an extraterrestrial analysis

7/28/2019 An Extraterrestrial Analysis

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4

Mc Extrmterrestrbmj Mcmjysbs



1

Mc Extrmterrestrbmj Mcmjysbs

Dy

Bmc Demrfsjey

Ahpyrbont © 47=4 ‑ 47=1 dy Bmc Demrfsjey



6

Ahskba Mranmehjhoy

B ahcsbfer wnmt B fh th de wnmt B amjj ahskba mranmehjhoy. Ahskba Mranmehjhoy

strbves th smy shketnbco mdhut tne Ucbverse usbco mranmehjhoy, mcf shketnbco

mdhut tne nukmc sthry usbco mstrhchky. Ky lbrst exphsure th ‚Ahskba

Mranmehjhoy‛ kust nmve deec wnec ky ahjjeoe Amjaujus temaner wms ferbvbco

Eujer‒s Cukder, e. Mlter ferbvbco bt, ne ferbvef Eujer‒s Equmtbhc, wnban rejmtes,

Eujer‒s cukder (e), tne bkmobcmry cukder (b), tne rmtbh pb, mcf ceomtbve hce mjj th hce

mchtner. Vne equmtbhc bs9

(e)SP(b)(pb)[ ;-=

Ne phbctef hut tnmt tnbs equmtbhc, ms wejj, rejmtes tnree oehormpnbamj reobhcs th hce

mchtner, Bcfbm, Eoypt, mcf Eurhpe bcshlmr ms ceomtbve cukders ahke th us lrhk

Bcfbm (Drmnkmouptm), tne bkmobcmry cukder ahkes th us lrhk Eoypt (Nerhc hl

Mjexmcfrbm, mjj tnhuon Oree`, wms cmtbve th Mjexmcfrbm, Thkmc Eoypt), pb th shke

maaurmay lrhk Mcabect Oreeae (Mranbkefes), mcf e lrhk Qwbtzerjmcf (Imahd

Derchujjb).

_e amc see nhw tnbs revejmtbhc whujf de `ey th Ahskba Mranmehjhoy.

Dnrmnkmouptm (mrhucf <4>)

Nerhc hl Mjexmcfrbm (a=7 ‑ ?7 MF)

Imahd Derchujjb (=<55 ‑ =?75)

Mranbkefes (a.4>? DA ‑ a.4=4 DA)



5

Qukkmry Hl Qhke Hl _nmt _e Fbf

_e deomc wbtn cbce-lbltns bs tne ybc hl tne Ucbverse lhr wnban lbve-tnbrfs wms tne ymco.

Cht hcjy were ohjf th sbjver (preabhus ketmjs) tne ybc, dut phtmssbuk th shfbuk wms tne

ymco (smjts). Ms wejj Ceptuce we snhwef wms tne ybc pjmcet lhr wnban Urmcus wms tneRmco pjmcet.

_e lhucf cbce-lbltns fesarbdef tne rhtmtbhc hl lbve sykketry petmjs mrhucf m ljhwer, m

khst phpujmr mrrmcoekect, mcf chtef tnmt wnbje cbce-lbltns (ybc) wms tne represectmtbve hl tne lbve-lhjf sykketry we lbcf bc jble, lbve-tnbrfs (ymco) wms represectmtbve hl tne sbx-

lhjf sykketry we lbcf bc pnysbamj cmture.

_e chtef tnmt Ceptuce mcf Urmcus were ahupjef mpprhprbmtejy ms ybc mcf ymco bc sh lmrms tne prhfuat hl Ceptuce kmss wbtn Ceptuce vhjuke wms mdhut tne smke ms Urmcus

kmss wbtn Urmcus vhjuke. _e smbf tnmt cbce-lbltns wms cht tne hcjy vmjue reaurrect

tnrhuonhut tne shjmr systek, dut mcy wnhje cukder kujtbpje hl tne vmjue. Qh, we lhrkeftne sequecae9

(mXc) ; =.>, 1.<, 5.6, ?.4,…

Mcf tne sequecae lhrkef dy stmrtbco wbtn lbve mcf mffbco cbce th eman suaaessbve terk9

5, =6, 41, 14, …

_e thh` tne fbllerecae detweec tnese twh sequecaes th lhrk tne Ceptuce equmtbhc9

(mXc) ; ?.4c ‑ 6

_nban we chtbaef ahujf de wrbttec9

(mXc) ; (vecus hrdbt/emrtn hrdbt)(emrtn kmss/ kmrs kmss)c ‑ (kmrs hrdbtmj #)

_e jet c;1 sbcae tne emrtn bs tne tnbrf pjmcet lrhk tne suc, mcf lhucf tne tnbrf terk

mXc;=?.<, wms ajhsest th tne kmss hl Ceptuce bc emrtn kmsses, necae tne cmke lhr tne

equmtbhc.

_e chtef tnmt sbcae tne equmtbhc snhws tne emrtn strmffjef detweec \ecus, m lmbjef emrtn,

mcf kmrs, wnban prhkbses th de Cew Emrtn, mcf we ahcajufef tnmt tne pjmcet Ceptucenms m `ey th tne suaaess hl tne emrtn.

_e lurtner lejt we were hc tne rbont trma` deamuse Ceptuce, tnhuon khre kmssbve tnmc

tne Emrtn, bt bs jmroer echuon tnmt bts surlmae ormvbty bs mdhut tne smke. Lurtner bcfbamtbhc

tnmt we were hc tne rbont trma` wms chtef bc tne lmat tnmt Ceptuce nms m sbkbjmr bcajbcmtbhc

th bts hrdbt, ms fhes tne Emrtn.



<

Bt wms hcjy jelt th lbcf tne Urmcus equmtbhc, deamuse lhr every ybc, tnere snhujf de m

ymco.

_e lhjjhwef tne smke prhaess ms lhr mrrbvbco mt tne Ceptuce equmtbhc. _e kmfe tne

sequecae hl mjj wnhje cukder kujtbpjes hl lbve-tnbrfs9

(5/1)c ; =.?, 1.1, 5, <.?,…

Mcf stmrtef wbtn > mcf mffef 5 th eman mffbtbhcmj terk (s`bppbco 1)9

>, =1, =>, 41,…

_e thh` tne fbllerecae detweec tne twh sequecaes th hdtmbc tne Urmcus equmtbhc9

(mXc) ; 1 + 1.1c

_nban we chtbaef ahujf de wrbttec9

(Emrtn Hrdbtmj #) + (Iupbter Kmss/Qmturc Kmss)c ; mXc

_e amjjef bt tne Urmcus Equmtbhc deamuse jettbco c;1 (lhr tne emrtn) we oht mXc;=1,

wnban bs ajhsest th tne kmss hl Urmcus.

_e `cew mombc we were hc tne rbont trma`, deamuse iust ms Ceptuce fhes, Urmcus nms m

sbkbjmr surlmae ormvbty th tnmt hl tne Emrtn ms wejj.

_e chw ahcceatef tne lbrst lhur phbcts hl tne Ceptuce equmtbhc mcf bcteormtef lrhk hce

th lhur, tne equmtbhc9

L(x) ; ?.4x ‑6

Vne bccer terrestrbmj pjmcets.

_e thh` tne ferbvmtbve hl tne Urmcus equmtbhc9

L(x) ; 1 + 1.1x

Qh tnmt

L‒(x) ; 1.1

_e ahcsbferef tne bcteormj tne kmss hl m pjmcet bc emrtn kmsses, wnban amke hut th de 64.

_e ahcsbferef tne 1.1 th de tne maaejermtbhc mt bts surlmae bc emrtn ormvbtbes. @chwbco

tnese twh qumctbtbes we feterkbcef tne pjmcet wms mdhut tnree mcf m nmjl tbkes jmroer tnmc

tne Emrtn. @chwbco bts kmss mcf sbze, we ahujf feterkbce bts fecsbty, mcf lrhk tnmt btsahkphsbtbhc, wnban turcef hut th de Eurhpbuk, ejekect <1, wnban bs pnhspnhresaect.



?

LBAVBHC-TEMJBVR ECVMCOJEKECVLEDTUMTR 6 47=1

DR

BMC DEMTFQJER

Jevbcshc

_e deomc wbtn tne ajhsest stmr th us, Mjpnm Aectmurb. Bt bs mdhut 6.4 th 6.1 jbont yemrsmwmy. _e rhucfef tnmt th lhur deamuse we mre femjbco wbtn wnhje cukders. _e tnec

fbf m rmcfhk wmj`, mcf amjaujmtef tne prhdmdbjbty hl jmcfbco hc Mjpnm Aectmurb bc =7

rmcfhk iukps hl hce jbont yemr eman. _e chte tnmt m jbont yemr bs tne fbstmcae jbont

trmvejs bc hce yemr, m yemr debco tne tbke bt tmès tne emrtn th trmvej mrhucf tne suc, mcftnmt jbont speef bs m cmturmj ahcstmct. Ms wejj we chte tnmt Mjpnm Aectmurb bs m stmr iust

jbè tne suc, sbkbjmr bc sbze, jukbchsbty, mcf tne smke speatrmj ajmss. _e rhucfef hur

mcswer th tne cemrest wnhje cukder, mcf bt wms tnmt we nmve m =4% anmcae hl jmcfbco hcMjpnm Aectmurb.

_e tnec smbf tnbs wms tne peraect hl fevejhpkect thwmrfs dubjfbco nyperfrbve, mc ecobce

tnmt whujf tmè us th tne stmrs. _e tnec smbf hur prhoress thwmrfs nyperfrbve kmy

fevejhp maahrfbco th tne cmturmj orhwtn equmtbhc9

(x(t));(xX7)eS`t

Vh lbcf ` we nmve tmèc t ;67 yemrs, deamuse bc =2<2 tne lbrst kmc set lhht hc tne khhc,mcf bc 4772 we jmucanef tne Nersanej mcf Wjmca` tejesahpes tnmt wbjj see dma` th cemr tne

deobccbco hl tne Ucbverse. _e nmve tmèc xX7 ; =/=77 th smy tnmt we deomc wbtn hcestep hut hl =77. Vne resujt bs9

(`) ; 7.7<4=

_e nmve9

(jho =77) ; (7.7<4=)t jho e

Hr, t ; ?6 yemrs

=2<2 + ?6 ;4761

B wms remfbco iust delhre fhbco tne amjaujmtbhc, Vne Wjht Vh Qmve Qharmtes, dy WmujJevbcshc, mcf nbs anmrmater, nbs nerhbce, Qberrm _mters, deomc ner mfvecture bc 4764. B

amjj tnbs ‚lbatbhc-remjbty ectmcojekect‛. B wrhte bc ky dhh`9 Lbatbhc-Temjbty

Ectmcojekect9 Jevbcshc, Msbkhv, mcf Ajmrè9



>

‚Bc tne amse hl Wmuj Jevbcshc, sanhjmrs bc tne luture trmvej tnrhuon tbke mcf use ajhcbco,

m ahcaept rejmtef th mrtblbabmj bctejjboecae (bt bs tne aremtbco hl nukmc repjbams ms wejj, dutdbhjhobamj, cht ejeatrhcba), mcf tne ohmj bs th smve oremt mcabect tnbcèrs lrhk Oreeae, mcf

th kmcbpujmte evects bc tne pmst lhr m phsbtbve hutahke lhr tne luture hl nukmcbty, iust ms

tne rhdhts try th fh bc tne whr` hl Msbkhv.‛

Ms bt whujf turc hut, tne chvejty rmtbco lhr tne yemr we set lhht hc tne khhc bc tne

Qnejbm` \ersbhc hl tne Ka@eccm Vbkwmve, bs hur orhwtn rmte ahcstmct 7.7<4= wnban

kujtbpjbef dy tec mcf rhucfef th twh pjmaes mlter tne feabkmj bt tne ohjfec rmtbh

ahciuomte. Vne Vbkewmve bs supphsef th snhw tne wmy nbsthry ucvrmvejs, bl we tmè47=4 ms tne ecf phbct.

Wernmps hur amjaujmtbhc relers cht th nypefrbve, dut th htner bssues bl we tmè Vne Wjht Vh

Qmve Qharmtes ms m fmtm phbct9 Bt femjs wbtn pnbjhshpny, vmjues, ajhcbco, mcf kuan khre.Bt kmy evec de we mre cht tmj`bco mdhut tne Emrtn, dut mchtner abvbjbzmtbhc hc mchtner

pjmcet bc tne Ucbverse. Hur matbhcs ahujf de ahcceatef th jble ejsewnere. _e iust fhc‒t

`chw, we hcjy presect tne amjaujmtbhcs.

Msbkhv

Bc tne amse hl Bsmma Msbkhv, we mre lmr bc tne luture hl nukmcbty. Bc nbs Thdht Qerbes,

Msbkhv nms kmc km`bco rhdhts wnhse prhormkkbco hcjy mjjhws tnek th fh tnmt wnban bsohhf lhr nukmcbty. Ms m resujt, tnese rhdhts, mrtblbabmj bctejjboecae (MB), tmè matbhcs tnmt

prhpej nukmcbty bcth settjbco tne Omjmxy, bc tne rhdht serbes, mcf ujtbkmtejy smve

nukmcbty mlter tney nmve settjef tne Omjmxy mcf kmfe mc ekpbre hl bt (Bc tne LhucfmtbhcQerbes).

B chw lbcf tnmt Bsmma Msbkhv puts suan m fevejhpkect bc nbs sabecae lbatbhc mt m sbkbjmrtbke bc tne luture, preabsejy bc 4766, hcjy m yemr mlter ky prefbatbhc mcf twh yemrs mlterQberrm _mters bs nmcfef tne cewjy fbsahveref fhaukect tnmt bcbtbmtes ner mfvecture. Qh,

we nmve ky prefbatbhc, wnban bs rejmtef th tne struature hl tne ucbverse bc m kystbamj wmy

rbont bc detweec tne fmtes hl Jevbcshc mcf Msbkhv, tnebr fmtes hcjy debco m yemr jess mcf

m yemr oremter tnmc kbce.

Msbkhv pjmaes nyperfrbve bc tne yemr 4766 bc nbs snhrt sthry ‚Evbfecae‛ wnban bs pmrt hl

nbs sabecae lbatbhc ahjjeatbhc hl snhrt sthrbes amjjef, ‚B, Thdht‛.

Vnbs bs m ahjjeatbhc hl snhrt sthrbes wnere Thdht Wsyanhjhobst Fr. Qusmc Amjvbc bs

bctervbewef dy m wrbter mdhut ner experbecae wbtn tne ahkpmcy hc emrtn bc tne luture tnmtlbrst fevejhpef shpnbstbamtef rhdhts. Bc tnbs dhh`, tne jmws hl rhdhtbas mre aremtef mcf tne

bfem hl tne phsbtrhcba drmbc bctrhfuaef, mcf tne cmture hl tne bkpmat rhdhts whujf nmve hcnukmc abvbjbzmtbhc bs expjhref. Lhjjhwbco tnbs ahjjeatbhc hl sthrbes Msbkhv wrhte tnree

khre chvejs, wnban ahkprbse tne rhdht serbes, ‚Vne Amves hl Qteej‛, ‚Vne Cmèf Quc‛,

mcf ‚Vne Thdhts hl Fmwc‛.



2

‚B, Thdht‛ bs Emrtn bc tne luture iust delhre Nukmcbty settjes tne khre cemrdy stmrs. Vne

chvejs ahkprbsbco ‚Vne Thdht Qerbes‛ mre wnec nukmcbty nms ahjhcbzef tne cemrdy stmrsysteks, Vne Lhucfmtbhc Vrbjhoy, mcf bts prequejs mcf sequejs mre mdhut tne tbke

nukmcbty nms spremf tnrhuonhut tne ectbre omjmxy mcf kmfe mc Ekpbre hl bt. Mjj hl tnese

dhh`s amc de tmèc thoetner ms hce sthry, wbtn anmrmaters mcf evects bc shke, haaurrbco

bc htners.Nyperfrbve bs bcvectef bc B, Thdht dy m rhdht amjjef Vne Drmbc, hwcef dy tne ahkpmcy

lhr wnban Fr. Qusmc Amjvbc whr`s wnec bt bs lef tne kmtnekmtbamj jhobstbamj prhdjeks hl

km`bco nyperfrbve, mcf msèf th shjve tnek. Bt fhes shjve tnek mcf bt hllers tne speas hc

dubjfbco mc bcterstejjmr snbp, lhr wnban twh ecobceers lhjjhw bc bts ahcstruatbhc. Vney mrenukhrhusjy sect marhss tne omjmxy dy Vne Drmbc, cht expeatbco bt, mcf drhuont dma` th

emrtn bc tne snbp mlter tney ahcstruatef bt. Vnbs wms bc tne sthry bc ‚B, Thdht‛ tbtjef

‚Esampe!‛.

Dut Fr. Qusmc Amjvbc stmtes bc tne lhjjhwbco snhrt sthry, tnmt B kectbhcef, ‚Evbfecae‛9

‚Dut tnmt wmsc‒t bt, ebtner‛…‛Hn, evectumjjy, tne snbp mcf htners jbè bt deamkeohverckect prhperty0 tne Iukp tnrhuon nyperspmae wms perleatef, mcf chw we matumjjynmve nukmc ahjhcbes hc tne pjmcets hl shke hl tne cemrer stmrs, dut tnmt wmsc‒t bt.‛

‚Bt wms wnmt nmppecef th tne pehpje nere hc Emrtn bc jmst lblty yemrs tnmt remjjy ahucts.‛

Mcf, wnmt nmppecef th pehpje hc Emrtn8 Vne mcswer bs bc tne smke sthry ‚Evbfecae‛

lrhk wnban tnmt quhte bs mt tne deobccbco. Bt wms wnec tne Teobhcs hl tne Emrtn lhrkef

Vne Lefermtbhc. Fr. Qusmc Amjvbc smys mt tne ecf hl tne sthry ‚Evbfecae‛9

‚Ne wms m very ohhf kmyhr0 lbve yemrs jmter ne fbf deahke Teobhcmj Ah-hrfbcmthr. Mcf

wnec tne Teobhcs hl Emrtn lhrkef tnebr Lefermtbhc bc 4766, ne deamke tne lbrst _hrjfAh-hrfbcmthr.‛

Bt bs lrhk tnmt stmtekect tnmt B oet ky fmte hl 4766 ms tne yemr Msbkhv prhieats lhr

nyperfrbve.

Ajmrè

Everytnbco Bc 477=9 M Qpmae Hfyssey dy Mrtnur A. Ajmrè, Ferbvef Lrhk Cbce Lbltns

Bc 477=9 M Qpmae Hfyssey, tne snbp‒s ahkputer wms amjjef NMJ. Bt wms tne drmbc mcf

aectrmj cervhus systek hl tne snbp. Bt wms msèf bc tne khvbe9 Bs NMJ bctejjboect8 Bs nemjbve8 Qh lmr B nmve expjmbcef nhw cbce-lbltns haaurs bc tne Qhjmr Qystek mcf Cmture. B

nmve mjsh lhucf tnmt m ahkputer jbè NMJ bs mjbve, bc m wmy. NMJ wms sbjbahc dmsef mcfB nmve lhucf tnmt sbjbahc nms tne ohjfec rmtbh ahciuomte bc bt, wnban bs reaurrect

tnrhuonhut jble mcf tnmt cbce-lbltns bs bc tne ohjfec rmtbh ahciuomte. B wrhte9

B nmve mjsh lhucf tnmt tne dmsbs hl ahkputers mcf MB (mrtblbabmj bctejjboecae), wnbanbs fhpef sbjbahc, nms tne ohjfec rmtbh bc tne kemcs hl bts ahkphcects. Vne ohjfec



=7

rmtbh bs reaurrect tnrhuonhut jble deamuse hl tne fycmkbas bt nms th hller. Fhpef bssbjbahc, pnhspnhrus, mcf dhrhc. Vnese mre cmturmjjy haaurrbco ejekects, kmfe dy cmture, cmkejy lhroef bc stmrs. Bl W bs pnhspnhrus, D bs Dhrhc, mcf Qb bs sbjbahc(oehketrba kemc dy Qb)9

sqrt(W*D)/Qb;sqrt(17.2?*=7.>=)/(4>.72);7.<5

mcf jet us tmè tne nmrkhcba kemc detweec pnhspnhrus mcf dhrhc mcf fbvbfe bt dy sbjbahc9

(4*(17.2?*=7.>=)/(17.2?+=7.>=))/4>.72 ;7.5?

Chw jet us tmè tne mrbtnketba kemc hl tnese twh cukders9

(7.<5+7.5?)/4;7.<=

wnban mre tne lbrst twh fbobts bc tne ohjfec rmtbh ahciuomte.

