an electronic field guide: plant exploration in the 21 st century

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An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st Century Peter Belhumeur, Columbia University David Jacobs, University of Maryland John Kress, Smithsonian Institution Steven Fiener, Columbia University Ravi Ramamoorthi, Columbia University

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An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st Century. Peter Belhumeur, Columbia University David Jacobs, University of Maryland John Kress, Smithsonian Institution Steven Fiener, Columbia University Ravi Ramamoorthi, Columbia University. Collaborators. Smithsonian Institute - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

An Electronic Field Guide:Plant Exploration in the 21st Century

Peter Belhumeur, Columbia University

David Jacobs, University of Maryland

John Kress, Smithsonian Institution

Steven Fiener, Columbia University

Ravi Ramamoorthi, Columbia University

Page 2: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Collaborators

Smithsonian Institute• John Kress• Rusty Russell• Ida Lopez• Norm Bourg

University of Maryland• Haibin Ling• David Jacobs

Columbia University• Sean White• Ravi Ramamoorthi• Steve Feiner

Page 3: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Dioscorides: “De Materia Medica” (77 A.D.)

“Codex Vindobonensis” (512 A.D.)

Page 4: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Abu Hanifa Al-Dinawari: “Kitab Nabat” (895)

Ibn Wahshiyya: “Al Filaha Nabatiya” (930) 

                                 النبطية الفالحة كتاب 

  المقّد�مة                                                    

�ة                        وحشي بن بكر آبو ترجمه  

سلم و صحبه و اله و محمّد �ّدنا سي على ا صلى و الرحيم الرحمن ا هللابســم هللاس ي ق ن ب ي ل ع ن ب د م ح ا كر ب و ب آا ة ّيي ب ر ع ل ا ى ل ا ن ي ي ن ا د س ك ل ا ن ا س ل ن م ه ل ق ن ة ّيي ط ب ن ل ا ة لاح ف ل ا ب ا كت ا ذ همن العرب تاريخ من ماتين و تسعين و احّدى سنة في �ة وحشي بابن المعروف القيسي الكسّدانيالملك عبّد بن محمّد بن احمّد بن علي بن الحسن بن احمّد طالب ابي بن على اماله و الهجرة

له فقال الهجرة من العرب تاريخ من ثلثماية و عشيرة ثماني سنة في �ات الزيالزرعو بالعربيةكتابافالحاالرضواصالح وجّدتمنكتبالكسّدانيينمترجمبترجمةمعناها الكتابفيجملةما بنيانيوجّدتهذا اعلميا   قصّدياالولوغردي ذلكخطاءغيرصوابمناجلاّن� فاستكبرتهواستطلتهوخطرببالياختصارهثمفكرتفاذا الشجروالثمارودفعاالفاتعنهاتباركوتعالىعنّدهمفيادراك فيهمليعرفوامقّدارعقولهمونعما هوايصالعلومهؤالءالقوماعنيالنبطالكسّدانيينمنهمالىالناسوبثها هللانماعجزعنهغيرهممناالمموذلكانيوصلتالىكتبهمفيزماّنقّددرسفيهذكرهموانمحتاخبارهموعّدمت العلومالنافعةالغامضةواستنباطمافوجدتها كتبهم طلب في اجتهدت ذلك رايت فلما يذكرها ممن معرفة بلا كالخرافات ذكرا علومهم بعض ذكر و فقط ذكرهم الا يبق لم حتى اعلامهموالجزعمن �تهمولغتهمووجّدتعنّدهممنالكتبوهمفينهايةالكتماّنواالخفاءوالحجورلها الكسّدانيينوعلىدينهموسن عنّدقومهمبقايالمارهمعكثيراحّدوذلكاننيمنهماعنيمن تعالىوجلقّدرزقنيقبلذلكمنالمعرفةبلغتهمالتيهيالسريانيةالقّديمةما وكاّنا هللاظهارهامناننيمنهموانني احببتمنكتبهمبهذهالوجوهالتيعّددتها تعالىمنالّدراهموالّدنانيرولهالحمّدفوصلتالىما �ننيا هللانسلبعضهمومك

فيها نظر و كتبهم من امكنني ما الى الحيلة لطيف و البدل و المدارة فاستعلمت المال من متمكن انني و بلغتهم عارفكانتالكافةمنهؤالءالقومالذينهمفيبقاياهمكالبقروالحميروالعاجزينعنفهمشيءمنالعلوم اذ فيها وهيفييّدهانهمحتاجالىفهمما\هعلىاالفراطفيكتماّن اّناالنساّنالذيوجّدتهذهالكتبمجموعةعنّدهيتميزعنهذهالجملةويتفضلعنحماريةهذهالكافةفلمت اسالفهماالمضى بمن فيه اقتديت تعمله الذي هذا و محاسنهم طمر و قومك ذكر درس هو شيء بفعل الاحتياط تريد انك له قلت و العلوم هذه خبي و الكتب هذهالفعلكاّنالطريقالىانّدراسذكر قبلكوانتوالماضينمحطينفيذلكعلىمنتقّد�ممنالعلمائكمالذينهمعلمايواسالفيمعكموهذاو عرفوامقّدارعلومنا الىالعربيةحتىينظرالناسفيها وغيوبةعلومهمعنالناسواختفاءمحاسنهمعنهمولوقّدنقلتهذهالكتباوبعضها اسالفنا

لنا الفخر من ضرب ذلك في صار و اسلافنا وضع بما انتفعوا

Page 5: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Captain James Cook (1768)

Page 6: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Charles Darwin (1859)

