‐0.4

‐0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6Year

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Wind speed

‐2

‐1

0

1

2

Year1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Salin

ity

‐1.5

‐1.0

‐0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5Year

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Tempe

rature

‐3

‐2

‐1

0

1

2

Pan‐North Atlantic description: site‐averaged annual average anomaly

+

‐0 0

0 0p

= 0.001

p

= 0.4

p

= 0.1

p

= 0.000005

p

= 0.09

p

= 0.9

Year1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Dinoflagellates

‐1.0

‐0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Year1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Picoph

ytop

lank

ton

‐0.6

‐0.4

‐0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Year1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Chloroph

yll a

‐0.6

‐0.4

‐0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

+

+ +

‐

Year1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Diatoms

‐1.0

‐0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Year1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Datom

to Dinoflagellate ra

tio

‐0.6

‐0.4

‐0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0p

= 0.00002

p

= 0.007

p

= 0.7

p

= 0.0004

p

= 0.05

Pan‐North Atlantic description: site‐averaged annual average anomaly

Site‐averaged annual average anomaly : Gross summary 1980‐2010

INCREASE DECREASE NO CHANGETemperature Nitrate SalinityChlorophyll a Diatom:Dinoflagellate ratio Wind speedPicophytoplankton PhosphateDinoflagellates Silicate

Diatoms

Site‐averaged annual average anomaly : Gross summary 1980‐2010

INCREASE DECREASE NO CHANGETemperature Nitrate SalinityChlorophyll a Diatom:Dinoflagellate ratio Wind speedPicophytoplankton PhosphateDinoflagellates Silicate

Diatoms

?

Behrenfeld et al. 2006 Nature 444:752‐755

Bacteria

Booth Bay

Bedford Basin

Western Scotian Shelf

Central Scotian Shelf

Eastern Scotian Shelf

Labrador Shelf

Labrador Basin

Greenland Shelf

Gijón/Xixón

A Coruña

Blanes Bay

Kaštela Bay

StončicaGdańsk Basin

Procholorococcus

Gijón/Xixón

A Coruña

Blanes Bay

Synechococcus

Thau Lagoon

Booth Bay

Bedford Basin




Labrador Shelf

Labrador Basin

Greenland Shelf

Gijón/Xixón

A Coruña

Blanes Bay

Picoeukaryotic algae

Booth Bay

Bedford Basin




Labrador Shelf

Labrador Basin

Greenland Shelf

Gijón/Xixón

A Coruña

Blanes Bay

Thau Lagoon

Bedford Basin (Site 3)

Meteorology (Shearwater) : AIR TEMPERATURE

Air temperature

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Nor

mal

ized

ann

ual a

nom

alie

s

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Monthly data distribution and Means1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Meteorology (Shearwater) : PRECIPITATION

Precipitation

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Nor

mal

ized

ann

ual a

nom

alie

s

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5


Prec

ipita

tion

(mm

)

0

100

200

300

400

Hydrometry (Sackville River) : FRESHWATER DISCHARGE

Sackville River discharge

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Nor

mal

ized

ann

ual a

nom

alie

s

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5Monthly data distribution and Means1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Riv

er d

isch

arge

0

5

10

15

20

25

Bedford Basin : TEMPERATURE

Temperature

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Nor

mal

ized

ann

ual a

nom

alie

s

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0


Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Bedford Basin : SALINITY

Salinity

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Nor

mal

ized

ann

ual a

nom

alie

s

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0


Salin

ity (p

su)

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

Bedford Basin : STRATIFICATION

Stratification

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Nor

mal

ized

ann

ual a

nom

alie

s

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5


Stra

tific

atio

n (k

g m

-4)

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

Bedford Basin : NITRATE (+NITRITE)

Nitrate

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Nor

mal

ized

ann

ual a

nom

alie

s

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0


Nitr

ate

(mm

ol m

-3)

0

5

10

15

20

Bedford Basin : PICOPHYTOPLANKTON

Picophytoplankton

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Nor

mal

ized

ann

ual a

nom

alie

s

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0


Pico

phyt

opla

nkto

n (lo

g ce

lls m

l-1)

1

2

3

4

5

6

Bedford Basin : PICOEUKARYOTIC ALGAE

Picoeukaryotes

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Nor

mal

ized

ann

ual a

nom

alie

s

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Bedford Basin : PICOPROKARYOTIC CYANOBACTERIA

Synechococcus

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Nor

mal

ized

ann

ual a

nom

alie

s

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Bedford Basin : DIAGNOSTIC PIGMENTS (BUT-FUCO, HEX-FUCO, ALLO, FUCO, PERID, CHLB, ZEA)