B nmve lhucf cbce-lbltns bs bc tne prhphrtbhcs hl tne khchjbtn, bt fbkecsbhcs mre = dy 6 dy2. =+6 ; 5. B nmve tmjèf mdhut nhw ky fbsahvery hl cbce-lbltns bc tne ucbverse ahkeslrhk m oypsy snmkmc vbm mc ME15 mcteccm hl nbs fesboc, mcf nhw we amc ferbve lrhkcbce-lbltns, m pjmcet ahkphsef hl eurhpbuk, mcf Eurhpm wms tne bkphrtmct khhc bc tneQpmae Hfyssey Chvejs hl Ajmrè tnmt deamke m pjmcet th Juabpner. B snhwc tnmt NMJ bsahcceatef th cbce-lbltns, deamuse bt bs rejmtef th tne ohjfec rmtbh ahciuomte wnban bs bcQbjbahc. _btn tnmt, B nmve snhwc mjj hl tne ̀ ey mspeats hl 477= amc de ferbvef lrhk cbce-lbltns. B wrhte9

‚Vne ohjfec rmtbh ahciuomte bs 7.<=> th tnree feabkmj pjmaes. Chtbae tnmt tne 4cf mcf tnbrf fbobts mlter tne feabkmj mre = mcf >, tne twh fbobts bc 2/5 fbvbfef hut.Vne = mcf < mff up th ?, tne mvermoe hl cbce mcf lbve, tne < kbcus tne hce bs hur lbve, mcf, tne ebont pjus tne hce bs hur cbce. Qh essectbmjjy, we nmve ahcceatef tne khchjbtn hl Mrtnur A. Ajmrè wbtn cmture, mcf ahkputers mcf mrtblbabmj bctejjboecae, bcteormtef abraubts, trmcsbsthrs, fbhfes (fhpef sbjbahc), wbtn tnekhchjbtn.‛

ME-15 Bs Tejmtef Vh Cbce-Lbltns

‚B wrhte m snhrt sthry jmst cbont, amjjef Oypsy Qnmkmcbsk mcf tne Ucbverse mdhut tne ME-

15 ucbt, wnban bs tne ucbt bc tne khvbe mcf dhh` 477=9 M Qpmae Hfyssey tnmt NMJ

rephrts wbjj lmbj mcf fbsahctbcue ahkkucbamtbhc th Emrtn. B feabfef th remf tne pmssmoefemjbco wbtn tne evect bc 477= mcf NMJ, tne snbp ahkputer, rephrts bt wbjj lmbj bc wbtnbc

?4 nhurs. Qtrmcoe, deamuse \ecus bs tne shurae hl ?.4 bc ky Ceptuce equmtbhc wnban

ahkes lrhk tne cbce-lbltns fbsahvery, mcf represects lmbjure, wnere Kmrs represects

suaaess.‛

_e nmve snhwc everytnbco bc Ajmrè‒s Qpmae Hfyssey Chvejs amc de ferbvef lrhk cbce-

lbltns.



==

Jevbcshc, Msbkhv, Ajmrè, Mcf Vne Ceptuce Equmtbhc

B wrhte m dhh` wnere B kmè m prefbatbhc lhr tne bcvectbhc hl nyperfrbve. Bt amke hut

smcfwbanef detweec tne fmte Bsmma Msbkhv prefbats lhr nyperfrbve (4766) bc nbs sabecae

lbatbhc sthrbes, ‚B, Thdht‛, mcf tne fmte bc wnban Wmuj Jevbcshc‒s Nerbhbc, Qberrm _mters

deobcs ner mfvectures (4764), bc nbs dhh`, ‚Vne Wjht Vh Qmve Qharmtes‛. Vne fmte Bprefbatef wbtn kmtnekmtbas, wms 4761.

B nmppecef th kmè ky prefbatbhcs furbco m tbke wnec B wms remfbco tnese whr`s hl

Jevbcshc mcf Msbkhv. Rhu amc bkmobce ky surprbse wnec B lhucf Lbatbhc Ectmcojef_btn Temjbty, Vnere bs kuan khre th tnbs sthry, mcf bt resujtef bc ky dhh` Lbatbhc-Temjbty

Ectmcojekect9 Jevbcshc, Msbkhv, Mcf Ajmrè. Kmcy bcterestbco ectmcojekects arhppef

up.

Iust wnmt wms tne resemran B wms fhbco wnec B experbecaef tnbs ectmcojekect8 B wms

whr`bco hc ky ecbokmtba fbsahvery hl cbce-lbltns bc tne Ucbverse, wnban jemf th ky dhh`

‚Mre Nukmcs Mjhce Bc Vne Ucbverse Mcf Mre Vney Nere Lhr M Temshc‛.

Chw B lbcf Lbatbhc-Temjbty Ectmcojekect9 Jevbcshc, Msbkhv, Mcf Ajmrè‛ bs ectmcojef

wbtn ‚Mre Nukmcs Mjhce Bc Vne Ucbverse Mcf Mre Vney Nere Lhr M Temshc8‛ B sbkpjy

thh` Mrtnur A. Ajmrè‒s ‚47<=9 Hfyssey Vnree‛ deamuse bt wms tne htner dhh` B wms

remfbco wnec B wms fhbco ky resemran mcf wms pmrt hl tne Lbatbhc-Temjbty Ectmcojekect9Jevbcshc, Msbkhv, Mcf Ajmrè‛.

B sbkpjy tnhuont sbcae Ajmrè‒s Hfyssey Vnree, deamuse bt tmès pjmae bc 47<= mcf tnmt bstne tbke ajhsest th tne 4764 hl Qberrm _mters, tne 4766 hl Msbkhv, mcf tne 4761 hl ky

prefbatbhc, B whujf sudtrmat ky 4761 lrhk tne 47<= hl Ajmrè‒s Hfyssey Vnree mcf tne

resujt bs9

47<=-4761;=>

Vne mcswer bs bt tmès pjmae => yemrs mlter ky prefbatbhc hl 4761. Fbvbfe => dy =7, tne

cukder hl lbcoers we nmve th ahuct hc, mcf yhu oet hce phbct ebont. Bl yhu fbvbfe tne 2dy 5 bc ky ecbokmtba cbce lbltns, yhu oet hce phbct ebont, ms wejj. B ahcsbfer Jevbcshc mcf

Msbkhv‒s fmtes th de upper mcf jhwer jbkbts lhr nyperfrbve, deamuse ky vmjue bs

smcfwbanef detweec tne twh. Vnmt bs bt wbjj mt tne emrjbest nmppec bc 4764 hr dy tne jmtest

4766. Ebtner tnmt, hr tne tnree fmtes mre spem`bco hl mc ephan ahcceatef th tne stmrs, bcpmrtbaujmr Mjpnm Aectmurb, deamuse B usef bt bc ky amjaujmtbhc, cht th kectbhc tne speef hl

jbont mcf tne tbke bt tmès emrtn th kmè hce revhjutbhc mrhucf tne suc (= yemr).

Msbkhv, Ajmrè, mcf Nebcjebc mre ahcsbferef tne Vnree Wbjjmrs hl Khferc QabecaeLbatbhc. B see Nebcjebc khre ms usbco sabecae lbatbhc th expjhre phjbtbas. B jbè th put

Jevbcshc, Msbkhv, mcf Ajmrè thoetner ms tne nemrt hl Qabecae Lbatbhc, wnban bs tne spbrbt

hl sabecae thfmy, mcf pernmps Nebcjebc ms tne kbcf, shketbkes, th use tne Nbcfu khfej

wnere Vne Nemrt bs very bkphrtmct, dut kemcs chtnbco wbtnhut tne oubfmcae hl tne Kbcf.Hl ahurse mjj tne mdhve mutnhrs ekdmr`, ujtbkmtejy bc tne remjk hl tne kbcf mcf tne nemrt.



=4

Cmture Qpem`s Hl Nukmc Festbcy

Bcfeef hur festbcy seeks th de hutjbcef dy tne struature hl cmture, mcf B

whujfc‒t de surprbsef bt nms extrmterrestrbmj tbes. B wrhte9

Vne Cbce-Lbltns Kystery Deobcs th Expmcf9 Mjjhys

Vnbs bs remjjy exabtbco, mcf bt snhws ky remshcbco kmy de ahrreat, th tnbc` tnmt nukmc

matbvbtbes nmve m fbvbce ahcceatbhc th tne ahskhs. B nmf lhucf tnmt Qmturc (seahcf jmroest

pjmcet) hrdbt th Iupbter (lbrst jmroest pjmcet) hrdbt wms 2 th 5 puttbco tne Emrtn mt hce ucbtlrhk tne Quc. Mkmzbcojy B lhucf tne shjmr rmfbus th tne jucmr hrdbt wms tne smke tnbco.

_nmt bs khre tne khst preabhus hl tne ketmjs bc khjmr kmss, ohjf th sbjver wms 2 th 5 ms

wejj.

Bt whujf seek ms emrjy ms <777 DA tne Qukerbmcs were phucfbco ohjf mcf sbjver hut th

saujpt tnbcos uctbj tney rmc hut. Vney were fhbco tnbs wbtn ahpper ms wejj, mchtner shlt,kmjjemdje ketmj, uctbj tney rmc hut. Mlter ruccbco hut tney nmf th jemrc th sepmrmte tne

hres hl tnese ketmjs lrhk htner sudstmcaes. Evectumjjy tney bcvectef `bjcs tnmt mjjhweftnek th kejt tne stull mcf kbx bt wbtn tbc, th aremte tne lbrst mjjhy, wnban we amjj drhcze.

Vnbs deomc mc moe amjjef Vne Drhcze Moe, ms emrjy ms 1577 DA. Bt wms tne deobccbco hl

ketmjjuroy.

Vne Qukerbmcs bcvectef tne `bjcs bc tne lbrst pjmae th lbre ajmy. Vhfmy, km`bco

Ahkkerabmj Drhcze uses zbca ms tne mjjhybco ketmj. Qh B ouessef, iust ms Ohjf th Qbjver

bs 2 th 5, sh snhujf tbc th zbca de tne smke. Vnbs bs exmatjy wnmt nmppecef9

Mu/Mo ; =2<.2?/=7?.>? ; =.>4522 ~ 2/5 ; =.> (ohjf th sbjver)

Qc/Yc ; ==>.?=/<5.12 ; =.>=56= ~ 2/5 ; =.> (tbc th zbca)

B nmf mjsh lhucf tnmt cbce-lbltns ucblbes pb mcf tne ohjfec rmtbh, mcf tnmt bt bs bc tne

rhtmtbhc hl petmjs mrhucf m lbve petmj ljhwer, m khst phpujmr mrrmcoekect (lbve lhjf

sykketry bs very typbamj th jble). Qee ‚Mstrhchkbm Ljmkecam‛.

Lhr wejj hver m nucfref tnhusmcf yemrs, nukmcs wmcfer mcf omtner, tnec mjj hl tne

suffec hce trbde, tne Qukerbmcs settje fhwc mjhco tne Vborbs mcf Eupnrmtes bc

Keshphtmkbm (Brmq) mcf dubjf drba` nhuses, bcvect morbaujture, bcvect wrbtbco, mcf

ketmjjuroy, kefbabce, ahbcs, maahuctbco, kmtnekmtbas mcf abvbjbzmtbhc bc oecermj. Bt nmsdeec m ahcsbferef m oremt kystery wny, mcf evec nhw, tney fbf tnbs, mjkhst hvercbont hc

mc mranmehjhobamj tbke samje. Vnmt tney whujf fh bt seeks th de wrbttec bc tne stmrs, mcf B

whujfc‒t de tne lbrst th suooest bt wms extrmterrestrbmjs hl bctejjboecae lmr deyhcf tnmt hl tne nukmc (nhkh smpbec) tnmt nmf m nmcf bc mjj hl tnbs.



=1

Ky fbsahvery hl cbce-lbltns bc cmture jemf th ky ceptuce equmtbhc mcf th ky urmcusequmtbhc. Cbce-lbltns B lhucf wms tne ybc lhr wnban ymco wms lbve-tnbrfs.

_nmt fhes tnbs kemc8 _ejj bl Ohjf th Qbjver bs =.>, mcf tbc th zbca bs =.> (Drhcze Moe),tnec snhujf cht tne cext cukder bc tne cbce-lbltns sequecae, wnban bs 1.<, represect Vne

Brhc Moe. _ejj bt fhes. Ms bt turcs hut, ohjf (Mu) th Brhc Le bs 1.5, fbvbfbco hut khjmr

kmsses, ms we stmtef bc Vne Oecesbs Nyphtnesbs.

Mlter tne Brhc Moe, hce kbont ahcsbfer bt bs chw, mcf bs tne Qbjbahc Moe, deamuse sbjbahc

mjjhws lhr bcteormtef abraubtry. _e ahujf amjj bt tne moe hl ejeatrhcbas, pernmps detter tne

moe hl fbobtmj ejeatrhcbas. Qbjbahc snhujf tnec de tne tnbrf terk bc tne cbce-lbltns

sequecae, wnban bs 5.6. Dut we whujf nmve th fbvbfe bt bcth shketnbco. Hce whujf ouessbt whujf de Eurhpbuk, deamuse bt nms ch dbhjhobamj lucatbhc, iust m use lhr ejeatrhcbas bc

tnmt bt bs pnhspnhresaect (ojhws). _ejj iust ms B ouessef, Eurhpbuk (Eu) fbvbfef dy

Qbjbahc (Qb) bs 5.69

Eu/Qb ;=5=.2?/4>.72 ; 5.6=7==71< ~ 5.6

Bt bs mjkhst exmat!

Vne Moe hl Bcterstejjmr Vrmvej

Vbc th zbca wms tne =.> hl Vne Drhcze Moe. Ohjf th Brhc wms tne 1.< hl Vne Brhc Moe.

Eurhpbuk th Qbjbahc wms tne 5.6 hl tne Fbobtmj Ejeatrhcbas Moe. Vne cext cukder bc tnecbce-lbltns sequecae bs ?.4. _e mssuke tnmt bs Vne Moe hl Nyperspmtbmj Vrmvej. Bc htner

whrfs tne moe hl tne fevejhpkect hl m stmrsnbp. Vnere nms deec shke bcfbamtbhc tnbs

whujf de phweref dy tne reaect mffbtbhc th Vne Werbhfba Vmdje Hl Vne Ejekects,Ejekect ==5 (mthkba kmss 4>>). Vne ejekect wms reaectjy syctnesbzef bc 4771. Vh

feterkbce tne ejekect tnmt fbvbfes bcth bt th km`e ?.4, we wrbte9

4>>/x ; ?.4

?.4x ; 4>>

4>>/?.4 ; 67 ; Amjabuk ; 67.7>

Vne ejekect Amjabuk. B nhpef th lbcf shketnbco tnmt whujf de m ajue th km`bco

nyperfrbve (m stmr ecobce). Dut Amjabuk bs tne khst mducfmct ketmj bc kmcy mcbkmjs,

kbcermjbzbco th km`e dhce, teetn, mcf snejjs. Bt bs mjsh tne lbltn khst mducfmct ejekect bctne Emrtn‒s arust dy kmss.



=6

Oypsy Qnmkmcbsk Mcf Vne Ucbverse



=5

Bctrhfuatbhc9 M Vnhrhuon Vremtkect Hl Fbkecsbhcmj Mcmjysbs

Ucbts mre tne dmsba kmocbtufes we use th kemsure fbkecsbhcs, wnban mre qumctbtbes we

use th fesarbde cmture, jbè jecotn, kmss, tbke, tekpermture, mcf eceroy. _e felbce m

`bjhketer th hce tec tnhusmcftn hl tne fbstmcae lrhk tne phje th tne equmthr, m keter th de

hce tnhusmcftn hl m `bjhketer, m aectbketer th de hce nucfreftn hl m keter. _e felbce mseahcf th de hce ><, 677tn hl mc Emrtn fmy, mcf m ormk th de tne webont hl m audba

aectbketer hl wmter mt stmcfmrf tekpermture mcf pressure, wnban bs zerh feorees

aectbormfe mcf tne pressure mt sem jevej. _e felbce hce feoree aectbormfe dy smybco zerh

feorees bs tne tekpermture mt wnban wmter lreezes, mcf =77 feorees aectbormfe bs tnetekpermture mt wnban wmter dhbjs. Vnbs bs tne ketrba systek, mcf we aremtef bt bc terks hl

tne whrjf we `chw. Mcf we aremtef bt sh tnmt dy mssbocbco m Oree` prelbx, jbè @bjh

(kemcbco tnhusmcf) wnec mttmanef th keter, kemcs m tnhusmcf keters, hr dy mssbocbco

tne Oree` prelbx aectb (kemcbco nucfreftn) bs hce nucfreftn hl m keter. Vnmt bs m keterbs m nucfref aectbketers, mcf m `bjhketer bs =777 tnhusmcf keters. Vne systek bs useluj

deamuse cht hcjy nmve we ferbvef tne ucbts lrhk pnysbamj prhpertbes, tne fbllerect ucbts bc

tne systek orhw ms kujtbpjes hl tec. Qh, bl we wmct th whr` wbtn kemsurbco shketnbcoskmjj, jbè mc mahrc, we fesarbde bt wbtn aectbketers, mcf bl we whr` wbtn shketnbcojmroe, jbè tne fbmketer hl tne emrtn we use `bjhketers.

Delhre tne ketrba systek, we kemsuref qumctbtbes bc terks hl leet mcf phucfs, wnbje

seahcfs nmve mjwmys deec ahcstmct th dhtn tne lhht-phucf systek mcf tne ketrba systek.Wrhdmdjy deamuse seahcfs mre ferbvef lrhk tne 1<5 fmy, twejve khctn, yemr mcf tne 46

nhur fmy, wnban nbsthrbamjjy fevejhpef lrhk wbse amjecfmr kmèrs hver tnhusmcfs hl

yemrs. Dut tne lhht kmès jbttje secse, hcjy ahkbco pernmps lrhk tne nemrsmy snhe sbze hl m `bco, mcf tne phucf lrhk Ohf `chws wnere. Qtbjj lurtner, tnbs systek whujf seek cht

th de tnmt prmokmtba bc tnmt tnere mre twejve bcanes bc mcf lhht mcf tnree leet bc m ymrf, m

lmr ary lrhk tne secsbdbjbty hl tne ketrba systek wnere mjj sbzes hr mkhucts mre m kujtbpjehl tec hl mchtner.

Eurhpe uses tne ketrba systek, jbè rhmf sbocs mre bc `bjhketers, mcf snhe sbzes bc

aectbketers. _e use kbjes lhr hur rhmf sbocs mcf bcanes lhr snhe sbzes. Nhwever,

deamuse hl tne prmokmtba cmture hl tne ketrba systek, Mkerbamc mcf Eurhpemc sabectbstsuse tne ketrba systek mjbè. Hltec, nhwever, deamuse tne lhht-phucf systek bs stbjj bc use

bc Vne Ucbtef Qtmtes, sabectbst shketbkes lbcf tneksejves nmvbco th oh th tne ellhrt hl

ahcvertbco fmtm tney ceef lrhk leet mcf phucfs th keters mcf `bjhormks.

Dut wnmt bl B smbf cht hcjy mre dhtn tne ketrba systek mcf tne lhht-phucf systek

ahcceatef th tne Ucbverse dut th hce mchtner bc m wmy tnmt whujf suooest tne evhjutbhc hl tnebr fevejhpkects bs fbllerect tnmc tne nbsthry we `chw8 Vnmt bs wnmt B seek th de

lbcfbco.



=<

Ky Ahskba Mranmehjhoy bs dmsef hc tne bfem tnmt 2/5 bs tne Rbc hl tne Ucbverse, 5/1 bs

tne Rmco hl tne Ucbverse, mcf =5 (Kmcuej‒s cukder, K) bs tne kmoba cukder. _btntnese tnree cukders we ahcstruat m Ucbverse tnmt seeks strb`bcojy khre tnmc

ahbcabfectmj.



=?