Page 7: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Lt. Charles Wilkes (1838)

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Page 9: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Species Identification: A Pain-staking Process

• Physical specimens are loaned and available to only one scientist for year(s)

• Herbaria visited in person

• Or samples are collected and never or incorrectly identified

Page 10: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Our Goal: Accelerate Species Identification

• Photograph and Electronically Catalogue Herbaria

• Make data available in the field

• Assist in locating the right information– Zoomable user interface– Search with metadata (text, gps, ….)– Visual Search

• Not to build an autonomous system– Automatic species identification still out of reach– We want to enhance the capabilities of experts

Page 11: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Project I:

Digitizing the U.S. National Herbarium

Page 12: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century
Page 13: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Acquisition System

• Phase One H20 back on Hasselblad 502 with 80mm lens

• Resolution: 3600x5000 = 18M pixels

• Dynamic Range: 36 bits per pixel over 3 color channels

Page 14: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Specimen Images

• 95,000 Type Specimens

• 15,000 non-type specimens digitized

• Derivatives available on web– Thousands of hits a month

• Hi-resolution available online and DVD

• Special projects– Puerto Rico rarities, Mexican Boundary

Survey, Hawaii….

Page 15: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Acer politum

Greene

Textual InformationPublications

Decision TreesVerbal

DescriptionLocations

Other Specimens

(Not Types)

Photographs of live plants

3D Computer Models

Basic Type Specimen Digital CollectionEnhanced Type Specimen Digital

Collection

Digital Image of Type Specimen

Type Specimen Digital Collection

Page 16: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

16

1/3 of the Earth’s Plants....

Page 17: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Project II:

Automating Visual Search

Page 18: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Our Work in Plant Identification

• We haven’t been trying to emulate botanists

• Expert judgments can rely on features that are hard to automate

• General purpose algorithms needed for basic analysis, though humans take these for granted.

• Experience in other recognition tasks

Page 19: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Plant ID: Visual Search Criteria

Search Criteria– Shape – our current focus– Texture

– Venation

Venation

Texture

Shape

Page 20: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Albrecht Dürer, “Four Books on Human Proportion” (1528)

Page 21: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

D’arcy Thompson, “On Growth and Form” (1917)

Page 22: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

D’arcy Thompson, “On Growth and Form” (1917)

Page 23: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

D’arcy Thompson, “On Growth and Form” (1917)

Page 24: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

24

Shape Matching in Computer Vision, abridged...

• Grenander ’81

• Mumford ‘91

• Fry ‘94

• Kimia, Tannenbuam, and Zucker ’95

• Basri, Costa, Geiger and Jacobs ’95

• Zhu and Yuille ‘96

• Liu, Geiger, and Kohn ’98; Geiger, Liu, and Kohn ‘03

• Belongie, Malik, Puzicha ‘01

• Osada, Funkhouser, Chazelle, Dobkin ‘03

24

Page 25: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Representations that Capture Part Structures

• The Euclidean distance

• The inner-distance: length of the shortest path between landmark points (see also Bronstein et al. 2003)

• Part relationships can vary

Page 26: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Inner-Distance Shape Context (IDSC)

θ1

5

Histogram for Point 1

Inn

er-

Dis

tan

ce Angle

Page 27: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

IDSC: Histogram for Each Point

θ1

5

Histograms for All Points

Angle

(see also Belongie et. al 2001)

Page 28: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Experiment I: Swedish Leaf Dataset

How often is the algorithm correct on first guess?• Combination of simple features: 82% [Söderkvist 01]• Fourier descriptors: 89.60%• SC+DP: 88.12%• IDSC+DP: 94.13%

The Swedish leaf dataset contains leaf images from 15 species. Each species has 75 leaves, 25 training and 50 for testing.

Page 29: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Experiment I: Swedish Leaf Dataset

Page 30: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Project III:

Designing User Interfaces and Prototypes

Page 31: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Devices

wireless audio

location sensor

see-throughhead-worn display

hand-held computer

orientationsensors

Page 32: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

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Augmented Reality Versions

Rep. John Tanner

Page 33: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

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Prototype: Tablet + Camera

+

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Prototype: UMPC Version

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Prototype: Mobile Phone Version

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Not-There-Yet-Prototype: iPhone

Page 37: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Project IV:

Digitizing Regional Floras

Page 38: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Plummers Island, MD

Page 39: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Complete Collection of Vascular Plants

Plummers Island dataset contains leaf images from 249 species, with 5000+ images.

Page 40: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

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Woody Plants of DC Area

Page 41: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

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Complete Collection of All Woody Plants

DC Woody dataset contains 245 species, 10,000+ images

Page 42: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

System Performance

Page 43: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Demo

Video Demo: UMPC Prototype

Page 44: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

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In Use by Botanists in the Field

44

Page 45: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

What’s Next?

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What’s Next?

Temperate Floras:

– Trees of Central Park, NYC (158 species)– Woody Plants of U.S., (5000+ species)

Page 47: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

47

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4848

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4949

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5050

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5151

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What’s Next?

Neo-Tropical Floras:

– Barro Colorado Island, Panama– Yasuni National Park, Ecuador

– Amazon River Basin, Brazil

Page 53: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Plant ID: Visual Search Criteria

Search Criteria– Shape – our current focus– Texture

– Venation

Venation

Texture

Shape

Page 54: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

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Venation

Page 55: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

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Three Neo-tropical Species from BCI

Page 56: An Electronic Field Guide: Plant Exploration in the 21 st  Century

Insects: Electronic Field Guide