Diagnostic pigments

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Nor

mal

ized

ann

ual a

nom

alie

s

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5


Dia

gnos

tic p

igm

ents

(log

mg

m-3

)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Bedford Basin : FUCOXANTHIN

Fucoxanthin

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Nor

mal

ized

ann

ual a

nom

alie

s

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5


Fuco

xant

hin

(log

mg

m-3

)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Bedford Basin : DIADINOXANTHIN

Diadinoxanthin

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Nor

mal

ized

ann

ual a

nom

alie

s

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5


Dia

dino

xant

hin

(log

mg

m-3

)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Bedford Basin : CHLOROPHYLL c1 +c2

Chlorophyll c1+c2

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Nor

mal

ized

ann

ual a

nom

alie

s

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5


Chl

orop

hyll

c 1+c 2 (

log

mg

m-3

)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

AIR TEMPERATURE → WATER TEMPERATURE → PICOPHYTOPLANKTON → COMMUNITY SIZE

Water temperature-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Pico

phyt

opla

nkto

n

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0


Mea

n ES

D

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Nor

mal

ized

ann

ual a

nom

alie

s

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5Air temperatureWater temperaturePicophytoplankton

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Norm

alized annual anomalies (ESD

, Bacteria) →

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

mean ESDBacteria

PRECIPITATION → RIVER DISCHARGE → SALINITY → STRATIFICATION

Salinity-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Stra

tific

atio

n

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

River discharge-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Salin

ity

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Nor

mal

ized

ann

ual a

nom

alie

s

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5River dischargeStratificationPrecipitation

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Norm

alized annual anomalies (Salinity) →

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Salinity

STRATIFICATION → CHLOROPHYLL a → DIAGNOSTIC PIGMENTS → FUCOXANTHIN

Stratification-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Fuco

xant

hin

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0


Dia

gnos

tic p

igm

ents

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Nor

mal

ized

ann

ual a

nom

alie

s

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5Chlorophyll aDiagnostic pigmentsFucoxanthin

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Norm

alized annual anomalies (Stratification) →

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Stratification

SURFACE CHL a → DEEP CHL a → DEEP POC → DEEP NH4

Surface chlorophyll a-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Dee

p ch

loro

phyl

l a

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Deep POC-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Dee

p N

H4

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Year92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Nor

mal

ized

ann

ual a

nom

alie

s

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5 Surface Chlorophyll aDeep Chlorophyll aDeep POCDeep NH4


Ligh

t atte

nuat

ion

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Deep PON-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Dee

p N

H4

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Deep Chlorophyll a-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Dee

p PO

C

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Surface Chlorophyll a-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Dee

p C

hlor

ophy

ll a

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Precipitation-0.5 0.0 0.5

Riv

er d

isch

arge

-0.5

0.0

0.5

Salinity-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Stra

tific

atio

n

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

River discharge-0.5 0.0 0.5

Salin

ity

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Multiyear signal propagation

Sedimentation Transformation Remineralisation

Atmosphere/Hydrosphere Plankton

Plankton Benthos


Dia

gnos

tic p

igm

ents

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0


Fuco

xant

hin

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0


f-pic

o

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Air temperature-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Wat

er te

mpe

ratu

re

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

Multiyear effect of temperature


Pico

euka

ryot

ic a

lgae

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0


Syne

choc

occu

s

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0


Nan

ophy

topl

ankt

on

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0


mea

n ES

D

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

PICO S‐NANO L‐NANO

Picophytoplankton


log

cells

ml-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

Small nanophytoplankton


log

cells

ml-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

Large nanophytoplankton


log

cells

ml-1

1

2

3

4

Mean cell size in assemblage


Mea

n eq

uiva

lent

sph

eric

al d

iam

eter

( μm

)

0

5

10

15

Temperature


Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Cell size versus Temperature

Temperature (C)-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Mea

n eq

uiva

lent

sph

eric

al d

iam

eter

( μm

)

0

5

10

15

Within-year effect of temperature

Global warming benefits the small in aquatic ecosystems (Daufresne, Lengfellner, Sommer 2009 PNAS 106:12788–12793)

Does “Global warming benefit the small in aquatic ecosystems”?

Morán XAG, López‐Urrutia Á, Calvo‐Díaz A, Li WKW 2010. Global Change Biology 16:1137–1144

Increasing importance of small phytoplankton in a warmer ocean ??