ME-15

B wrhte m snhrt sthry jmst cbont, amjjef Oypsy Qnmkmcbsk mcf tne Ucbverse mdhut tne ME-

15 ucbt, wnban bs tne ucbt bc tne khvbe mcf dhh` 477=9 M Qpmae Hfyssey tnmt NMJ

rephrts wbjj lmbj mcf fbsahctbcue ahkkucbamtbhc th Emrtn. B feabfef th remf tne pmssmoe

femjbco wbtn tne evect bc 477= mcf NMJ, tne snbp ahkputer, rephrts bt wbjj lmbj bc wbtnbc?4 nhurs. Qtrmcoe, deamuse \ecus bs tne shurae hl ?.4 bc ky Ceptuce equmtbhc mcf

represects lmbjure, wnere Kmrs represects suaaess. Cht hcjy tnmt, wnec B jemrcef tne

nbonest oekmtrbm (cukerbamj vmjue) lhr tne cmke hl tne Nedrew Ohf, RN_N bs ?4 lrhk

wnmt Fhvbf @rmlanhw, tne Iewbsn Dhnekbmc smbf, bt resujtef bc ky whr` RN_N, Bsntmr,Mcf Vne Ceptuce Equmtbhc bc ky dhh`, Qet Vnehry 7= Mcf 74 Mcf 71. Lurtner tnbs

ahcceats th ky dhh` mdhut nhw Wmuj Jevbcshc, Bsmma Msbkhv, Mcf Mrtnur A. Ajmrè

ectmcoje wbtn ky jble mcf fbsahverbes mdhut tne Ucbverse, amjjef9 Lbatbhc Temjbty

Ectmcojekect9 Jevbcshc, Msbkhv, Mcf Ajmrè. Jmtejy suan ectmcojekect nms pbaèf upbc pmae, mcf B fhc‒t nmve tne tbke th wrbte bt mjj hut, dut B tnbc` tnbs bs hl pmrtbaujmr

bkphrtmcae shkenhw, sh B mk wrbtbco mdhut bt. Nere mre jbc`s th tne tnree dhh`s B iust

kectbhcef9

Bmc Demrfsjey

Muoust 5, 47=4



=>

Anmpter Hce

Bt kust nmve deec =2>2 hr =227 wnec B thh` m jemve hl mdsecae lrhk Vne Ucbversbty Hl

Hreohc, stufybco Qpmcbsn, Wnysbas, mcf whr`bco mt tne stmte hdservmthry bc Hreohc --

Wbce Khuctmbc Hdservmthry‖th pursue ljmkecah bc Qpmbc.

Vne khhrs, wnban amrvef amves bcth tne nbjjs lhr resbfecae wnec tney were dubjfbco tne

Mjnmkdrm Amstje hc tne nbjj lmabco tnek, mdmcfhcef tnek delhre tne Oypsbes, hr Thkm,

nmf mrrbvef tnere bc Ormcmfm Qpmbc. Vne Oypsbes were reshuraeluj echuon th stuaah mcf

tbje tne mdmcfhcef amves, mcf tmè tnek up lhr nhkes.

Jbvbco bc hce suan amve hwcef dy m oypsy snmkmc, wms remjjy cht m fhwc mcf hut

sbtumtbhc, ms tnese nhkes nmf pjukdbco mcf oms ahh`bco ucbts tnmt rmc hll dhttjes hl

prhpmce. Bt wms remjjy ahkpmrmdje th jbvbco bc m Cmtbve Mkerbamc mfhde nhke bc CewKexbah.

Hl ahurse jbvbco bc suan m pjmae amke wbtn resphcsbdbjbtbes, mcf tnmt bcajufef wmterbco btsomrfecs. Vne Qnmkmc thjf ke9 ‚_mter tne ljhwers, mcf, wnec yhu mre fhce, rhjj up tnenhse mcf put bt bc tne amve, hr bt wbjj oet sthjec‛. B nmf stufbef Amstbjbmc Qpmcbsn bc

ahjjeoe mcf ms suan m nhse bs ‚ucm kmcouerm‛, dut tne Qnmkmc amjjef bt ‚ucm ohkm‛ mcf

ohkm trmcsjmtes ms rudder. Thjj up tne nhse mcf put bt mwmy wnec yhu mre fhce wbtn bt9

ohhf mfvbae!

Qh, B wmter tne ljhwers, rhjjup tne nhse mcf put bt mwmy. Vne Qnmkmc ahkes th tne amve

tne cext fmy mcf tejjs ke B fbfc‒t rhjj up tne nhse mcf put bt mwmy, sh bt oht sthjec, mcftnmt B nmf th duy nbk m cew hce.

Ne ahkes dy tne amve m lew fmys jmter, wmès ke up ms`s ke th maahkpmcy nbk hut hl Vne Qmarhkhcte, th shke pjmae detweec tnere mcf tne hjf Mrmdba abty, Mjdmbabc, th duynbk m cew nhse.

Bt wmsc‒t m lmr wmj` mt mjj, tne equbvmject hl m lew abty djha`s lrhk tne amves. _e oet th

tne sthre, wnban wms m ahucter lmabco tne street, cht hce tnmt yhu ahujf ecter. Ne smys thtne kmc denbcf tne ahucter, obve ke 5 keters hl nhse. Vne kmc denbcf tne ahucter

pujjef hll lbve keters hl nhse lrhk tne spbcfje, mcf aut tne nhse th tnmt jecotn. Ne stmtef

m vmjue bc pesetms, kmyde >77, hr sh, (mdhut ebont fhjjmrs mt tne tbke) mcf tne Qnmkmc thjf

ke th obve tnmt mkhuct th tne kmc denbcf tne ahucter, wnh wms Qpmcbsn. B pmbf tne kmc,mcf we jelt.

B amrrbef tne nhse, mcf tne Qnmkmc wmjèf mjhco sbfe ke uctbj we mrrbvef mt nbs amve

wnere B wms stmybco. _e ecteref tne amve sthppef mt tne wmj` wmy detweec jbvbco rhhkmcf `btanec, mcf ne smbf9 ‚lhjjhw ke‛. _e wect tnrhuon m tuccej tnmt nmf mdhut tnree

anmkders bc tne amve, mcf ecteref hce hc hur rbont ms we were nemfbco bc, mcf we

sthppef mcf delhre ke wms m ahjjeatbhc hl wnmt B estbkmtef th de lblteec rudder nhses

sbttbco hc orhucf. Vne Qnmkmc thjf ke th set tne hce B nmf iust dhuont nbk hc tne ljhhr



=2

wbtn tne htners. B fbf, mcf we jelt tne anmkder, mcf ne jelt tne amve, mcf B retremtef th m

ahuan bc tne amve jbvbco rhhk.

Anmpter Vwh

Oypsbes nmve m wmy hl `chwbco tnbcos mdhut m pershc, wnetner hr cht hce fbsajhses bt thtnek bc whrfs, mcf Vne Qnmkmc wms mwmre tnmt B cht hcjy whrèf bc Mstrhchky, dut tnmt

ky whr` bc mstrhchky bcvhjvef `chwbco mcf fhbco ejeatrhcbas.

Qh, kmyde m wee` hr twh mlter B nmf dhuont nbk m nhse, ne amke th nbs amve wnere B wmsstmybco, mcf msèf ke bl B whujf de mdje th bcstmjj mc mcteccm lhr tejevbsbhc mt mc

mpmrtkect wnere nbs cepnew jbvef.

Qh tnbs tbke B wms cht amrrybco m nhse tnrhuon Vne Qmarhkhcte, dut mc mcteccm.

Vnere were severmj hl us hc tne pmtbh, hc m nbjj mfimaect th tne mpmrtkect hl Vne Qnmkmc‒s

Cepnew, bcstmjjbco mc mcteccm lhr tejevbsbhc reaeptbhc.

Anmpter Vnree

B mk chw bc Qhutnerc Amjblhrcbm, mt tne nhuse hl ky khtner, bt bs jmte mt cbont, sne bs m

msjeep, mcf B mk mdhut 46 yemrs hjf mcf B feabfe th jhh` hut tne wbcfhw, emst, marhss VneMtjmctba, th Qpmbc. Bkkefbmtejy B see tne Qnmkmc, bc nbs jbvbco rhhk, wnere B nmf emtec m

dhwj hl tne Oypsy shup amjjef Wuanerh, mcf B nemr tne whrf Mcteccm. B chw remjbze

wnec B bcstmjjef tne mcteccm, B nmf deahke hce, mcf wms reaebvbco kessmoes lrhk tneQnmkmc.

Vne Qnmkmc‒s Anbjfrec were ljmkecah oubtmrbsts, mcf B jemrcef lrhk tnek, th pjmy tneoubtmr. B mk chw pjmybco ljmkecah, wbtn bcstruatbhcs lrhk tne snmkmc th put tne oypsyspmae prhormk bcth ky kusba. B remjbze B mk cht iust mcy mcteccm, dut tne ME15 tnmt

kmjlucatbhcef mdhmrf Vne Fbsahvery iust delhre bt mrrbvef mt tne pjmcet Iupbter bc Mrtnur

A. Ajmrè‒s mcf Qtmcjey @udrba`‒s ‚477=9 M Qpmae Hfyssey‛. Vne Qnmkmc tejjs ke,

tejepmtnbamjjy, tnmt tnbs tbke tne kbssbhc whc‒t lmbj.

Anmpter Lhur

B mk wmtanbco Qtmr _mrs mcf see m spmaesnbp, wnban bs twh hdjhco ampsujes ljybcoahcceatef bc tmcfek. Vne Oypsy Qnmkmc smys th ke tejepmtnbamjjy9 ‚Fbhs es ucm bfem9

shc fhs‛. B ucferstmcf tnmt th kemc ‚Ohf bs mc bfem9 tnere mre twh ejekects‛. Qh B ohtnrhuon jble dmsbco ky jble hc tne cukder twh.

Anmpter Lbve

Hcae hce nms tmstef Qpmbc, tnmt pershc jhcos th returc. B jmcf bc Kmfrbf, Chrtnerc Qpmbc,

Vne Ampbthj. Vne Qpmcbmrfs `chw ky festbcmtbhc bs Ormcmfm, Qhutnerc Qpmbc, Vne OypsyCebondhrnhhf amjjef Vne Qmarhkhcte, tne amves, mcf bkkefbmtejy reahocbze B mk ucfer



47

tne spejj hl m Oypsy Qnmkmc, mcf wnmt bs khre tnmt B mk Vne ME15 Mcteccm lhr Vne

Oypsy Qpmae Wrhormk. Ljmkecah debco ljmkecah, tne Qpmcbmrfs fh cht ucfh tne spejj,dut reprhormk tne bcstruatbhcs lhr ke, tne ME15 Mcteccm, sh tnmt wnec B mrrbve dma` bc

tne Ucbtef Qtmtes, ky ljmkecah wbjj chw stmte tnebr bfem hl m spmae prhormk. Bt wms hl

ahurse, ljmkecah debco ljmkecah, mc mttekpt th hut-fh tne Oypsy spmae prhormk.

Anmpter Qbx

B mk dma` bc tne Ucbtef Qtmtes mcf B mk mt tne nhuse hl ky khtner, bt bs cbont tbke mombc,

sne bs msjeep, mcf B jhh` hut tne wbcfhw emst, marhss tne Mtjmctba, th Qpmbc, mcf tnbs tbke Bfh cht see tne jbvbco rhhk hl tne oypsy snmkmc, dut tne streets hl Kmfrbf mt cbont, mcf mjj

tne pehpje, mcf tne whrf Iupbter ahkes th kbcf mcf B mk mdhut th smy hl ahurse, Iupbter,

mcf Vne Qpmcbsn bcterrupt mcf smy ‚Res, yhu mre rbont bt bs tne jmroest pjmcet bc tne shjmr

systek, yhu mre rbont th ahcsbfer bt, mjj ejse wbjj ljhw lrhk bt.‛

B `chw rmtbhs, bc kmtnekmtbas mre tne khst bcterestbco sudieat, jbè pb, tne rmtbh hl tne

abrauklerecae hl m abraje th bts fbmketer, mcf tne ohjfec rmtbh, sh B ahcsbfer tne rmtbh hl tne hrdbt hl Qmturc (tne seahcf jmroest pjmcet bc tne shjmr systek) th tne hrdbt hl Iupbter mttnebr ajhsest mpprhmanes th Vne Quc, mcf lbcf bt bs cbce-lbltns (cbce ahkpmref th lbve)

wnban fbvbfef hut bs hce phbct ebont (=.>).

B tnec prhaeef th tne cext jhobamj step9 cht rmtbhs, dut prhphrtbhcs. M rmtbh bs tnbsahkpmref th tnmt, dut m prhphrtbhc bs tnbs bs th tnmt ms tnbs bs th tnmt. Qh tne questbhc bs9

Qmturc bs th Iupbter ms wnmt bs th wnmt8 Hl ahurse tne mcswer bs ms Ohjf bs th Qbjver. Ohjf

bs fbvbce0 sbjver bs cext fhwc hc tne jbst. Hl ahurse hce fhes cht ahkpmre m fhzechrmcoes th m nmjl fhzec mppjes, dut m fhzec hl hce th m fhzec hl tne htner, bl hce wmcts th

extrmat mcy `bcf hl kemcbco. Dut mthks hl ohjf mcf sbjver mre cht kemsuref bc fhzecs,

dut bc khjes. Qh B ahkpmref m khje hl ohjf th m khje hl sbjver, mcf B smbf ch wmy, bt bscbce-lbltns, mcf Qmturc bs bcfeef th Iupbter ms Ohjf bs th Qbjver.

B smbf th kysejl9 Nhw lmr fhes tnbs oh8 Vne Qnmkmc‒s shc hcae thjf ke ne wms bc jhve

wbtn khhc. Qh B ahkpmref tne rmfbus hl tne suc, tne fbstmcae lrhk bts aecter th bts surlmae

th tne jucmr hrdbtmj rmfbus, tne fbstmcae lrhk tne aecter hl tne emrtn th tne aecter hl tnekhhc. Bt wms Cbce ahkpmref th Lbve mombc!

Anmpter Qevec

B nmf lhucf 2/5 wms mt tne arux hl tne Ucbverse, dut lhr every ybc tnere nmf th de m ymco.

Cbce lbltns wms hce mcf ebont-tectns hl tne wmy mrhucf m abraje. Vne hce thh` yhu dma` thtne deobccbco wnban jelt yhu wbtn > tectns. Chw oh th ebont tectns bc tne htner fbreatbhc,

bt bs ?4 feorees hl tne 1<7 feorees bc m abraje. Vnmt bs tne sepmrmtbhc detweec petmjs hc mlbve-petmjef ljhwer, m khst phpujmr mrrmcoekect. Bcfeef jble bs `chwc th nmve lbve-lhjf

sykketry, tne pnysbamj, jbè schwljmès, sbx-lhjf. Fh tne mjohrbtnk hl lbve-lhjf

sykketry bc reverse lhr sbx-lhjf sykketry, mcf yhu oet tne ymco th tne ybc hl cbce-lbltns

bs lbve-tnbrfs.



4=

Cbce-lbltns wms bc tne ejekects ohjf th sbjver, Qmturc th Iupbter, Quc th khhc. _nere wms

lbve-tnbrfs8 Qmjt hl ahurse. ‚Vne Qmjt Hl Vne Emrtn‛ bs tnmt wnban bs ohhf, iust remfQnm`espemre‒s ‚@bco Jemr‛. Qhfbuk bs tne ketmj ahkphcect th tmdje smjt, Whtmssbuk bs,

msbfe lrhk debco mc bkphrtmct lertbjbzer, tne sudstbtute lhr Qhfbuk, ms m ketmj ahkphcect

th km`e smjt sudstbtute. Vne khjmr kmss hl phtmssbuk th shfbuk bs lbve th tnree, tne ymco

th tne ybc hl cbce-lbltns, wnban bs ohjf th sbjver. Dut kujtbpjy ybc wbtn ymco, tnmt bs cbce-lbltns wbtn lbve-tnbrfs, mcf yhu oet 1, mcf tne emrtn bs tne tnbrf pjmcet lrhk tne suc.

B tnhuont tne arux hl tne ucbverse kust de tne fbllerecae detweec cbce-lbltns mcf lbve-

tnbrfs. B sudtrmatef tne twh mcf oht twh-lblteectns! Vwh ahkpmref th lblteec! B nmfdhuont tne Qnmkmc nbs lblteectn rudder nhse, mcf mlter ne kmfe ke bcth tne ME15

Mcteccm hce hl nbs lbrst trmcskbssbhcs th ke wms9 ‚Ohf Bs Mc Bfem9 Vnere Mre Vwh

Ejekects‛.

Bt bs sh hdvbhus, tne khst mducfmct oms bc tne Emrtn Mtkhspnere bs Cbtrhoec,anekbamj sykdhj =5!



44

Vne Qequecae

_e ahcsbferef tne rmtbh cbce th lbve, tnec tne prhphrtbhc mcf lhucf bt bc Qmturc Hrdbt th

Iupbter hrdbt, Qhjmr Tmfbus th Jucmr Hrdbt, Ohjf th Qbjver mcf bl ljhwer petmj

mrrmcoekects. Bt bs jelt tnec th ahcsbfer tne wnhje cukder kujtbpjes hl cbce-lbltns (=.>)

hr tne sequecae9

=.>, 1.<, 5.6, ?.4,…

bc htner whrfs, mcf we jhh` th see bl bt bs bc tne shjmr systek mcf lbcf bt bs bc tne lhjjhwbcowmys9

=.>

Qmturc Hrdbt/Iupbter Hrdbt

Qhjmr Tmfbus/Jucmr Hrdbt

Ohjf/Qbjver

1.<

(=7)Keraury Tmfbus/Emrtn Tmfbus

(=7)Keraury Hrdbt/Emrtn Hrdbt

(emrtn rmfbus)/(khhc rmfbus);6(feorees bc m abraje)(khhc fbstmcae)/(suc fbstmcae)

; 1.? ~ 1.<

Vnere mre mdhut ms kmcy fmys bc m yemr ms feorees bc m abraje.

(\hjuke hl Qmturc/\hjuke Hl Iupbter)(\hjuke Hl Kmrs) ; 7.1? audba emrtn rmfbb~ 1.<

Vne jmtter amc de ahcvertef th 1.< dy kujtbpjybco bt dy (Emrtn Kmss/Kmrs Kmss) deamuseEmrtn bs mdhut tec tbkes ms kmssbve ms Kmrs.

5.6

Iupbter Hrdbt/Emrtn HrdbtQmturc Kmss/Ceptuce Kmss

?.4

=7(\ecus Hrdbt/Emrtn Hrdbt)



41

Vne Ceptuce Equmtbhc

Bl we ahcsbfer ms wejj tne sequecae wnere we deobc wbtn lbve mcf mff cbce th eman

suaaessbve terk9 5, =6, 41, 14…Vnec, tne struature hl tne shjmr systek mcf fycmkba

ejekects hl tne Ucbverse mcf Cmture bc oecermj mre tbef up bc tne twh sequecaes9

5, =6, 41, 14,…

mcf

=.>, 1.<, 5.6, ?.4,…

Nhw fh we lbcf tne ahcceatbhc detweec tne twh th jhamjbze tne pbvhtmj phbct hl tne shjmr

systek8 _e tmè tnebr fbllerecae, sudtrmatbco respeatbve terks bc tne seahcf sequecaelrhk tnhse bc tne lbrst sequecae th hdtmbc tne cew sequecae9

1.4, =7.6, =?.<, 46.>,…

_nban bs mc mrbtnketba sequecae wbtn ahkkhc fbllerecae hl ?.4 kemcbco bt bs wrbttec

?.4c ‑ 6 ; mXc

Vne mXc bs tne ctn terk hl tne sequecae, c bs tne cukder hl tne terk bc tne sequecae.

Vnbs we chtbae amc de wrbttec9

P(\ecus-hrdbt)/(Emrtn-hrdbt)[P(Emrtn-kmss)/(Kmrs-kmss)[c ‑ (Kmrs hrdbtmj #) ; mXc

_e nmve mc equmtbhc lhr m sequecae tnmt snhws tne Emrtn strmffjef detweec \ecus mcfKmrs. \ecus bs m lmbjef Emrtn. Kmrs prhkbses th de Cew Emrtn.

Vne Kmrs hrdbtmj cukder bs 6. Bl we wmct th `chw wnmt pjmcet bc tne shjmr systek nhjfs

tne èy th tne suaaess hl Emrtn, hr th tne suaaess hl nukmcs, we jet c ;1 sbcae tne Emrtn bstne tnbrf pjmcet hut lrhk tne Quc, bc tne equmtbhc mcf tne resujt bs mXc ; =?.<. Vnbs kemcs

tne pjmcet tnmt nhjfs tne èy bs Ceptuce. Bt nms m kmss hl =?.41 emrtn kmsses, m cukder

very ajhse th hur =?.<.

Cht hcjy bs Ceptuce tne bcfbamtef pjmcet, we lbcf bt nms cemrjy tne smke surlmae ormvbty ms

emrtn mcf cemrjy tne smke bcajbcmtbhc th bts hrdbt ms emrtn. Vnhuon bt bs kuan khrekmssbve tnmc emrtn, bt bs kuan jmroer mcf tnerelhre jess fecse. Vnmt wms wny bt ahkes hut

th nmve tne smke surlmae ormvbty.



46

Vne Urmcus Equmtbhc

B ms`ef wnmt ceefs th de fhce th shjve Ky Ceptuce Equmtbhc, dy ohbco feep wbtn tne

oubtmr bc Qhjem Whr Dujerms. B lhucf tne mcswer wms tnmt B fbfc‒t nmve echuon

bclhrkmtbhc th shjve bt.

Vnec B remjbzef B ahujf aremte tne ahkpjekect hl tne Ceptuce equmtbhc dy jhh`bco mt tne

Rmco hl 5/1, sbcae tne Ceptuce equmtbhc amke lrhk tne Rbc hl 2/5.

_e use tne smke ketnhf ms lhr tne Ceptuce equmtbhc9

Qtmrt wbtn > mcf mff 5 th eman mffbtbhcmj terk (we tnrhw m twbst dy cht stmrtbco wbtn 5)

5/1 ;3 >, =1, =>, 41,…

Jbst tne cukders tnmt mre wnhje cukder kujtbpjes hl 5/19

5/1c ; =.?, 1.1, 5, <.?,…

Qudtrmat respeatbve terks bc tne seahcf sequecae lrhk tnhse bc tne lbrst9

<.1, 2.?, =1, =<.1,…

Vnbs bs mc mrbtnketba sequecae wbtn ahkkhc fbllerecae 1.1. Bt amc de wrbttec9

(mXc) ; 1 + 1.1c

Vnbs amc de wrtttec9

Emrtn Hrdbtmj # + (Iupbter Kmss/Qmturc Kmss)c ; mXc

Jettbco c ; 1 we lbcf mXc ; =1

Vne ajhsest th tnbs bs tne kmss hl Urmcus, wnban bs =6.56 emrtn kmsses. Bl Ceptuce bs tne

Rbc pjmcet, tnec Urmcus bs tne Rmco pjmcet. Vnbs bs bcterestbco deamuse B nmf lhucf tnmt

Urmcus mcf Ceptuce were fbllerect kmcblestmtbhcs hl tne smke tnbco. B nmf wrbttec9

B amjaujmte tnmt tnhuon Ceptuce bs khre kmssbve tnmc Urmcus, bts vhjuke bs jess suan tnmt

tnebr prhfuats mre ajhse th equbvmject. Bc kmtn9

CXv ; vhjuke hl CeptuceCXk ; kmss hl Ceptuce

UXv ; vhjuke hl Urmcus

UXk ; kmss hl Urmcus

(CXv)(CXk) ; (UXv)(UXk)



45

Vne Ucblbamtbhc Hl Wb mcf Wnb dy Cbce-Lbltns

Mjj tnmt bs jelt th fh bs th ahcsbfer pb, tne abrauklerecae hl m abraje th bts fbmketer, mcf

pnb, tne ohjfec rmtbh, sbcae tney mre twh khst bkphrtmct, bl cht khst demutbluj rmtbhs bc

kmtnekmtbas.

B nmve lhucf cbce-lbltns haaurs tnrhuonhut cmture bc tne rhtmtbhc hl petmjs mrhucf m

m ljhwer lhr m khst phpujmr mrrmcoekect, bc tne hrdbts hl iupbter th smturc bc tnebr

ajhsest mpprhmanes th tne suc, bc tne rmtbh hl tne khjmr kmsses hl ohjf th sbjver, mcf

bc tne rmtbh hl tne shjmr rmfbus th tne jucmr hrdbt. B chw lurtner oh hc th smy tnmt tnbs

cbce-lbltns ucblbes tne twh khst bkphrtmct rmtbhs bc kmtnekmtbas pb mcf tne ohjfec

rmtbh (pnb), bc tnmt

pb + pnb ; 1.=6= + =.<=> ; 6.?52

Deamuse tne cukders mlter tne feabkmj bc tne suk (tne bkphrtmct pmrt) mre 5 mcf 2

mcf ?, tne mvermoe hl 5 mcf cbce.

B snhujf mjsh jbè th phbct hut tnmt tne lhurtn mcf lbltn cukders mlter tne feabkmj bcpb mre 5 mcf 2 mcf bc pnb tne tnbrf mcf lhurtn cukders mlter tne feabkmj mre hce mcfebont wnere cbce-lbltns fbvbfef hut bs hce phbct ebont, mcf, lurtner, tne lbrst mcfseahcf cukders mlter tne feabkmj bc pnb mff up th kmè ?, tne mvermoe hl 2 mcf 5,mcf sudtrmat th kmè lbve, mcf tne seahcf mcf tnbrf fbobts mlter tne feabkmj mff upth cbce. Qh cht hcjy fhes tne shjmr systek ucbly pb mcf pnb tnrhuon cbce-lbltns, pb

mcf pnb tmèc mjhce express cbce-lbltns bc tne dest phssbdje wmys.



4<

Qukkmry Mdhut Cbce-Lbltns

Bc Qukkmry, tnbs khst demutbluj ahcstmct bc Cmture, hl cbce-lbltns, wnban ucblbes pb mcf

tne ohjfec rmtbh, tne twh khst demutbluj rmtbhs bc kmtnekmtbas, bs tne khst phpujmr

mrrmcoekect hl petmjs mrhucf m ljhwer, mcf bs bc tne rmtbh hl tne khjmr kmsses hl ohjf th

sbjver, tne khst preabhus hl tne ketmjs. Hce ahujf hcjy ouess tnmt suan whujf dechtbaemdje tnrhuonhut tne ucbverse mcf whujf de chtbaef dy htner bctejjboect jble bc tne

ucbverse, mcf, ms suan tne rejmtbhcsnbp whujf de bfemj lhr trmcskbssbhc hl m kessmoe dy

htner bctejjboect jble lhrks bc tne ucbverse th smy th tne reaebver9 ‚B mk nere mcf nmve

chtbaef bt‛. Vne aurbhus tnbco bs tnmt bt exbsts bc hur shjmr systek bc tne rmtbh hl tne hrdbt hl Qmturc mt bts ajhsest mpprhman th tne suc ahkpmref th tne hrdbt hl Iupbter mt bts ajhsest

mpprhman th tne suc, kystbamjjy puttbco tne Emrtn mt hce ucbt lrhk tne Quc (Iupbter mcf

Qmturc debco tne jmroest mcf khst kmssbve bc tne shjmr systek, tne Emrtn tnmt pjmcet wnbannmrdhrs bctejjboect jble bc tne Qhjmr Qystek), mcf bc tne rmtbh hl tne Quc‒s rmfbus th tne

hrdbtmj rmfbus hl tne khhc (khhc-emrtn sepmrmtbhc). Vne questbhc bs wny fhes tnbs

rejmtbhcsnbp lhr pb mcf tne ohjfec rmtbh hl cbce-lbltns cht iust exbst tnrhuonhut tne

Ucbverse bc ohjf, sbjver, mcf pernmps ljhwer petmj mrrmcoekects, dut khre jhamjjy bc hurshjmr systek8 Fhes bt kemc nukmcs nmve shke `bcf hl fbvbce speabmjcess bc tne ahskhs8

_nbje we amc `chw tnmt tne cbce-lbltns pnechkechc whujf de represectef dy ohjf mcf

sbjver tnrhuonhut tne ucbverse, we aurrectjy amccht `chw wnetner tne bcnmdbtmcts hl htner

stmr systeks nmve bt bc tnebr suc (stmr) tney hrdbt mcf m khhc tnmt kbont hrdbt tnebr pjmcethr bc tne rmtbh hl tne hrdbts hl tne jmroest pjmcets bc tnebr stmr systek puttbco tnebr pjmcet mt

hce ucbt lrhk tnebr stmr. Vne mcswer th tnbs ecbokm, B tnbc`, kust de hl extrmhrfbcmry

prhlucfbty.



4?

(pb) mcf (e)

B nmve tmj`ef mdhut nhw 2/5, wnban B nmve lhucf exbsts bc Cmture mcf tne Ucbverse,

ucblbes pb mcf tne ohjfec rmtbh (pnb)9

(pb) + (pnb) ; 1.=6= + =.<=> ; 6.?52

deamuse tne lbrst tnree cukders mlter tne feabkmj mre ?, 5 mcf 2. Qevec bs tne mvermoe hl

cbce mcf lbve, mcf tne seahcf cukder bs hur 5 bc cbce-lbltns mcf tne tnbrf cukder bs tne 2

bc cbce-lbltns.

Bt whujf seek 2/5 ucblbes eujer‒s cukder, e, mcf pb, ms wejj9

(pb) + (e) ; 1.=6= + 4.?=> ; 5.>52

Vne seahcf cukder mlter tne feabkmj bs tne 5 bc cbce-lbltns, mcf tne tnbrf cukder mlter tne

feabkmj bs tne 2 bc cbce-lbltns. Vne lbrst cukder mlter tne feabkmj bs ebont. Vnbs bssbocblbamct deamuse tne > bs tne > bc =.>, wnban bs 2/5 fbvbfef hut. Vne hce wbjj tm`e yhumjj tne wmy mrhucf m abraje, wnmt bs jelt bs 7.>.

Bmc Demrfsjey

Imcumry =?, 47=1



4>

B nmve chw fbsahveref tnmt Kmcuej wms bc Ecojmcf lhr khre tnmc hce remshc. Ne wms th

keet wbtn m Lrecankmc wnh wms m represectmtbve lhr tne Duremu Hl _ebonts McfKemsures hc m kbssbhc th anmcoe tne ketnhf hl felbcbco tnmt fbstmcae amjjef tne

`bjhketer.

Mppmrectjy bt nmf shketnbco th fh wbtn nbs nhse ahjjeatbhc cukderbco lblteec nhses mcfnbs leejbco tnmt Ohf wms mc bfem hl wnban tnere mre twh ejekects. Bt whujf seek ne

amrrbef m oremt searet tnmt wms nmcfef fhwc th nbk lrhk nbs mcaesthrs ms tney pmssef

tnrhuon tne whrjf dy lhht mt tbkes, amkej mt htner tbkes, mcf amrmvmc mt htner tbkes

ahkpjetejy uc`chwc, stmrtbco bc Bcfbm mcf ecfbco bc Qpmbc.

Vne Fbllerectbmj Equmtbhc

B tnhuont bt wms remjjy tbke B shjve m fbllerectbmj equmtbhc. B anhse Vne Urmcus Equmtbhc._e chw feterkbce obvec tne maaejermtbhc bc tne Urmcus equmtbhc bs 1.1 emrtn ormvbtbes,tnec wnmt bs tne bcbtbmj vejhabty bc tne equmtbhc, wnban bs tne cukder 18

(v) ; 1 + 1.1t (Vne Urmcus Equmtbhc)

(v);mt;(11/=7)t wnere \ bs vejhabty, m bs maaejermtbhc, mcf t bs tbke.

1;(11/=7)t

(t) ; 17/11

2>7 ak/s/s ; o ; tne surlmae ormvbty hl tne emrtn

(2>7 ak/s/s)(1.1);1,416 ak/s/s

(1,416 ak/s/s)(17/11 s) ; 4,267 ak/s ; vX7 vX7 bs tne bcbtbmj vejhabty

Vnus we amc wrbte tne Urmcus equmtbhc ms9

(v) ; 4,267 ak/s + (1,416 ak/s/s)t

Vnbs bs tne fbllerectbmj equmtbhc9

(fx) ; (4,267 ak/s)ft + (1,416 ak/s/s)t ft



42

Vne hcjy tnbco we jma` bc shjvbco tnbs bs m tbke lhr wnban we amc ferbve m fbstmcae.

Ajemrjy bl tne Qnmkmc nmf shke searet, bt wms bc tne nhse ahjjeatbhc ne snhwef ke. Hl ahurse, tnec, tne tbke bs =5 seahcfs. Vne resujt bs

(xX7) ; (4,267 ak/s)=5 + ((=/4)(1,416) ak/s/s)=5S4 ; 66,=77 +1<1,>45 ; 67?245 ak

67?245 ak/=77/=777 ; 6.7?245 `k

Chtbae tne cukders mlter tne feabkmj mre ?245. Vne sevec bs tne mvermoe hl tne cbce mcf

tne lbve, mcf tne cbce mcf lbve km`e up tne kysterbhus cbce-lbltns. 4 bs tne twh ejekectstnmt mre tne bfem tnmt bs Ohf. Bt bs tne ybc mcf tne ymco hl cbce-lbltns mcf lbve-tnbrfs. Dut

khre bcarefbdjy tne vmjue bs mjkhst perleatjy lhur `bjhketers. Vnus Kmcuej wect th

Ecojmcf bc ky dejbel cht iust th specf tbke wbtn tne mweshke Qnebjm Anmcfrm, dut th oet

Vne Duremu hl _ebonts mcf Kemsures th felbce tne jecotn hl m `bjhketer ms9

(=/6) (Bcteormj P(4,267 ak/s)ft + (1,416 ak/s/s) t ft[ kbcus 7.7?245)

Mjj tnmt fbvbfef dy =77, tnec dy =777.

Vnmt relers th tne bcteormj

=77 bs =77 ak/k

=777 bs =777 k/`k

Vnmt bcteormj evmjumtef lrhk 7 th =5 seahcfs.

Nhw ahujf ne nmve `chwc sh kuan mdhut tne Ucbverse mcf ahcceatef bt th tne `bjhketer,wnec Vne Ketrba Ahkkbttee bc khferc tbkes felbcef tne `bjhketer ms hce tectnhusmcftn hl tne fbstmcae lrhk tne Chrtn Whje th Vne Equmthr8

Kmurbae Anmtejmbc, wnh wms tne fbreathr hl fevejhpbco tne ahkkucbamtbhcs systek lhrtne CMQM Mphjjh Kbssbhcs, kmy nmve tne mcswer bc nbs dhh` ‚Hur Ahskba Mcaesthrs‛.Bt kmy de tnmt bt wms evec `chwc jhcoer moh tnmc tnmt fmy Kmcuej‒s mcaesthrs jelt Bcfbm.Anmtejmbc wrbtes9

‚Vnbs bs wnere ky bcterest deamke remjjy mrhusef mcf ky whr` deamke exabtbco…Mjjucbts hl kemsure bc tne fbstmct pmst hl hur abvbjbzmtbhc nmf tne smke dmsba systek bc tnebrlhucfmtbhcs ‑ mjj were feterkbcef lrhk tne exmat fbkecsbhcs hl hur pjmcet Emrtn. Msbcarefbdje ms tnbs kmy shucf th tne ucbcbtbmtef, hur mcaesthrs ferbvef tnebr leet mcf bcaneslrhk tne jecotn hl feoree hl jmtbtufe hr jhcobtufe…. Nhw ahke tnec tnmt hur lhrelmtnersdma` bc tne Qthce Moe nmf vmjues sh exmat, wnban we hursejves were hcjy mdje th hdtmbcmlter 6 Hathder, =25?, wnec tne Qhvbet smtejjbte Qputcb` stmrtef th trmae mcf kemsure tne

lbrst hrdbts mrhucf tne ojhde8… _e tnec hdtmbcef tne exmat kemsurekects dy hdservbcotne brreoujmrbtbes bc tne hrdbts hl tne lbrst mrtblbabmj smtejjbtes bc hrfer th amjaujmte tne truesnmpe mcf fbkecsbhcs hr hur ojhde.‛

Anmtejmbc suooests extrmterrestrbmjs, kemsuref tne emrtn dy hrdbtbco bt bc tne smke wmy mcf

omve hur ucbts hl kemsurekect th hur pmst, fbstmct mcaesthrs, <5,777 yemrs moh. Vne

mcaesthrs hl Kmcuej, `cew tnbs mt jemst m tnhusmcf yemrs moh, mcf ahcceatef bt, lurtner, th



17

‚Vne Ahskhs‛. Vne wbcf djhws bc mc ecfjess sem hl smcf. Tbfbco hc bt bs m vhbae

drem`bco up mcf fbsmppemrbco bcth tne mbr9 ‚Jm tbjm, Oumfmamjb‛.



1=

M Qeahcf Jhh` Mt Vne Urmcus Bcteormj

Urmcus Bcteormj Lrhk 7 Vh =5 Qeahcfs

(4,267ak /s)ft + (1,416ak /s /s)7

=5

" tft 7

=5

" ; 6.7?245`k

_nban amc de wrbttec bc `bjhketers9

6+(2+5)/4(=77) + 2/=777 + 4/(=7,777) + 5/=77,777

; 6+(7.7?)+(7.772)+(7.7774)+(7.77775)

_e amc mjsh wrbte9

6 `k + ?7 k + 2 k + 7.4 k + 7.75 k ; 6 `k + ?2.45 k

Hr,

6 `k + ?777 ak + 277 ak + 47 ak + 5 ak ; 6 `k + ?,245 ak

Jet‒s ahcvert tne pmrt deyhcf 6 `k th leet9

(?,245 ak)(7.714>7>6 lt/ak) ; 4<7.77<5? leet

Bt bs mjkhst exmatjy 4<7 leet. Bt whujf seek usbco tne Qnmkmc‒s =5 seahcfs bc Vne

Urmcus Bcteormj wmcts th ahcceat tne ketrba systek th leet. Bt bs maaurmte th mdhut sbx mcfm nmjl tnhusmcftns hl m lhht. Bl we ahcsbfer tne hrbobc hl tne ketrba systek debco bc tne

fbkecsbhcs hl tne Emrtn, mcf tne hdsaure hrbobcs hl tne lhht, tnbs bs rmtner rekmr`mdje,espeabmjjy wnec hce ahcsbfers tne hrbobcs hl Vne Urmcus Equmtbhc.

Chw we tm`e tne seahcf jhh`9

(4<7.77<5? lt)(=4 bc/lt) ; 1,=47.7?>>6 bcanes

Bt bs mjkhst 1,=47 bcanes! Jet‒s remrrmcoe tnhse cukders. _e oet9

7, =, 4, 1,...

Bs bt tnmt extrmterrestrbmjs omve us tne bcan, tne lhht, mcf ketrba systek bc mcabect tbkes msKmurbae Anmtejjmbc hl CMQM suooestef bc nbs dhh`, Hur Ahskba Mcaesthrs8 Vnere nms

mjwmys deec m fedmte detweec Eurhpe mcf Mkerbam ms th wnetner Mkerbam snhujf mfhpttne ketrba systek bc everyfmy jble. Mkerbamcs mjremfy use bt bc tne sabecaes. Bs tnere m

remshc lhr tnese fbllerect systeks hl kemsurekect8 _ere tney dhtn kemct th de bc tnmt

tney mre ahcceatef th hce mchtner tnrhuon tne Ucbverse mcf Cmture8



14

Vne Qhurae Hl Hce Lhurtn Bc Vne Urmcus Bcteormj

= `k ; =/(=7,777)(=/6)A wnere A ; 4(pb)TXe

A bs tne abrauklerecae hl tne Emrtn mcf TXe bs tne rmfbus hl tne Emrtn.

TXe ;<,1?> `k

_e amc smy9

6 `k ; (=/=7,777)A

Urmcus Bcteormj (=/6) (Bcteormj P(4,267 ak/s)ft + (1,416 ak/s/s) t ft[ kbcus 7.7?245)

Mjj tnmt fbvbfef dy =77, tnec dy =777.

Vnmt relers th tne bcteormj

=77 bs =77 ak/k=777 bs =777 k/`k

Vnmt bcteormj evmjumtef lrhk 7 th =5 seahcfs.

_e mjsh amjj tne lhjjhwbco Vne Urmcus Bcteormj9

(4,267ak /s)ft + (1,416ak /s /s)7

=5

" tft 7

=5

" ; 6.7?245`k

Vne lmathr hl hce lhurtn ecters deamuse tne `bjhketer bs felbcef dy tne fbstmcae lrhk tnetne phje th tne equmthr, cht tne abrauklerecae hl tne Emrtn.



11

Mombc, we lhucf 2/5 reaurrect bc tne Ucbverse mcf Cmture.

Vne Oypsy Qnmkmc nms bcfbamtef tnmt =5 bs mt tne nemrt hl

kmtters. _e usef 2,5, mcf =5 th ahcstruat tne lhjjhwbco

qumfrmtba9

Vne mrem hl m reatmcoje bs =5. Vne jecotn, j, bs 2 khre tnmc tne

wbftn kujtbpjbef dy 59

w4+2w " 1 ; 7

w ; 7.14

_e tnec kmfe m qumfrmtba bc tbke9

=5 ;

=

4ot

4

t 4;

17

o

Deamuse hl tne resujt lhr w, we anhse o ; 14 leet/sea/sea ms

hpphsef th tne vmjue bc keters o ; 2.> keters/sea/sea

t 4 ;

17 lt

14 lt /sea/sea

t ; 7.2<>sea

_e chte tnmt =-7.2<> ;7.714

B lbcf tnmt bcterestbco. Vne Qnmkmc‒s =5 seahcfs fesarbdef

keters bc tne Urmcus Bcteormj mcf tne cukders bc cbce-lbltns

mcf tnebr mvermoe, cht th kectbhc tnere wms tne twh usef th

mvermoe cbce mcf lbve, chw bt bs prhlhucfjy ahcceatef th tne 14

hl emrtn surlmae ormvbty bc leet.