Diatoms and Dinoflagellates (Continuous Plankton Recorder)

Year1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Dinoflagellates

‐1.0

‐0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

+Year

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Diatoms

‐1.0

‐0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

0p

= 0.7

p

= 0.0004

Monitoring stations: site‐averaged annual average anomaly

Wind speed‐1.0 ‐0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Diatom:(D

iatom+D

inoflagellate)

‐0.6

‐0.4

‐0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Temperature‐2 ‐1 0 1 2

Diatom:(D

iatom+D

inoflagellate)

‐0.6

‐0.4

‐0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Helgoland Roads

JAN + FEB +MAR

APR + MAY + JUN

JUL + AUG +SEP

OCT + NOV + DEC

ANNUAL

Bay of Fundy (Site 2) – Northwest Atlantic Shelf

Bothnian Sea (sites 12-14) – Northern Baltic

Bornholm Sea (Site 24) – Baltic Sea

Helgoland Roads (Site 30) – North Sea

REPHY Point 1 SRN Boulogne (Site 34) – English Channel

Northwest Coast Ireland (Site 45) – Northeast Atlantic Shelf

REPHY Ouest Loscolo (Site 47) – Bay of Biscay

RADIALES A Coruña Station 2 (Site 53) – Western Iberian Shelf

REPHY Lazaret A (Site 57) – Mediterranean Sea

Gulf of Naples LTER-MC (Site 59) – Mediterranean Sea

Diatoms and Dinoflagellates : century‐scale perspective

1905

1950

2003Diatomophyceae and dinophyceae are by far the most

important groups. Their ratio is still close to unity.

The total phytoplankton biomass has roughly doubled in

the course of the last century.

Mecklenburg Bight (Site 26) – Baltic Sea

Mecklenburg Bight (Site 26) – other phytoplankton

Summary

TOPIC SUMMARY1. Context and timeline 2007 PGPYME ‐ 2010 WGPME ‐ 2012 CRR

2. Ecological status report 7 geographical regions61 monitoring stations40 CPR areasFROM: subpolar (Labrador Sea)TO: subtropical (Iberia Shelf)INCLUDING: Mediterranean Sea

3. Pan‐North Atlantic patterns INCREASE: SST, Chl a , picophytoplankton, dinoflagellatesDECREASE: nitrate, diatom:dinoflagellate ratio

4. Case studies picoplanktondiatom:dinoflagellate ratio

5. Future plans Data: drill down (seasonal effects, species, etc)Time series: hydrography ‐ phytoplankton/microbes ‐ zooplanktonICES: integrated ecosystem assessment

Ocean ClimatePhytoplanktonand Microbes Zooplankton Climate Change

NORTH ATLANTIC

2012/2/SSGEF11 Workshop on the synthesis of hydrographic, phytoplankton, microbial plankton and

zooplankton time series in the North Atlantic and adjacent seas (WKSERIES), chaired by Lidia Yebra, Spain

(WGZE), and Alexandra Kraberg, Germany (WGPME), will be held at ICES Headquarters, Copenhagen,

Denmark, in late 2013.

Contributors to the Cooperative Research ReportContributor CountryMurielle LeGresley Canada

William Li CanadaJennifer Martin CanadaNada Krstulović CroatiaDanijela Šantić Croatia

Stefanija Šestanović CroatiaMladen Šolić Croatia

Sirpa Lehtinen FinlandEric Abadie France

Béatrice Bec FranceYves Collos France

Alain Lefebvre FranceDanièle Maurer France

Myriam Perrière Rumèbe FranceDominique Soudant FranceAlexandra Kraberg GermanyGünther Nausch Germany

Norbert Wasmund GermanyKaren Wiltshire GermanyCaroline Cusack Ireland

Joe Silke IrelandKevin Kennington Isle of Man

Diana Sarno ItalyAdriana Zingone ItalyAnetta Ameryk Poland

Sławomira Gromisz PolandJanina Kownacka Poland

Marianna Pastuszak PolandMariusz Zalewski Poland

Contributor CountryAna B. Barbosa Portugal

Rita V. Domingues PortugalHelena M. Galvão Portugal

Eileen Bresnan ScotlandSilvia G. Acinas SpainAntonio Bode SpainÁngel Borja SpainEva Calvo Spain

Alejandro de la Sota SpainAlmudena Fontán Spain

Javier Franco SpainJosep M. Gasol Spain

Aitor Laza‐Martínez SpainCelia Marrasé Spain

Ramon Massana SpainXosé Anxelu G. Morán Spain

Emma Orive SpainCarlos Pedrós‐Alió Spain

Carles Pelejero SpainFrancesc Peters SpainMarta Revilla Spain

M. Montserrat Sala SpainRenate Scharek SpainSergio Seoane Spain

Rafel Simó SpainVictoriano Valencia Spain

Dolors Vaqué SpainManuel Varela Spain

Contributor CountryMarie Johansen SwedenMartin Edwards UK

Tim Smyth UKRowena Stern UKGlen Tarran UK

Claire Widdicombe UKTodd D. O’Brien USANicole Poulton USA

Michael Sieracki USA

an ecological status report for phytoplankton and ... · 2. ecological status report 3. pan ‐...

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