16



15

Whucfs Mcf @bjhormks

Emrjy hc bc ky whr`, wnec B lbrst chtbaef cbce-lbltns bc tne shjmr systek mcf cmture, B wms

bctrbouef dy tne lmat tnmt tnere bs cbce-lbltns hl m feoree aectbormfe per every feoree hl

Lmnrecnebt. B nmf trbef th lbcf tne pnysbamj ahcceatbhc ahcaercbco tnbs, mcf jemrcef

Lmnrecnebt wms ahcstruatef sh tnmt lreezbco tekpermture, hr cemr tnere, jbtermjjy tnetekpermture kemsuref dy m tnerkhketer bc m kbxture hl smjt mcf bae, pernmps shke wmter,

wms th de tmèc ms 14 feorees mcf tne upper jbkbt wms feterkbcef dy tne nukmc dhfy

tekpermture ms kemsuref dy m tnerkhketer bc mc mrkpbt th de m vmjue mrhucf 2? hr 2>.

_ny tnese vmjues were anhsec B ahujf cht lbcf mcy remshc lhr tnmt wms fhaukectef. B fbfphst tnbs sthry th shke `bcf hl m fbsaussbhc orhup. Jmter B nmf phstef ky fbsahvery hl

cbce-lbltns th tne Ihsepn Amkpdejj fbsaussbhc lhruk mcf shkehce tnere smbf cbce-lbltns

wms bc tne equmtbhc tnmt ahcverts aectbormfe th Lmnrecnebt. B cever tmjèf mdhut ky

emrjber whr` bc tnmt mrem, iust smbf, yes tnere bs cbce-lbltns feoree aectbormfe per everyfeoree hl Lmnrecnebt. Ne èpt smybco yhu nmve th mff tnbrty-twh. B ahujf cht ahcvbcae

nbk wnmt B wms smybco wms true. Mffbco tne tnbrty-twh bs th zerh tne rejmtbhcsnbp sh hce

amc ahcvert aectbormfe th Lmnrecnebt. Vnmt bs tnebr samjes mre fbllerect9 Aejsbus deobcs mt7 feorees bs lreezbco mcf Lmnrecnebt deobcs mt 14 bs lreezbco tekpermture. Vnmt fhes chtanmcoe tne lmat tnmt tnere bs cbce-lbltns feoree aectbormfe per every feoree hl Lmnrecnebt.

Ne wms presectbco tne lhrkujm tnmt ahcverts hce tekpermture th tne htner.

Vh tne kmtter mt nmcf9 Vne Oypsy Qnmkmc‒s =5 seeks th reahcabje ketrba fbstmcaes wbtnleet, dhtn systeks use tne seahcf th kemsure tbke. Vne Urmcus bcteormj bs ferbvef lrhk

cbce-lbltns, wnban we see ucblbes tne ketrba kemsurekect hl tekpermture wbtn tnmt hl tne

lhht-phucfs Lmnrecnebt. Vnmt hcjy jemves us ceefbco th lbcf tne ahcceatbhc detweec tneketrba systek‒s ormks mcf `bjhormks wbtn tne phucf, sh we nmve femjt wbtn tne kmtter

wnere kmss mcf webont mre ahcaercef. M ormk bs cbaejy felbcef ms tne mkhuct hl wmter

bc m audba aectbketer. Mjj B amc smy, mt tnbs phbct, bs tnmt hce phucf bs 651.52 ormks, mcftnmt kmès bt exmatjy 7.52 ormks lrhk m wnhje cukder. Bt nms shketnbco th fh wbtn cbce-lbltns8



1<

Oettbco M Qecse Hl Vne Urmcus Equmtbhc

Vnus we amc wrbte tne Urmcus equmtbhc ms9

(v) ; 4,267 ak/s + (1,416 ak/s/s)t

Vnbs bs tne fbllerectbmj equmtbhc9

(fx) ; (4,267 ak/s)ft + (1,416 ak/s/s)t ft

Urmcus Bcteormj Lrhk 7 Vh =5 Qeahcfs

(4,267ak /s)ft + (1,416ak /s /s)7

=5

" tft 7

=5

" ; 6.7?245`k

Bkkefbmtejy we wrbte9

6.7?246 `k/=5 seahcfs ;7.4?=25 `k/s ;7.=<>2> kbjes/seahcf ;2?2.74 `k/nhur;<7>.14> kbjes/nhur

Kman = ; ?<> kpn ;=,415 `k/nhur

<7>.14>/?<> ; 7.?2472 ~ 7.>2?2.74/=,415 ; 7.?24? ~ 7.>

Vne Urmcus Bcteormj ybejfs m speef ajhse th kman = bc fry mbr mt 47 feorees A (<> feorees

L) mt sem jevej, dut sudshcba. Bt bs kman 7.> wnec tne snmkmc‒s =5 seahcfs mre mppjbef.

Bl we wrbte, wnere =.415 `k/nr (kman =) ; 7.161 `k/s, tnec916,177 ak/s ;4,267 ak/s + (1416 ak/s/s)t

mcft;2.<2<2<2<2? seahcfs ; 2 41/11 s ; 147/11 seahcfs ~ 2.? seahcfs

Qh, tne Urmcus equmtbhc bs m tbke hl 2.? seahcfs th reman kman =. Wuttbco tnmt tbke bc tnebcteormj9

^ ; (4,267)(147/11) + =/4(1416(147/11)S4 ; =>7,55? ak =.>755? `k ~ =.>`k

Vnus bc tne Urmcus Equmtbhc we reman kman hce bc mdhut 2.? seahcfs mlter trmvejbco m

fbstmcae hl mdhut =.> `bjhketers. Jet‒s ahcvert tnmt th kbjes9

(=.>`k)(7.<4=1?=kb/`k);=.==>6?> kbjes

Hcae mombc we see cbce-lbltns ucblybco tne lhht-phucf systek th tne ketrba systek bc tnmt

=.> bs cbce-lbltns mcf m kbje bs mdhut =.> `bjhketers. Vnmt bs bl we tnbc` hl tne kbje ms pmrt

hl tne lhht-phucf systek.



1?

Vne Urmcus Bcteormj Bs Bctrboubco

Vne Urmcus Bcteormj remanes kman hce bc =.> `bjhketers, wnban bs tne mkhuct hl

`bjhketers bc m kbje mcf bs tne 2/5 tnmt haaurs bc Cmture mcf tne Ucbverse, cht th kectbhc

tnmt ucblbes pb mcf ohjfec rmtbh mcf pb mcf Eujer‒s cukder e. _e nmve mjremfy snhwc

nhw tne Urmcus Bcteormj fesarbdes, `bjhketers, cbce-lbltns mcf leet mcf bcanes, wnecevmjumtef mt tne Oypsy Qnmkmc‒s Kysterbhus =5 bc tne lhrk hl =5 seahcfs. Lblteec bs tne

feorees tne Emrtn rhtmtes tnrhuon bc mc nhur. _e nmve snhwc nhw cbce-lbltns ucblbes

ormks mcf phucfs mcf aectbormfe mcf lmnrecnebt.

Vnus, cht hcjy fhes tne Urmcus Bcteormj fesarbde `bjhketers, bt fesarbdes kbjes.



1>

Mc Mcabect Kessmoe Lrhk Extrmterrestrbmjs8 (\hjts Mcf Eros)

Ky dhh` M Vnhrhuon Fbkecsbhcmj Mcmjysbs bs mdhut nhw B prhvbfeevbfecae bc supphrt hl tne bfem tnmt extrmterrestrbmjs omve us hur ucbts hl kemsurekect, jbè tne lhht, tne keter, tne seahcf, bc Mcabect tbkes fespbte

tne nbsthry tnmt tejjs us tne ketrba systek bs khferc, mcf tne lhht-phucfsystek, pernmps m jbttje mkdbouhus bc bts nbsthry. B tnbc` mjhco tne wmy bcfhbco tnbs B kmy nmve lhucf mc ecaryptef kessmoe lrhk extrmterrestrbmjs bctne cukder9

4.7444==77>

Bcshlmr ms bt amke th us lrhk cmturmj ahcstmcts jbè tne anmroe hl mc ejeatrhc,tne hrdbtmj perbhf hl tne Emrtn, mcf cukders we bcvectef jbè tne kemsure hl ejeatrhkhtbve phtectbmj, tne vhjt. Vne bfem bs tnmt extrmterrestrbmjs shkenhwthjf us th kemsure ejeatrhkhtbve phtectbmj wbtn m ucbt hl vhjts deamuse bt

whujf prhfuae tne mdhve cukder. B mk bcterestef bc bt deamuse hl tnerepetbtbhc hl hces mcf twhs, mcf tne sepmrmtbhc hl cukders dy zerhs.

Jet us jhh` mt tne pmrt mlter tne feabkmj. Bt bs9

7444==77>

Bt bs tne seahcf cukder tnree tbkes, tne lbrst cukder twh tbkes mcf tne jmst

cukder bs tne cukder hl fbobts tnmt preaefe bt.

Vne tnree twhs mcf tne twh hces mff up th tne jmst fbobt, ebont.

Vne twh hces mff up th eman hl tne tnree twhs.

Cever nmve B fbvbfef hut fmtm ahcaercbco tne shjmr systek mcf cmturmjahcstmcts mcf oht m cukder sh strmcoe. Usumjjy B oet stull jbè

=.14<556>?Hr

=.<<<<<<?

Mcf



12

1.=6=

Hr

=.<=>

Bl mcyhce nms mc bfem ms th nhw th fearypt bt, pjemse jet ke `chw (B tnbc` tnelbrst mpprhman whujf de th jhh` bcth dbcmry, hr mcy rejmtef ahcaept). Ky lbrstmpprhman bs tnmt bt bs shke `bcf hl dbcmry ahfbco hr htner ahfbco lhr m abraubt.Lbcf tne abraubt mcf jhh` mt wnmt bt fhes, th see wnmt tney whujf de trybco thtejj us. Nere bs nhw bt wms ferbvef9

M fbhfe bs kmfe hl sbjbahc (smcf) fhpef wbtn pnhspnhrhus mcf dhrhc, mjj

cmturmjjy haaurrbco ejekects kmfe (lhroef) bc bcterbhr hl stmrs. M sbjbahc

fbhfe ceefs 7.< vhjts th ahcfuat m aurrect. Bc m fbhfe omte m nbon vhjtmoe bs

sbx vhjts mcf tne abraubt bs hc mcf m jhw vhjtmoe, hr orhucf (zerh), tne abraubt

bs hll. Hll bs ahfbco lhr zerh mcf hc bs ahfbco lhr =. Yerhs mcf hces amc de

struco thoetner th kmè cukders, mcf jetters bc tne mjpnmdet.

Kmcuej, tne Oypsy Qnmkmc, smbf9 ‚Ohf bs mc Bfem, Vnere mre twh ejekects.‛

_e amc tmè tnbs th de hur Rbc mcf Rmco hl 2/5 mcf 5/1. Jhw vhjtmoe mcf

tne abraubt bs hll0 nbon vhjtmoe mcf tne abraubt bs hc. Vnese, mombc, mre tne twh

ejekects hl tne Qnmkmc‒s ybc mcf ymco.

Deamuse yhu nmve th ruc m fbhfe mt jemst 7.< vhjts, tnbs bs sudtrmatef lrhk tne

sbx vhjts tnmt turc tne fbhfe hc, sh remjjy bt hpermtes hc sjbontjy jess tnmc sbxvhjts. Vnbs vhjtmoe frhp hl 7.< \hjts bc tne abraubt bs wnmt we wmct th jhh`

mt. _e wbjj evmjumte tne vhjtmoe frhp hver tne Qnmkmc‒s kysterbhus =5

seahcfs mcf hdtmbc mc mkhuct hl phwer, tnec mppjy tnmt phwer hver hce yemr

‑ tne tbke bt tmès tne emrtn th oh mrhucf tne Quc. _e nmve mjremfy lhucf

tnmt tne Qnmkmc‒s =5 cht hcjy ucblbes keters wbtn tne ucbverse, dut keters

wbtn leet, mkmzbcojy bc tne Urmcus Bcteormj hutjbcef dhtn bc Vne Expjhbts Hl

Kmcuej mcf Lurtner Expjhbts Hl Kmcuej.



67

Chw we fh tne amjaujmtbhc9

Hce vhjt bs tne eceroy hl mc ejeatrhc lmjjbco tnrhuon m phtectbmj fbllerecae hl hce vhjt, wnban bs equmj th =.<74E-=2 Ihujes.

Hce Ihuje bs =7,777,777 eros

(7.< \hjts)(=.<74E-=2 Ihujes) ; 2.<=4E-47 Ihujes

(2.<=4E-47 Ihujes)(=7,777,777 eros/Ihuje) ; 2.<=4E-=1 eros

(2.<=4E-=1eros)/(=5 seahcfs) ; <.67>E-=6 eros/seahcf

1<5.45 * 46 * <7 * <7 ; 1=,55?,<77 seahcfs/yemr

(<.67>E-=6 eros/sea)(1=,55?,<77 seahcfs) ; 4.7444==77> kbarheros ; 4.7

kbarheros

Bt bs mjkhst exmatjy twh kbarheros! (Bs tne twh kbarheros prhkptbco tnmt wefeahfe tne kessmoe bc dbcmry8)



6=

Feahfbco Vne Kessmoe

Vne kessmoe bs9

7444==77>

Vne 444 mffs up th sbx, wnban bc dbcmry bs ==7. Vne cext seokectbs ==77, wnban bs m cbddje, mcf bs tne cukder =4. Vnbs seokect bsbc dbcmry th deobc wbtn. Vne jmst fbobt bs mc ebont, wnban bs =777 bcdbcmry. Vnus we nmve, bcajufbco tne lbrst fbobt, m zerh, wnban bs mdbt9

(7) (==7) (==77) (=777)

_e wrbte tnbs ms tnree cbddjes9

(7==7) (==77) (=777)

Vnus 7444==77> trmcsjmtes ms 7==7 ==77 =777

_nban mre tne tnree cukders9

<, =4, >

Vnese tnree cukders fbvbfe cbaejy bcth tne 1<7 feorees hl m abraje9

1<7/=4 ; 17 1<7/< ; <7 1<7/> ; 65

Vnese mre tne mcojes bc tne tnree speabmj trbmcojes wbtn wnban weamc wrbte hut tne trbohchketrba lucatbhcs hl bkphrtmct mcojes bcajhsef lhrk9

17-<7-27 <7-<7-<7 65-65-27

<, =4, > nmve tne ahkkhc fechkbcmthr hl twh. Vnbs obves us tnetnree cukders 1, <, 69

1<6



64

_nban bs very ajhse th tne cukder hl Emrtn fmys bc m yemr (1<5).Mre extrmterrestrbmjs phbctbco hut tnmt tne cukder hl Emrtn fmys bc myemr mre ajhsejy ahcceatef th tne tnree speabmj trbmcojes8



61

_e chw ahcceatef tne lbrst lhur phbcts hl tne Ceptuce equmtbhc mcf bcteormtef lrhk hce

th lhur, tne equmtbhc9

L(x) ; ?.4x ‑6

Vne bccer terrestrbmj pjmcets.

_e thh` tne ferbvmtbve hl tne Urmcus equmtbhc9

L(x) ; 1 + 1.1x

Qh tnmt

L‒(x) ; 1.1

_e ahcsbferef tne bcteormj tne kmss hl m pjmcet bc emrtn kmsses, wnban amke hut th de 64.

_e ahcsbferef tne 1.1 th de tne maaejermtbhc mt bts surlmae bc emrtn ormvbtbes. @chwbcotnese twh qumctbtbes we feterkbcef tne pjmcet wms mdhut tnree mcf m nmjl tbkes jmroer tnmctne Emrtn. @chwbco bts kmss mcf sbze, we ahujf feterkbce bts fecsbty, mcf lrhk tnmt bts

ahkphsbtbhc, wnban turcef hut th de Eurhpbuk, ejekect <1, wnban bs pnhspnhresaect.



66



65



6<



6?



6>



62

Bt bs bcterestbco tnmt tne nyphtnetbamj pjmcet whujf de ahkphsef hl

Eurhpbuk bl we exajufe tne fbmthkba ejekects jbè bhfbce, wnban

bs hcjy ajhser bc fecsbty dy m tnhusmcftn hl m ormk per audba

aectbketer bc fecsbty. Vne ejekect bs cmkef lhr

Eurhpe, mcf tnbs fbsahvery deomc wbtn ky remjbzmtbhc tnmt cbce-lbltns wms bc tne ucbverse, wnban jemf th tne fbsahvery tnmt bt

ucblbef pb mcf pnb, tnmt bt wms tne ybc lhr wnban tne ymco wms lbve-

tnbrfs, mcf tnmt cbce-lbltns wms bc tne prhphrtbhcs hl tne khchjbtn

hl Mrtnur A. Ajmrè's mcf Qtmcjey @udrba`'s 477=9 M Qpmae

Hfyssey lhr wnban Iupbter deamke m stmr lhr tne khhc Eurhpm,

wnere jble whujf deobc hc mchtner whrjf bc hur shjmr systek. Bt bs

mc ectmcojekect hl m shrt. Temf, Lbatbhc-Temjbty Ectmcojekect9

Jevbcshc, Msbkhv, Mcf Ajmrè dy hpecbco tne pudjbamtbhc bc tnbsphst. Vne prhphrtbhcs hl tne khchjbtn mre = dy 6 dy 2, = + 6 ; 5.



57

Ahcceatbco Eurhpbuk Mcf Eurhpbm _btn Eurhpm

_e ahkpmre tne khjmr kmss hl Eurhpbuk th tnmt hl Qbjbahc9

Eu/Qb ;=5=.2?/4>.72 ; 5.6

_nban bs Iupbter‒s lurtnest fbstmcae lrhk tne Quc bc bts hrdbt mrhucf tne Quc bc Emrtn-Quc

sepmrmtbhcs, mcf, bs tne kmss hl Qmturc ahkpmref th tne kmss hl Ceptuce. Bt bs mjsh tne

tnbrf terk bc tne sequecae =.>c, lrhk wnban tne Ceptuce Equmtbhc bs ferbvef. Lurtner,

tnbs bs bkphrtmct deamuse tne Emrtn bs tne tnbrf pjmcet lrhk tne Quc mcf =.> bs cbce-lbltns,hur ybc hl tne Ucbverse.

B feabfef th ahkpmre Eurhpbuk (Eu) th Qbjbahc (Qb), deamuse Eurhpbm bs ahcceatef th

Eurhpm, tne khhc mrhucf Iupbter wnere m cew jble deobcs bc tne khvbe 477=9 M QpmaeHfyssey. Qb bs bc tne smke orhup ms amrdhc, tne lbrst hce mlter bt. Jble bs dmsef hc amrdhc,

mcf bt whujf lhjjhw tnmt cew jble whujf de dmsef hc sbjbahc.

Bmc Demrfsjey, Hat 46, 47=4



5=

Eurhpbm Mcf Eurhpm Mcf Vne Bkphrtmcae Hl Vne Qnmkmc‒s =5

Bt bs mpprhprbmte tnmt Eurhpbm bs ahcceatef th Eurhpm, tne seahcf Omjbjemc Khhc lrhk

Iupbter, cht iust dy cmke, dut bc sh lmr ms bts ahcceatbhc th Qbjbahc bc Vne Ceptuce

Equmtbhc. Bt whr`s hut oremt, deamuse bt bs tne pjmae bc tne Qhjmr Qystek tnmt bs tne dest

amcfbfmte lhr jble deyhcf Emrtn9 Bt nms m tecuhus mtkhspnere ahkphsef prbkmrbjy hl hxyoec mcf bs ahveref wbtn wmter bae, tnmt kmy nmve wmter bc bts jbqubf lhrk decemtn bts

surlmae.

Vne khhc bs tne rbont sbze suan tnmt ms seec lrhk tne Emrtn bs mppemrs mdhut tne smke sbzems tne Quc. Nhw lmr whujf Eurhpm nmve th de lrhk Iupbter th mppemr tne smke sbze ms tne

suc fhes lrhk Iupbter.

Qhjmr Tmfbus/Eurhpm Tmfbus ; Iupbter-Quc Qepmrmtbhc/x

<25,227 `k/=,5<7.> `k ; ??>,577,777 `k/x

66< ; ??>,577,777 `k/x

x ; =,?65,5=5.<25 `k

=,?65,5=5.<25/=,5<7 ; =,==2 ~ (=,=77 rhucfbco th cemrest =77)

Eurhpm kust de mdhut hce tnhusmcf mcf hce nucfref tbkes lurtner lrhk Iupbter tnmc bt bs

bc rmfbb, th see bt, lrhk Iupbter tne smke sbze ms tne Quc. Vnbs bs msthcbsnbcojy ajhse th mperleat kujtbpje hl =77 wbtn ==. _e wbjj tm`e tnbs th kemc we mre hc tne rbont trma`

thwmrfs shjvbco tne kystery hl hur nyphtnetbamj pjmcet, Eurhpbm. _e wbjj wrbte tne =77

tbkes ==, ms9

(4)(5)(=7)(==)

_e nmve smbf tnmt ybc bs 2/5 mcf ymco 5/1. _e sudtrmat tne twh th oet 4/=5. _e mff tne 5

bc tne mdhve prhfuat th tne tec bc tne mdhve prhfuat th oet =5. _e fbvbfe tnmt bcth tnetwh bc tne mdhve prhfuat, mcf cht hcjy fh we nmve hur 4/=5, dut ejevec bs jelt. _e fh tne

khst hdvbhus tnbco, mcf jbst tne pjmcets cht dy hrdbtmj cukder, dut dy prbke cukders9

Keraury (4)\ecus (1)

Emrtn (5)Kmrs (?)

Iupbter (==)

Mcf Iupbter bs tne ejevec bc tne mdhve prhfuat, tne pjmcet we were ahcsbferbco! _e see

we dmsef hur cew pnysbas hc m ahjjeatbhc hl =5 rudder nhses bc m amve bc Qpmbc, mcf we

fbsahveref m oremt kystery.



54

Vne Eurhpbuk Qpnere

Nyfrhpsnere9 Vhtmj wmter hc, ucfer, mcf hver tne Emrtn

_b`bpefbm stmtes tnmt tne nyfrhspnere bs =.6E=> Vhcces

(=.6E=> t)(=,777 ò)(=,777 o) ; =.6E46 o

_e ms` nhw kuan Eurhpbuk bs requbref th remat wbtn tne ectbre nyfrhspnere8

Vne rematbhc hl Eurhpbuk wbtn wmter bs9

4Eu + <NX4H -! 4Eu(HN)X1 + 1NX4

Vnmt bs, sbx khjes hl N4H mre requbref lhr every twh khjes hl Eurhpbuk th kmè twh

khjes hl Eurhpbuk Nyfrhxbfe mcf Vnree khjes hl Nyfrhoec oms. B whujf smy tnmt bs

nhw tnmt equmtbhc remfs, tnhuon ky anekbamj chkecajmture bs m jbttje rusty. B whujf smysbcae tne eurhpbuk fbspjmaes tne nyfrhoec, tnmt tnbs bs m sbcoje fbspjmaekect rematbhc. Bmk jbttje rusty hc ky rematbhc ajmssblbamtbhc ms wejj. Teomrfjess, tne equmtbhc ajemrjy

stmtes tnmt hce tnbrf hl tne khjes hl N47 mre tne khjes hl Eurhpbuk requbref lhr tne

rematbhc th tmè pjmae (4/<; =/1). _e wrbte9

NX4 ; 4(=.7=) ; 4.74 o/khj

H ; =<.77 o/khj

N4H ; 4.74 + =<.77 ; =>.74 o/khj

Dy jhh`bco up tne khjmr kmsses hl tne ejekects bc tne perbhfba tmdje hl tne ejekects.

((= khj N4H)/(=>.74 o N4H))x((=.6E46 o N4H)/(nyfrhspnere))

; ?.>E44 khj N4H/nyfrhspnere

=/1(?.>E44 khj N4H) ; 4.<E44 khj Eu

Eu ; =5=.2? o Eu/ khj

(4.<E44 khj Eu)(=5=.2? o Eu/ khj) ; 1.25E46 o Eu

Vne fecsbty hl Eurhpbuk mt QVW bs 5.461 o/akS1

(akS1/5.461 o)(1.25E46 o) ; ?.51E41 akS1

Bs tne vhjuke hl tne dhfy ahkphsef hl 1.25E46 ormks hl Eurhpbuk. Bl bt bs m spnere,

tnec tne rmfbus hl bt bs9

(6/1)(pb)rS1 ; ?.51E41 akS1



51

rS1 ; =.>E41 akS1

r ; 5<,6<4,=<4 ak

(5<,5<4,=<4 ak)/(=77 ak)(=777 k) ; 5<6.<4 `k ~ 5<5 `k

Vne Eurhpbuk Qpnere whujf nmve m rmfbus hl 5<5 `bjhketers. Vnmt hl tne khhc hl

Iupbter amjjef Eurhpm bs9

=,5<< `k

=,5<</5<5 ; 4.??

Vne rmfbus hl tne khhc hrdbtbco tne Emrtn bs9

=,?1> `k

=,?1>/5<5 ; 1.= ~ pb ~ 1

Vne khhc bs mdhut tnree tbkes jmroer tnmc tne Eurhpbuk Qpnere, hr mdhut pb tbkes jmroer.



56

Vne Oypsy Oecesbs Wrhieat

Vnere mre tnree wmys bc wnban tne Oypsy Qnmkmc, Kmcuej, ahujf nmve usef nbs nhse

ahjjeatbhc th km`e ke tnbc` mdhut tne cukder =5. Ne ahujf nmve snhwc ke m ahjjeatbhc

hl =6 rudder nhses, lhr wnban B dhuont nbk nbs lblteectn rudder nhse, hr, ne ahujf nmve

snhwef ke m ahjjeatbhc hl =5 rudder nhses lhr wnban B dhuont nbk nbs sbxteectn ruddernhse. Vwh lblteectns turcef hut th de tne fbllerecae detweec tne vmjues B hdtmbcef lhr ybc

mcf ymco. _e `chw twh represects tne pnbjhshpny hl twh bc Vmhbsk, dut pernmps ne

wmctef ke th tnbc` cht iust hl lblteec, dut mjsh dy tne mdhve remshcbco, =6, =5, mcf =<.

Bcterestbcojy, tne anekbamj ejekects Amrdhc, Cbtrhoec, mcf Hxyoec mre tnese tnreeejekects, mcf tne khst bkphrtmct chc-ketmjs bc tne perbhfba tmdje. Amrdhc bs tne dmsbs hl

jble, km`bco hromcba kmtter bc tne lhrk hl nyfrhamrdhcs. Cbtrhoec bs mdhut ?5% hl tne

Emrtn mtkhspnere, mcf Hxyoec mdhut 45%. Vney mre tne twh khst mducfmct ejekects bc

tne emrtn mtkhspnere, dhtn dy kmss mcf cukder hl fbmthkba khjeaujes. Vne Cbtrhoec bstm`ec hut hl tne mtkhspnere mcf lbxef dy dmaterbm lhr kmcy `bcfs hl pjmcts th amrry hut

tnebr dbhanekbamj prhaesses. Hxyoec bs kmfe dy pjmcts mcf pjmc`thc lhr khst hl jble th

dremtne. Kmcuej, tne Oypsy Qnmkmc, wms tmj`bco mdhut shke ajue th tne dmsba lrmkewhr`hl tne Emrtn tnmt bs resphcsbdje lhr tne exbstecae mcf ahctbcumtbhc hl jble hc Emrtn.

Bt whujf seek bl tne Oypsbes nmve suan searets mdhut suan tnbcos, we snhujf jhh` bcth tne

Urmcus mcf Ceptuce equmtbhcs B ferbvef lrhk tne pmtn Kmcuej sect ke hc, hr bcth tnebr

syctnesbs, wnban bs tne bfem denbcf tne pjmcet we ferbvef tnmt we nmve amjjef Eurhpbm.Vne prhieat ahujf de amjjef M Oecesbs Wrhieat. Brhcbamjjy B nmf ahke th leej tne Oypsbes

hl Qpmbc nmve deec whr`bco hc suan m prhieat, ever sbcae tne terk wms ahbcef bc m Qtmr

Vre` khvbe.

Bmc Demrfsjey Imcumry 1, 47=1



55

Vne Wrhdjek Mt Nmcf Bc Ky Extrmterrestrbmj Mcmjysbs 7=

Bc ky whr`, M Vnhrhuon Fbkecsbhcmj Mcmjysbs (Extrmterrestrbmj Mcmjysbs 7=), B suooest

tnmt tne sevectn mcf ebontn pjmcets, Urmcus mcf Ceptuce, tne jmst twh pjmcets hut lrhk tne

suc, nmve shketnbco th fh wbtn twh prhormks nukmcs mre ekdmr`bco hc9 nyperspmabmj

trmvej wnere Ceptuce bs ahcaercef, mcf m prhieat oecesbs wnere Urmcus bs ahcaercef,prhieat oecesbs debco jbè km`bco emrtn bcth mc Msbkhvbmc Ombm. Vne anhbae detweec twh

suan prhormks bs put delhre Ohjmc Vrevbze dy tne rhdht Fmceej Hjbvmw, bc Lhucfmtbhc

mcf Emrtn, dy Bsmma Msbkhv. Nhwever, bl we ahcsbfer tnmt extrmterrestrbmjs omve us hur

kytnhjhoy, dhtn tne =4 semt pmctnehc hl Mcabect Oreeae tnmt smt uphc Hjykpus, mcf tne=4 semt pmctnehc hl tne \efms bc Bcfbm, lrhk tne shurae bc Mcabect Quker wnere

abvbjbzmtbhc deomc, tnec bcfeef we see tne sboc bcshlmr ms tne Oree` Ohf, Ceptuce, bs tne

sem ohf, mcf m nyperspmabmj spmae prhormk bs settbco smbj uphc tne ahskba haemc th use

tne ketmpnhr hl Amrj Qmomc, mcf Urmcus wms tne shc mcf nusdmcf lhr Ombm, tne aremthr hl Emrtn, lhr wnhk we ouess tne Msbkhvbmc Ombm wms cmkef, cht th kectbhc Ombm Vnehry

hl Imkes Jhvejha`, wnh tnehrbzef tnmt Emrtn bs jbè m nuoe superhromcbzk, m sbkbjmr

ahcaept th tne Msbkhvbmc Ombm mcf th m prhieat oecesbs, wnhse cmkbco ahkes lrhk m QtmrVre` khvbe, mcf bs sbkbjmr bc bfem th tne Jhvejha`bmc mcf Msbkhvbmc Ombm.

Quan tnbcos debco bc hur kytnhjhoy, mcf sabecae lbatbhc, suan ms Qtmr Vre`, mcf

Lhucfmtbhc mcf Emrtn, kmy de shketnbco th tmè khre serbhusjy ms remj, bl hce remfs ky

whr` Lbatbhc-Temjbty Ectmcojekect. Bcfeef, bt whujf seek bc tnmt, Wmuj Jevbcshc, BsmmaMsbkhv, mcf Mrtnur A. Ajmrè mre ectmcojef wbtn nukmc festbcy, bcshlmr ms tnebr lbatbhc

bs matumjjy evbfecae bc supphrt hl tne trmieathry thwmrfs nypefrbve, wnban bs lurtner

supphrtef dy tne Qnejbm` \ersbhc hl Vne Ka@eccm Vbkewmve, mcf tne ohjfec rmtbhahciuomte bl yhu remf tne Anmpter tbtjef ‚Lbatbhc-Temjbty Ectmcojekect‛ bc ky whr` M

‚Vnhrhuon Fbkecsbhcmj Mcmjysbs‛. Bc tne smke whr` bt bs ajemr tnmt B wms set hc ky

ahurse hl fbsahvery dy Oypsbes, evec ms lmr ms B nmve ahke th dejbeve tney mre whr`bcohc m prhieat oecesbs mcf tnmt tney mre tne remshc B nmve deec fhbco tne very smke. _hujfbt de thh dhjf th suooest, lrhk everytnbco tnmt nms deec smbf nere, tnmt Mjbecs sect Oreeae

bc tne fbreatbhc hl nyperspmabmj trmvej, mcf tnmt tney sect Bcfbm hc m ahurse lhr Ombm, hr m

prhieat oecesbs, bc tnmt Oypsbes mre lrhk Bcfbm8 B smy tnbs bc ahcceatbhc wbtn tne bfem tnmt

dhtn Mcabect Oreeae, mcf tne \efms hl Bcfbm nmve twejve semt pmctnehcs hl Qukerbmchrbobc. Jet us tmè m jhh` mt tnmt nbsthry mcf wnmt bt seeks th bkpjy, drbeljy.

Bmc Demrfsjey Kmran 1=, 47=1

_e Mre Bc M Vnbrf Vrmcsbtbhc

_e fbo up tne Mssyrbmc rubcs bc Keshphtmkbm, mcf lbcf tnese pehpje nmf mc ucferjybco

jmcoumoe decemtn tnebr hwc. Qh we fbo feeper mcf lbcf Vne Qukerbmcs, wnhse hrbobcsmre uc`chwc, dut tnmt bcvectef abvbjbzmtbhc9 textbjes, phttery, morbaujture, wrbttec

jmcoumoe, khcey, kmtnekmtbas, ohverckect mcf bcstbtutbhcmjbzef rejbobhc mdhut =4,777

yemrs moh.



5<

Vne keanmcbsk hl tne spremf hl tnebr aujture tnrhuon tne whrjf bs9 Vne Nbttbtes hl tne

westerc tbp hl Msbm spremf tne pmctnehc hl twejve semts lhr tne Ohfs emst th Bcfbm (Vne\efms) mcf west th Oreeae (Hjykpus). Vney fh tnbs vbm tne Nhrbtes, hr Nurrbmcs, wnh

were hl Qukerbmc aujture ms tney nmf m @bcofhk tnmt spremf lrhk tne westerc dhrfer hl

Keshphtmkbm th Mcmthjbm, tne Emsterc dhrfer hl Vurèy.

Vne whrsnbp hl tne lbrst Ohf lrhk wnban mjj htners bc tne whrjf were khfejef wms cmkef

Mc, hr Mcu. Ne mcf nbs wble, Mctu, smt uphc tne tnrhces bc tne nemvecs mcf were @bco

mcf ]ueec hl tne Ohfs. Bc wrbtbco tne fbvbce cmkes, tne Qukerbmcs put m stmr delhre tne

jetters spejjbco tnek.

Mcu mcf Mctu, maahrfbco th mcabect Qukerbmc Auceblhrk vbsbtef emrtn mt tne tekpje bc

Uru`. Vney fbf cht stmy. Ne wnh stmyef wms tnebr shc Ejbj. Ne wms ahcsbferef jhrf hl

tne jmcf, mcf omve tne Qukerbmcs teanchjhoy. Jmter, tne Nedrew Ohf, Ejhnbk, bs smbf thnmve m wble ms wejj. Ner cmke bs Msnerm. Vney mre pmrmjjejs th Mcu mcf Mctu.

_e mre bcterestef bc tnree trmcsbtbhcs. 477,777 yemrs moh, mcmthkbamjjy khferc nukmcs,khre tnmc jbèjy fesaecfef lrhk Nhkh Ereatus, mre anbppbco sthces, mcf nuctbco. Mjj hl tne suffec, =77,777 yemrs moh tney mre anbppbco sthces bcth mjtmrs mcf bcvectef

snmkmcbsk. Vne amve pmbctbcos bc Lrmcae mcf Qpmbc snhw nhw tney nmve chw bcvectef

Qnmkmcbsk, tne amve pmbctbco fepbatbco tnebr ihurcey th tne spbrbt whrjf tnrhuon tnebr

Qnmkmc, wnh pernmps kmfe tne ihurcey wbtn cmturmj nmjjuabchoecba. Vnesenmjjuabchoecba kbont nmve deec tne amuse hl tnbs trmcsbtbhc th prhthahcsabhuscess.

Vne cext trmcsbtbhc we mre bcterestef bc bs Qnmkmcbstba anmcoehver lrhk whrsnbpbcospbrbts th settjbco fhwc, fhbco morbaujture mcf whrsnbppbco tne Ohfs bc tne s`y, Mcu, mcf

Mctu. Mombc, mdhut =4,777 yemrs moh.

_e kmy de ecterbco m trmcsbtbhc chw, lrhk whrsnbppbco ohfs bc tne s`y, th mdmcfhcbcoOhf mcf deahkbco tne stmranbjf, m pehpje mfmptef th jbvbco bc spmae, deyhcf Emrtn. Vnbs

seeks th de tne kessmoe hl Mrtnur A. Ajmrè bc nbs Qpmae Hfyssey Chvejs. Vnbs ahujf de

m spbrbtumj Ihurcey ms wejj. _e fhc‒t `chw wnmt we wbjj lbcf mkhco tne stmrs. Vnere

kmy de m stejjmr shabety mjremfy hut tnere wbtn wnban we nmve th bcteormte.

Bmc Demrfsjey

Kmran ==, 47=1

Vnmt _nban B Nmf Emrjber _rbttec

Anmpter =?9 Vne Wrhdjek9 Ombm hr Qpmae Expjhrmtbhc8

Bt nms deec put lhrwmrf bc Ulhjhoy, tne stufy hl wnetner hr cht bctejjboect jble bc tne

Ucbverse nms vbsbtef emrtn, tnmt bcfeef bt nms mcf tnmt tney nmve nmf m nmcf bc hur debco

nere, tnmt we mre bc tnebr nmcfs, tnmt we nmve nmf m rejmtbhcsnbp wbtn tnek sbcae tne

deobccbco hl reahrfef nbsthry, dy lmtner hl Ulhjhoy, Thdert Femc. Bt nms deec suooesteftnmt kuan bc hur nbsthry nms deec drhuont mdhut dy mjbecs, sh Jehcmrf tnhuont tne austhk



5?

hl cmkbco pjmcets mlter Oree` mcf Thkmc Ohfs wms amusef dy Mjbecs, mcf tne cmkes we

anhse mcf tne sthrbes wrbttec mdhut tnese ohfs were lhr m remshc tne mjbecs nmf. Qh,tnerelhre, ne snhujf bcterpret tne kemcbco hl tne pjmcets tnrhuon tne Ohfs mlter wnban

tney mre cmkef. Mlter mjj nbs Ceptuce equmtbhc phbctef ms wejj th tne Oree` Ohf Urmcus,

mcf ne lejt th anhhse detweec tne twh ne whujf nmve th jhh` mt Qmturc mcf Iupbter.

Vne pjmcet Qmturc wms cmkef lhr m kmihr Ohf wnhse Oree` ahucterpmrt wms Arhcus, wnh

wms tne shc hl Urmcus mcf Ombm dut wms hvertnrhwc dy nbs shc Yeus. Mpprhprbmte bc sh

lmr ms Qmturc bs m oms obmct mcf tne seahcf jmroest pjmcet bc tne Qhjmr Qystek. Vne jmroest

pjmcet bc tne shjmr systek, m oms obmct ms wejj, bs Iupbter, wnban ahrresphcfs th tne th tnevery Oree` Ohf Yeus, wnh hvertnrew Arhcus mcf smt uphc tne tnrhce mt Hjykpus.

Jehcmrf `cew we nmf th anhhse detweec tne pjmcet Urmcus mcf Ceptuce. Detweec tne

Ombm hl Jhvejha` mcf Msbkhv mcf spmae expjhrmtbhc. Arhcus debco tne shc hl Urmcusmcf Ombm, whujf kemc tne pjmcet Qmturc ahrresphcfef th wms Urmcus, wnban kemct we

snhujf anhhse tne whrjf hl tne Ombm hl Msbkhv mcf Jhvejha`. Nhwever Iupbter (Yeus)

whujf bcfbamte we anhhse tne pjmcet Ceptuce (Whsebfhc), hr spmae expjhrmtbhc. Mlter mjj,tne lbrst kbssbhc th jmcf kmc hc tne khhc wms cmkef mlter Mphjjh, tne shc hl Yeus.

Whsebfhc wms tne shc hl Arhcus mcf Tnem mcf drhtner th Yeus. Bl tnere wms hce tnbco

Jehcmrf `cew, tne fbstmcae lrhk tne Quc th Qmturc wms tne fbstmcae lrhk mc mdshjute

kmocbtufe zerh stmr th bts nmdbtmdje zhce, ms ne amjaujmtef bt, mcf ne nmf remshc th dejbevemdshjute kmocbtufe zerh stmrs, wnban mre vbsumjjy djue, mre bkphrtmct. Qh, Qmturc wms

bkphrtmct, tnhuon ne whujf anhhse Iupbter (Yeus), hr Ceptuce (Whsebfhc) bc htner whrfs,

wnban wms spmae trmvej, hver tne Ombm hl Msbkhv mcf Jhvejha` (hr Qmturc wnban bsArhcus, bc htner whrfs).

Bt wms mjj very ahclusbco mcf ne nmf iust stmrtef remfbco Vne Bjbmf mcf lejt ne kmy anmcoenbs kbcf mlter ne remf Vne Hfyssey. Vnmt wnban ne lejt remjjy ceefef th de fhce wms thnmve m sanhjmr bc Oree` mcf Thkmc nbsthry evmjumte tne wnhje tnbco. Ne nmf yet th jemrc

mcytnbco mdhut Chrse Kytnhjhoy th mff th nbs prhdjek.

Bmc DemrfsjeyQhketbke Bc 47=4



5>

Qet Vnehry 7=

M set bs m ahjjeatbhc hl vmjues orhupef maahrfbco th hce bfem. Vnmt bs tney mjj

dejhco th tne set bl tney nmve shketnbco bc ahkkhc. Bt bs ky nhpe tnmt tnbs

cew set wbjj resujt bc…

Vne cew set bs, m pjmcet dejhcos th tne set bl bt nms twh vmjues tne smke bc

terks hl hur nhke pjmcet, Emrtn. Nere bs wnmt B nmve lhucf mjhco tnhse

jbces9

Iupbter9 Bts hrdbtmj perbhf, hr yemr, kemsuref bc Emrtn yemrs, bs mdhut tne

smke ms bts rmfbus (fbstmcae lrhk bts aecter th bts surlmae) bl bt bs kemsuref bc

emrtn rmfbb.

Keraury9 Bts fbstmcae lrhk tne suc (hrdbtmj rmfbus) bl kemsuref bc terks hl tne hrdbtmj rmfbus hl emrtn, bs tne smke ms bts rmfbus bl kemsuref bc emrtn rmfbb.

Kmrs9 Vnhuon bt bs skmjjer tnmc tne emrtn bt spbcs sjhwer sh tnmt bts fmy bs tne

smke furmtbhc ms tnmt hl tne emrtn. Bt nms mc bcajbcmtbhc th bts hrdbt tne smke

ms tne emrtn.

Ceptuce9 Vnhuon bt bs khre kmssbve tnmc tne emrtn, bt nms tne smke surlmae

ormvbty ms tne emrtn deamuse bt bs kuan jmroer. Bt nms mc bcajbcmtbhc th bts hrdbt

tnmt bs tne smke ms tne emrtn.



52

Qet Vnehry 74

Bc ky pmper Qet Vnehry 7= B orhup lhur pjmcets bcth hce set, Keraury, Kmrs,

Ceptuce, mcf Iupbter felbcbco tne set ms m pjmcet dejhcos th bt bl bt nms twh

anmrmaterbstbas tne smke bc terks hl hur nhke pjmcet Emrtn. Vnmt jemves tnree

pjmcets hutsbfe hl tne set, \ecus, Qmturc, mcf Urmcus. B lbcf tney ahkprbse m

set ms wejj. Bt bs felbcef m pjmcet dejhcos th tne set bl bt nms tnree

anmrmaterbstbas tne smke ms Emrtn, hr mt jemst hce tnmt ahkes bc seahcf pjmae

th tnhse bc Qet 7= hr tbes wbtn hce bc Qet 7=.

_nec B smy anmrmaterbstba, B kemc pnysbamj anmrmaterbstba ms tney exbst bc tne

lbejf hl pnysbas, jb`e kmss, sbze, hrdbtmj perbhf, rhtmtbhcmj vejhabty, mcf sh

lhrtn. Cht anmrmaterbstbas suan ms sbkbjmr ahkphcects th tne anekbamj

ahkphsbtbhc hl tnebr mtkhspneres9 tnmt whujf de tne remjk hl anekbstry.

Vne Anmrmaterbstbas lhr tnbs Qet 74 mre9

\ecus9 Bt nms m sbze ajhse th tnmt hl tne Emrtn. Bts rmfbus bs 7.262 Emrtn rmfbb.

Bt nms m kmss ajhse th tnmt hl tne Emrtn (7.>=57 tnmt hl tne Emrtn). Mcf, m

surlmae ormvbty ajhse th tnmt hl tne Emrtn (7.>?2o).

Qmturc9 Bt nms mc bcajbcmtbhc th bts hrdbtmj pjmce ajhse tnmt hl wnmt tne Emrtn

nms. Bt bs 42 feorees (B nmve smbf tnbs bs thh fbllerect tnmc tne Emrtn th

qumjbly Qmturc lhr set 7=), seahcf th Kmrs (41.2>) mcf Ceptuce (4>.>) bc Qet7=. Vnmt hl tne Emrtn bs 41.65 feorees. Vnhuon bt bs kuan khre kmssbve tnmc

tne Emrtn, bt bs kuan jmroer, sh bt nms m surlmae ormvbty ajhse th tnmt hl tne

Emrtn (7.245o) mcf bs ajhse echuon th smy bt tbes wbtn tnmt hl Ceptuce

(=.=45o).

Urmcus9 Vnhuon bt bs kuan khre kmssbve tnmc tne emrtn, bts surlmae ormvbty

bs ajhse th tne smke deamuse bt bs kuan jmroer (7.?26o). Vnbs ahkes bc

seahcf pjmae th Ceptuce hl Qet 7= (=.=45o).

Qh we nmve Qet 7= ; (Keraury, Kmrs, Ceptuce, Iupbter) Qet 74 ; (\ecus, Qmturc, Urmcus)



<7

Tesemran Hl Bsntmr Nms Dest Whssbdje Tesujt

_e nmve aecteref hc Bsntmr deamuse sne wms tne ajue we were jemf th pursubco. Qne bs

represectef dy tne pjmcet \ecus (bkphrtmct) mcf wms `chwc ms \ecus th tne Thkmcs, ms

Mpnrhfbte th tne Mcabect Oree`s, mcf Mstmrte th tne Nedrews. Vne Qukerbmcs nmf

cukders th rmc` tne Ohfs mcf 57 wms tne nbonest. Cmturmjjy tnmt wms mssbocef th Mcu.Bcterestbcojy, Bsntmr wms obvec tne cukder =5 dy tne Qukerbmcs. Vnbs bs ohhf deamuse =5

bs hce hl tne tnree cukders bc ky Ahskhjhoy tnmt wms obvec th us dy tne Oypsy Qnmkmc

Kmcuej. B nmf wrbttec9

Vne Bkphrtmcae Hl ?.4 Bc Vne Ceptuce Equmtbhc

Bkmobce ky surprbse wnec Fhvbf @rmlanhw (Vne Iewbsn Dhnekbmc) smbf ‑ tmj̀ bco mdhut

nbs dhh` 47=4 Mcf Vne Amdmjm -- tnmt \ecus wms ohbco th trmcsbt tne suc lhr sbx kbcutes

hc tne sbxtn hl Iuce (47=4) wnban bs tne sbxtn hl Qbvhc wnban bs tne smke fmy tne Iewbsn

pehpje reaebvef tne Vhrmn, mdhut 1577 yemrs moh deamuse ky Ceptuce Equmtbhc bs dmsef

mrhucf \ecus aremtbco tne kujtbpjber hl ?.4, mcf @rmlanhw lurtner phbctef hut tnmt ?4 bstne nbonest oekmtrbm lhr tne cmke hl tne Ohf hl Bsrmej, RN_N.

Lhr khctns tnmt prehaaupbef, ky kbcf ms th wnmt bt kemct, uctbj tne cext ajue amke. B

jemrcef delhre tne Iews reaebvef tne Vhrmn, tney were Mkhrbtes hl Qyrbm mcf Amccmc

wnh evectumjjy kbormtef th Keshphtmkbm (Brmq) th jbve bc tne M``mfbmc Ekpbre wbtn tne

Qukerbmcs. Bt whujf seek tne Qukerbmcs hl Cbceven whrsnbpef Bsntmr. _ny bs tnmt

bkphrtmct th mjj hl tnbs8 B wrhte tne lhjjhwbco9

Vne Ahcstmct hl Cbceven, wnban wms bc Mcabect Qukerbmc Aucblhrk tmdjets wmsreahocbzef th de, dy Kmurbae Anmtejmbc, wnh wms bc anmroe hl fevejhpbco tneahkkucbamtbhc systeks lhr tne Mphjjh Kbssbhcs (jmcfbco hc tne khhc), tne jhcoshuont mlter cukder tnmt whujf fesarbde every ayaje bc tne shjmr systek, nmsverblbef ky Ceptuce Equmtbhc. B lbcf tnbs bcterestbco deamuse bc tne Mssyrbmc Tejbobhc (Msnurbsk), Bsntmr represects \ecus, mcf wms tne pmtrhcess hl Cbceven,wnere tne ahcstmct wms lhucf. \ecus bs tne kujtbpjber hl ?.4 bc ky Ceptuce Equmtbhc, wnban ahkes lrhk tne rmtbh hl vecus hrdbt th emrtn hrdbt kujtbpjbef dytne kmss hl emrtn fbvbfef dy tne kmss hl tne kmrs. Lurtner tne jmtter rmtbh bs =7 shtne lhrker bs 7.?4. Chw Kmurbae Anmtejmbc nms kmfe tne ahkpejjbco mroukect bcnbs dhh` Hur Ahskba Mcaesthrs, tnmt tne Qukerbmcs ahujf cht nmve ferbvef tnbscukder, tnmt khferc kmtnekmtbabmcs jhh`ef lhr mcf ahujf cht lbcf, dut tnmt bt nmf th de obvec th tnek dy ohfs hr mstrhcmuts. Ne km`es tne mroukect tnmt we mre tnefesaecfmcts hl mcabect mstrhcmuts. Ne lurtner suooests kmcy hl hur Ohfs nmve

shketnbco th fh wbtn tnese Mcabect Mstrhcmuts, wnh omve us teanchjhoy suan msketmjjuroy mcf sh hc.



<=

Vne Kemcbco Hl Vne Wjmcets

_e nmve kmfe twh sets hut hl tne pjmcets dmsef hc tnebr pnysbamj anmrmaterbstbas. Vney

mre9

Qet 7= ; (Keraury, Kmrs, Iupbter, Ceptuce)Qet 74 ; (\ecus, Qmturc, Urmcus)

Nhw we mrrbvef mt tnek mre bc tne anmpters Qet Vnehry 7= mcf Qet Vnehry 74. Vnbs bs

evbfecae bc supphrt hl tne bfem tnmt Ceptuce represects nyperspmtbmj trmvej (Ceptuce bsQem Ohf mcf nyperspmabmj trmvej bs settbco smbj uphc tne ahskba haemc), tnmt bt phbcts th

Iupbter (Iupbter‒s bs tne lmtner hl Mphjjh mcf Vne Mphjjh Kbssbhcs were tne lbrst kbssbhcs

th Vne Khhc), mcf bc tnmt Kmrs prhkbses th de Cew Emrtn.

Lurtner, bt bs evbfecae bc supphrt hl tne bfem tnmt Urmcus represects km`bco tne Emrtn bcth

mc Msbkhvbmc hr Jhvejha`bmc Ombm, tnmt bs m Wrhieat Oecesbs deamuse bt bs Oehecobceerbco

mcf Urmcus wms tne shc mcf nusdmcf hl Ombm, tne aremthr hl Emrtn. Mcf, lurtner bc tnmt\ecus bs m lmbjef Emrtn, mcf nms deec hl oremt bcterest th ohverckects th stufy nhwpjmcets amc de kmfe th suaaeef ms lmr ms debco nmdbtmdje. _e whujf smy bcshlmr ms

Cetpuce phbcts th Iupbter, tnmt Urmcus phbcts th Qmturc.



<4

Tesemran Hl Bsntmr Nms Dest Whssbdje Tesujt

_e nmve aecteref hc Bsntmr deamuse sne wms tne ajue we were jemf th pursubco. Qne bs

represectef dy tne pjmcet \ecus (bkphrtmct) mcf wms `chwc ms \ecus th tne Thkmcs, ms

Mpnrhfbte th tne Mcabect Oree`s, mcf Mstmrte th tne Nedrews. Vne Qukerbmcs nmf

cukders th rmc` tne Ohfs mcf 57 wms tne nbonest. Cmturmjjy tnmt wms mssbocef th Mcu.Bcterestbcojy, Bsntmr wms obvec tne cukder =5 dy tne Qukerbmcs. Vnbs bs ohhf deamuse =5

bs hce hl tne tnree cukders bc ky Ahskhjhoy tnmt wms obvec th us dy tne Oypsy Qnmkmc

Kmcuej.

Bsntmr Mcf Ner Tmc`bco

Bt bs mpprhprbmte tnmt Bsntmr (\ecus) wms rmcèf =5 dy tne Qukerbmcs bcshlmr ms sne wms

tne pmtrhcess hl Cbceven, mcf tne Cbceven Ahcstmct wms lhucf bc Cbceven deamuse =5 bsjbè m Cbceven Ahcstmct lhr fbkecsbhcmj mcmjysbs. Vne Cbceven Ahcstmct bs jbè m

ahkkhc fechkbcmthr lhr perbhfs mcf ayajes bc tne shjmr systek.

Bmc DemrfsjeyMprbj 4, 47=1



<1

Qukerbmc Mstrhchkers

Vne Qukerbmcs were extrmhrfbcmry mstrhchkers. Bt whujf seek tney fbf cht iust reahrf

tne aejestbmj ayajes lrhk hdservmtbhc, dut nmf lhrkujms tnmt prefbatef tnek. _e hltec

spem` hl tne sabecae hl anekbstry ms ahkbco lrhk mjaneky, mcf tne sabecae hl mstrhchky

ahkbco lrhk mstrhjhoy, dut bt whujf seek tne ms tnbs kmy nmve deec tne amse kuan jmterbc nbsthry, remjjy delhre tnmt bc Keshphtmkbm, mstrhjhoy hl tne Anmjfemcs amke lrhk tne

mstrhchky hl tne Qukerbmcs delhre tnek tnmt fmtef dma` mdhut 6577 DA. Vh tne

Qukerbmcs tne Emrtn wms spnerbamj, m ojhde, cht ljmt, ucjbè tne Mcabect Oree`s dejbevef,

uctbj shke hl tnek deomc th smy mombc tnmt tne Emrtn wms rhucf. Vne Emrtn fbf deahkeljmt hcae khre, uctbj shkewnmt jmter wnec Ahpercbaus jhhèf thwmrfs mcabect Oree`

texts tnmt nmf bt rhucf. Dut khst mkmzbcojy, tne Qukerbmcs cht hcjy nmf m spnerbamj

mstrhchky, tney fepbatef tne s`y ms nmvbco ahcstejjmtbhcs bc dhtn tne chrtnerc mcf

shutnerc nekbspnere, evec tnhuon tney ahujf cht see tne shutnerc ahcstejjmtbhcs lrhktnebr phsbtbhc mdhve tne equmthr. Vnbs ahupjef wbtn tne lmat tney nmf lhrkujms lhr tne

khtbhcs hl aejestbmj dhfbes, whujf bcfbamte tnebr shurae hl `chwjefoe amke lrhk

extrmterrestrbmjs.

Vnmt wnban B whujf jbè th phbct hut, tnhuon, bs tne ahcstmct reaurrecae hl \ecus bc ky

resemran. Qne (Bsntmr) wms tne pmtrhcess hl Cbceven (lertbjbty ohffess), bc Keshphtmkbm,

wnere tne Cbceven ahcstmct wms lhucf bc Qukerbmc texts, wnban bs tne ahkkhc

fechkbcmthr th mjj aejestbmj ayajes bc tne shjmr systek, ms fbsahveref dy KmurbaeAnmtejjmbc hl CMQM (remf nbs dhh` Hur Ahskba Mcaesthrs). \ecus bs tne shurae hl ?.4 bc

ky Ceptuce equmtbhc, mcf represects lmbjure cht iust bc tnmt equmtbhc dut bc ?4 nhurs mre

tnhse obvec lhr wnec tne ME-15 ucbt wbjj lmbj bc 477=0 M Qpmae Hfyssey. Nhwever, bcky set tnehry 7= mcf 74 \ecus bs msshabmtef wbtn Ombm, hr m Wrhieat Oecesbs, wnbje Kmrs

bs msshabmtef wbtn spmae expjhrmtbhc. B mk bcterestef th chw jemrc tnmt tne whddje hl tne

Emrtn, hr preaessbhc hl tne mxbs, tne tbke bt tmès th stmrt mt phbctbco th tne Chrtn Qtmr, mcfreturc th bt bs, hce feoree per ?4 yemrs obvbco bt m perbhf hl 45,247 yemrs wnban bs ?4 tbkestne feorees bc m abraje.

B lbcf bt bcterestbco tnmt tne Qukerbmcs, ms B nmve smbf, omve tne vmjue hl =5 th Bsntmr, hr

\ecus. =5 bs tne kmoba cukder usef bc ky Ahskhjhoy, cht iust th ucbly tne lhht-phucfsystek wbtn tne ketrba systek, dut th rejmte dhtn systeks th Vne Ahskhs. ?.4 bs tne

lhurtn cukder bc ky Ceptuce Qequecae. _e `chw tnmt ky ahskhjhobamj cukders wmct

th fesarbde hur ucbts hl kemsurekect bc terks hl cmture. Bc tnbs amse tnmt bs tne ucbt hl

hce feoree.

_e snhujf mjsh kmè ajemr tnmt tne Qukerbmc Mstrhchkers were tne Mcabect Oree`shurae lhr tne cmkbco hl tne ahcstejjmtbhcs, mcf ms suan tnebr systek rekmbcs bctmat th tnbs

fmy. Hce kbont phbct hut, mombc, tnmt ?4 bs tne nbonest oekmtrbm lhr tne Nedrew Ohf,RN_N.



<6

Mppecfbxes



<5

H lhr Emrtn ; =.6252?2E=1 ak T lhr Emrtn ; <,1?> `k K lhr Emrtn ; 5.2?<E4? o

Emrtn-Khhc Qepmrmtbhc9 1.>6E=7 akQhjmr Tmfbus9 <.2522E=7 ak

Khjmr Kmss hl Ohjf9 Mu ; =2<.2?

Khjmr Kmss hl Qbjver9 Mo ; =7?.>?

Qmturc (kbcbkuk fbstmcae lrhk suc) ; 2.7=6 MU ; =.16>E2 `k

Iupbter (kbcbkuk fbstmcae lrhk suc) ; 6.25= MU ; ?.672E> `k

Iupbter (kmxbkuk fbstmcae lrhk tne suc)9 5.655 MU ~ 5.6 Mstrhchkbamj Ucbts



<<

Qbx-Lhjf Qykketry (Vne Cbce-Lbltns Mjohrbtnk bc Teverse)

1<7/< ; <7

1<7-<7 ; 177

177 ‑ <7 ; 467

467/1<7 ;4/1

(4/1) + = ; 5/1

Ahucterpmrt th cbce-lbltns bs lbve-tnbrfs.

Vne lbve-tnbrfs mcoje bs <7 feorees.

Qbxtyfeorees bs tne kemsure hl eman mcoje bc mc equbjmtermj trbmcoje, wnban bs hce hl tne

tnree tessejjmtbco reoujmr phjyohcs. M schwljm`e wbtn eman mrk sepmrmtef dy sbxty

feorees lhrks m reoujmr nexmohc wbtn bctercmj mcojes hl =47 feorees.



<?

Vne Rmco Ejekects

@ ; phtmssbuk

Cm ; Qhfbuk

@/Cm ; 12.=7/44.22 ; =.?=

5/1 ;=.<? ~ =.?

@/Cm ~ 5/1



<>

Vne Fmcae Hl Vne Nemvecs

Bt bs mc extrmhrfbcmry tnbco, tne fmcae hl tne aejestbmj dhfbes bc tne nemvecs tnmt nms deec

hdservef sbcae mcabect tbkes, mcf lhucf th de fesarbdmdje bc terks hl tne khst whcfrhus

mspeats hl dhtn cukder mcf oehketry.

Deamuse hl tne khtbhc hl tne emrtn mrhucf tne suc, tne stmrs wbjj mppemr bc tne smke

phsbtbhc bc tne s`y lhur kbcutes emrjber eman cbont, ms tne emrtn rhtmtes, km`bco tnek rbse

mcf set, sh tnmt bc tne ahurse hl tne 1<5 fmy yemr tney wbjj nmve kmfe m ahkpjete ihurceymrhucf tne s`y. Vne Emrtn ohes mrhucf tne Quc hcae bc tnbs 1<5 fmy yemr, mcf 1<5 bs

ajhse th 1<7, wnban mre tne cukder hl feorees bc m abraje. _e nmve fbvbfef up tne abraje

jbè tnbs, deamuse 1<7 bs fbvbsbdje evecjy dy tne feorees bc speabmj trbmcojes9 Vne

equbjmtermj trbmcoje (<7-<7-<7), tne 65-65-27, mcf tne 17-<7-27, kmfe dy frmwbco bc tnemjtbtufe hl tne <7-<7-<7 trbmcoje.

Bc turc, tne Khhc ohes mrhucf tne Emrtn m jbttje khre tnmc twejve tbkes bc m yemr. Vwejvebs tne skmjjest mducfmct cukder. Bt bs evecjy fbvbsbdje dy =, 4, 1, 6, <, mcf =4. Bt cbaejyhrdbts tne Emrtn bc mdhut 17 fmys, mcf we mjremfy kectbhcef 17 fbvbfes cbaejy bcth 1<7.

Qh, we nmve tne twejve khctn yemr mcf tne 17 fmy khctn. _e fhudje hur skmjjest

mducfmct cukder, =4 th oet 46, mcf we fbvbfe hur fmy bcth 46 nhurs, tne fmy debco tne

tbke bt tmès tne emrtn th revhjve hc bts mxbs.

_e tnec fbvbfe eman nhur bcth <7 kbcutes, mcf eman kbcute bcth <7 seahcfs. _e mjremfy

kectbhcef <7 fbvbfes cbaejy bcth 1<7 feorees. _e fbvbfe eman qumrter hl tne khhc bcth ?fmys, sh tnmt mlter m khctn we nmve ajhse th bts mpprhxbkmte hrdbtmj perbhf hl 17 fmys.

_e nmve fhce m ohhf ihd tnmt deomc wbtn tne mcabects, hl km`bco tne khtbhcs hl tneaejestbmj dhfbes, wnban mre jbè m cmturmj ajha`, th lbt tnek wbtn tne èy cukders, mcfoehketrbes. Bt whujf seek tnbs bs wnmt we nmve fhce. Bt bs mkmzbco th ke tnmt tne emrtn

mcf khhc amke mdhut bc m wmy tnmt tney khve sh ajhsejy th suan m saneke.

Chw B lbcf tnmt tnere bs m ybc mcf ymco bc tne Ucbverse hl 2/5 mcf 5/1, respeatbvejy lrhkwnban amc de ferbvef wnmt B amjj tne Urmcus equmtbhc, mcf, bt seeks th reahcabje tne

ketrba systek wbtn tne lhht phucf systek, mcf lurtner, tnhuon nukmc bcvectbhcs, snhw

tnek ahcceatef cht iust th hce mchtner, dut th tne Ahskhs.

Fh mjj stmr systeks bc tne Ucbverse, espeabmjjy tnhse tnmt nhst bctejjboect jble, nmve suan

mc extrmhrfbcmry struature ms hurs, pernmps bcfbamtbco tney mre bc tne Ucbverse lhr mremshc, ms hurs smys mdhut us8 Kmcuej ajmbkef ne nmf deec mjj marhss tne Omjmxy, mcf

tnmt tnhuon fbllerect, tney fbf.



<2

Vne Ahcceatbhc Hl Wb Vh Vne Keter

Lbrst suooestef ms m felbcbtbhc lhr tne keter dy Anrbstbmc Nuyoecs9

(pb)S4 ; 2.>?

Bl o ; 2.>? k/sea/sea bcstemf hl 2.>= k/sea/sea

Vnec, lrhk

V;4(pb)sqrt(j/o) wnban bs tne perbhf hl m pecfujuk

_e wrbte9

V ; 4(pb)sqrt(j/o)

V ; 4(sqrt(pbS4)j/o) ; 4(sqrt(oj/o) ; 4(sqrt(j))

Bl hce keter ; j

Vnec V ; 4 seahcfs

Vnus we felbce m keter ms tne jecotn hl m strbco tnmt obves m pecfujuk tne perbhf hl twh

seahcfs. Vnmt bs m swbco th tne jelt hl hce seahcf mcf m swbco dma` th tne rbont hl hce

seahcf. Tekekder tnbs felbcbtbhc hl m keter whujf de ajhse tne keter wnere m `bjhketerbs hce tec tnhusmcftn hl tne fbstmcae lrhk tne phje th tne equmthr.



?7

Vne Ahupjbco Hl Kmrs Mcf Emrtn9 Kmcuej Qpem`s Vh Ke Dy Vejepnhce Lrhk Qpmbc Vh

Amjblhrcbm

Kmcuej9 ‚Bmc, B amc‒t oet hver wnmt yhu smbf emrjber tnmt twh hl tne Wytnmohremc Qhjbfs

nmve vhjukes, hce hl cbce tetrmnefrm mcf tne htner hl lbve tetrmnefrm. Vnere mre hcjy lbve

Wytnmohremc shjbfs mcf twh hl tnek nmve vhjukes tne smke cukders ms tne fbstmcae thIupbter mcf Qmturc bc tnebr ajhsest mpprhmanes th tne suc bl tne emrtn bs mt hce ucbt lrhk tne

suc! Vnbs kemcs tne tetrmnefrhc represects tne emrtn deamuse bt nms m vhjuke hl hce. Vnbs

bs bcterestbco deamuse tne shjmr rmfbus th tne emrtn-khhc fbstmcae bs 2 th 5, mcf 2 th 5 bs

tne khjmr kmss hl ohjf th tne khjmr kmss hl sbjver.‛

‚_ny bs tnbs sh bcarefbdje8 Bt bs bcarefbdje deamuse tne tetrmnefrhc mjsh nms lhur lmaes mcf

Kmrs bs tne lhurtn pjmcet. Bt bs mpprhprbmte tnmt tne tetrmnefrhc ahupjes emrtn mcf kmrs,

lurtner, bc tnmt bt bs lhur lmaef (kmrs bs tne lhurtn pjmcet lrhk tne suc), mcf eman lmae nmstnree vertbaes (emrtn bs tne tnbrf pjmcet lrhk tne suc). Rhu kmy cht tnbc` tnmt bs bcarefbdje

dut ahcsbfer amteohrbzbco tne pjmcets wbtn tne skmjjest mducfmct cukder, twejve.

Qkmjjest mducfmct cukder kemcs bt bs tne khst fbvbsbdje lhr bts sbze. Vwejve bs fbvbsbdjedy =, 4, 1, 6, mcf < m wnhje cukder hl tbkes. Vne suk hl tnese cukders bs =<, wnban bsoremter tnmc =4. Kmrs bs tne lhurtn pjmcet hut lrhk tne suc. Vwejve fbvbfef dy lhur bs

tnree, mcf tne emrtn bs tne tnbrf pjmcet hut lrhk tne suc. Vnus hcae mombc tne emrtn mcf

Kmrs mre ahupjef.‛

‚B amc ahupje tnek mombc. Ejekects mre mthks, mcf tne cukders hl pmrtbajes tnmt

ahcstbtute tnek feterkbce tne ejekect, mcf bts rejmtbve kmss, hr ‚khjmr kmss‛ ms bt bs

amjjef. Vne mtkhspnere hl Kmrs bs khstjy AH4, mdhut 25 peraect. Vne emrtn mtkhspnere bskhre tnmc 27 peraect hxyoec mcf cbtrhoec. B amjaujmte AH4 th nmve m khjmr kmss hl 66.7=

mcf emrtn mbr th nmve m khjmr kmss hl 4>.5?5<. Vne Kmrs hrdbtmj fbstmcae ahkpmref th tne

emrtn hrdbtmj fbstmcae bs mdhut =.5. Vne khjmr kmss hl AH4 ahkpmref th tne khjmr kmss hl mbr bs mdhut =.5. Vnmt bs tne kmrs-suc fbstmcae bs th tne emrtn-suc fbstmcae ms Kmrtbmc mbr bsth emrtn mbr.‛

‚Bt ohes lurtner tnmc tnmt. Bl tne emrtn surlmae ormvbty bs =, tnmt hl Kmrs bs 7.1>7. Vnmt bs m

rmtbh hl 4.<1. Vne khjmr kmss hl hxyoec oms (H4) wnmt we dremtn, bs 14.77. Vne khjmrkmss hl amrdhc, tne dmsbs hl jble ms we `chw bt, bs =4.7=. Vnmt bs m rmtbh hl 4.<<. Vnmt smys

bt tm`es mdhut tne smke eceroy th jblt m khje hl amrdhc hc emrtn, ms bt fhes th jblt m khje hl

hxyoec (H4) hc kmrs tne smke fbstmcae.‛

‚Emrtn mcf Kmrs mre yet lurtner ahupjef9‛

‚Vne emrtn mtkhspnere wms hcae khstjy amrdhc fbhxbfe (AH4) jb`e tne kmrs mtkhspnerebs thfmy, uctbj pjmct jble amke mjhco mcf stmrtef ahcvertbco tne amrdhc fbhxbfe bcth

hxyoec, usbco jbont lrhk tne suc mcf bc tne prhaess km`bco tne khst lucfmkectmj suomr,ojuahse (wnban bs mt tne dhtthk hl tne lhhf anmbc). M prhaess amjjef pnhthsyctnesbs.‛

‚Ojuahse bs A<N=4H<. B amjaujmte ojuahse nms m khjmr kmss hl =>7.=< mcf wmter, wnban

ahvers khst hl tne surlmae hl tne emrtn, anekbamj lhrkujm N4H, B amjaujmte nms m khjmr

kmss hl =>.7=<.‛



?=

‚=>7.=< fbvbfef dy =>.7=< bs mdhut =7 mcf tne emrtn bs mdhut =7 tbkes ms kmssbve ms kmrs.

Vnmt bs, ojuahse bs th wmter ms tne emrtn kmss bs th tne kmss hl kmrs.‛

‚Rhu mre prhdmdjy whcferbco wny B mk sh mkmzef tnmt Kmrs mcf emrtn mre sh ahupjef

ekpbrbamjjy. _ejj tne pjmcet Keraury bs thh nht th supphrt nukmc jble deamuse bt bs sh

ajhse th tne suc, \ecus nms tne smke prhdjek. Dut tne emrtn bs tne cext pjmcet hut mcf tnerbont fbstmcae lrhk tne suc th de cht thh wmrk th supphrt jble.XVne cext pjmcet mlter tne

emrtn bs Kmrs, mcf bt kmy de ahjf, dut cht thh ahjf th ahjhcbze, hr evec hce fmy terrmlhrk

(kmè nmdbtmdje lhr nukmcs). Vne cext pjmcet mlter Kmrs bs Iupbter, cht iust thh ahjf, dut

khstjy oms, sh tnere bs chtnbco shjbf th stmcf hc. Vne cext pjmcet, Qmturc, evec ahjfer mcfkhstjy omsehus ms wejj. Vne trecf ahctbcues hc th Ceptuce mcf Urmcus. Wjuth bs iust tnbs

ahjf jbttje fwmrl pjmcet, wnhse tnbc mtkhspnere ahjjmpses wnec bt bs lurtner lrhk tne suc.‛

‚Rhu see tnec wny B mk sh mkmzef Kmrs mcf emrtn mre ahupjef dy tnese cukders, tney

matumjjy nmve hce tnbco bc ahkkhc, shjbf pjmcets, cht ajbkmtbamjjy thh nht lhr nukmcs, hrthh ahjf.‛

‚Vnese cukders tnmt ahupje Kmrs wbtn emrtn, seek th smy tne pjmcet bs tnere ms m steppbcosthce th tne stmrs, tnmt bt bs tbke th wmfe hut bcth tne ahskba haemc, th use tne ketmpnhr hl Amrj Qmomc, hr sbc`. Vnmt bs, lhr shke remshc we nmve wnmt we ceef, dut m anmjjecoe nms

deec put th us. _e nmve th hverahke hur prhdjeks, jbè specfbco khcey mcf reshuraes

hc wmr bcstemf hl spmae expjhrmtbhc. Qpmae expjhrmtbhc amc shjve tne eahchkba arbsbs.

Ahjhcbzbco Kmrs whujf oecermte m kmssbve bcfustry tnmt whujf aremte whr` nere hc emrtnbc every seathr, lhr everyhce, mcf, bt whujf mjj de pmbf lhr dy tne reshuraes tnmt mre hut

tnere bc tne shjmr systek. Ms Amdmj smys th Wmsswhrtny bc Vnbcos th ahke dy N.O.

_ejjs9‛

‚‚Mcf bl we‒re ch khre tnmc mcbkmjs, we kust scmtan eman jbttje sarmp hl nmppbcess, mcf

jbve, mcf suller, mcf pmss, kmtterbco ch khre tnmc mjj tne htner mcbkmjs fh hr nmve fhce. Btbs tnbs, hr tnmt. Mjj tne ucbverse hr chtnbco. _nban snmjj bt de Wmsswhrtny8 _nban snmjj btde8‛‛

‚B dejbeve we mre mt tnmt tbke bc nbsthry, mcf tne CmchLEV kmr`s bt. Drbmc Objanrbst bs

whr`bco hc tne CmchLEV bfem. Lbejf Elleat Vrmcsbsthrs mre usef th anmroe jbontcmchpmrtbajes, sh tney amc de eieatef hut tne dma` ecf hl m snbp wbtn m serbes hl kmocetba

lbejfs kmfe dy stma`s hl kbarhanbp ahkphcects, kuan tne smke wmy anmroef pmrtbajes mre

maaejermtef dy ejeatrhkmocets bc m pmrtbaje maaejermthr. Vne cmchLEV snbp amc reman 27%

tne speef hl jbont, tnehretbamjjy, bl dubjt jbont mcf hutsbfe tne emrtn‒s ormvbty. Hl ahurse tnesnbp bs m stmrsnbp tnmt whujf tmè khre tnmc lhur yemrs th reman tne cemrest stmr, dut usef

th oh th kmrs kbont hcjy tmè m ahupje nhurs hr sh.‛



?4

Vne Oecesbs Nyphtnesbs

Bt bs ky ouess tnmt Vne Oecesbs Wrhieat ‑ km`bco m jble sustmbcbco pjmcet ‑ whujf de

mttmbcmdje dy usbco m pjmcet bc hrdbt mrhucf m stmr hl m jukbchsbty tnmt bs mdshjute

kmocbtufe zerh mt m fbstmcae lrhk bt tnmt bs tne smke ms tne fbstmcae detweec tne pjmcet

Qmturc mcf tne Quc. B amjj tnbs ‚Vne Oecesbs Nyphtnesbs‛.

Vne nbcts nbffec bc Cmture tnmt jemfs ke th tnbs ouess mre9

=. Vne eceroy requbref th khve tne emrtn lrhk tne suc th bts hrdbt hl hcemstrhchkbamj ucbt bs mdhut 26.4 shjmr jukbchsbtbes rmfbmtef hver m yemr, m cukder

ajhse th tne cukder hl cmturmjjy haaurrbco ejekects, wnban mre 24. 24 shjmr

jukbchsbtbes mre ajhse th tne jukbchsbty hl mc mdshjute kmocbtufe zerh stmr. Vnere

mre preabsejy >5.545. Bl we mvermoe tnbs wbtn =77 shjmr jukbchsbtbes we nmve24.?<45 shjmr jukbchsbtbes, very ajhse th tne cukder hl cmturmjjy haaurrbco

ejekects.

4.

Qmturc nms tne khst prhkbcect rbco systek bc tne shjmr systek. Bt bs mdhut =7tbkes lurtner lrhk tne suc tnmc tne Emrtn bs lrhk tne suc, mcf bl mc mdshjutekmocbtufe zerh stmr bs mdhut =77 shjmr jukbchsbtbes, dy tne bcverse squmre jmw tne

nmdbtmdje zhce hl mc mdshjute kmocbtufe zerh stmr bs tne smke fbstmcae lrhk tnmt

stmr ms Qmturc bs lrhk tne Quc.

1. B lhucf mdshjute kmocbtufe zerh stmrs nmve m ahcceatbhc wbtn mc ecbokmtbahaaurrecae hl 1.? bc tne Ucbverse.

Ahcaertbco cukder 1, tne jmtter phbct, B nmf wrbttec mdhut tnrhuon ky anmrmater Jehcmrfbc Vne Qearet Hl Ceptuce9

Jehcmrf relerref th nbs perbhfba tmdje hl tne ejekects mcf chtbaef tnmt tne rmtbh hl Ohjf(anekbamj sykdhj Mu) th Brhc (anekbamj sykdhj Le) wms 1.5. _ny wms tnbs bkphrtmct8Ne lbouref bt wms bkphrtmct deamuse tne jukbchsbty hl m stmr bcaremses exphcectbmjjy ms

tne kmss hl m stmr, mcf tnmt exphcect wms 1.5.

Ohjf nms deec ahcsbferef tne khst preabhus ketmj sbcae delhre tne Mcabect EoyptbmcsDurbef tnebr `bcos bc thkds wbtn tremsures kmfe hl tne stull, th thfmy ms tne khst preabhus

hl aerekhcbmj iewejrbes, mcf tne use hl Brhc kmr`ef tne deobccbco hl mc moe lhr nukmcs

tnmt ahctbcues th tnbs fmy. Ne chtbaef bl ne jet mc mdshjute kmocbtufe zerh stmr, wnban ne

nmf snhwc wms bkphrtmct, de rhucfef th =77 shjmr jukbchsbtbes, wnban put bts nmdbtmdjezhce mt Qmturc hrdbt mrhucf tne suc, mcf usef tnmt cukder bc tne equmtbhc, bt whujf nmve m

kmss hl 1.? sucs. Ne lhucf 1.? wms bkphrtmct bc nbs lhjjhwbco fbsahvery9

P(vhjuke hl smturc)/(vhjuke hl Iupbter)[(vhjuke hl kmrs)

;(keraury rmfbus)(emrtn rmfbus)S4

;P(vecus hrdbt/emrtn hrdbt)(emrtn rmfbus)[S1



?1

;P(keraury hrdbt)/(emrtn hrdbt)[(emrtn rmfbus)S1

;7.1? audba emrtn rmfbb

7.1? amc de ahcvertef th 1.? dy kujtbpjybco bt dy tne rmtbh hl emrtn kmss th kmrs kmss

deamuse bt bs ajhse th tec.

(emrtn rmfbus)/(khhc rmfbus);

6(feorees bc m abraje)(khhc fbstmcae)/(suc fbstmcae)

; 1.?

Vnere mre mdhut ms kmcy fmys bc m yemr ms feorees bc m abraje.

… Mcf tnerelhre mdshjute kmocbtufe zerh stmrs (djue stmrs) were hcae mombc rejevmct th

tne nukmc sthry.

B nmf lurtner wrbttec m tremtbse hc Djue Qtmrs, ms lhjjhws‛

Bc hrfer th fevejhp m ahkprenecsbve exhphjbtbas (phjbtbas detweec tne spmaelmrbco

whrjfs) hce nms th amteohrbze tne fbllerect `bcfs hl stmrs mcf expjmbc tnebr rejevmcae sbcaetney mre tnhse tnbcos, wnban wmrk tne whrjfs. B hrbobcmjjy tnhuont djue stmrs were hl

prbke bkphrtmcae, dut bt kmy de mjj stmrs (wnban we wbjj fbvbfe bcth lhur amteohrbes9 ref,

yejjhw, djue, wnbte) mre bkphrtmct bc fbllerect wmys. B nere deobc tne prhaess, stmrtbcowbtn djue stmrs.

Ky amjaujmtbhcs ahcaercbco mdshjute kmocbtufe zerh stmrs (Djue Qtmrs) mre ms lhjjhws9

Anmpter >9 Jehcmrf Amjaujmtes M Lucatbhcmj Qtmr Qystek

Ectry9 Vhpba9 Djue Qtmrs

_e wbjj lbcf tne eceroy requbref th khve tne emrtn hl kmss k, lrhk tne surlmae hl tne sucucfer bts ormvbty, th bts aurrect hrdbt hl hce mstrhchkbamj ucbt, tne suc hl kmss K.

Vne eceroy obvec th khve shketnbco mombcst ormvbty bs obvec dy tne _hr`, _9

_hr` ; _ ; L fs

L bs Lhrae. Bc tne amse hl tne suc mcf emrtn, we use Cewthc‒s Ucbversmj Jmw hl Ormvbty9

L ;OKk

r4

_e bcteormte lrhk T th r (lrhk tne rmfbus hl tne suc th tne hrdbt hl emrtn)9



?6

_ ; L " fr # ; $OKk

r

O bs tne ucbversmj ahcstmct hl ormvbty.

O ; <.<?4E-7> bc fyc-aectbketer squmref-per seahcf squmref

Mcf, K ; =.2>2E11 ormksMcf k ; 5.2?<E4? ormks

Mcf T ;<.2522E=7 aectbketers

Mcf r ; =.6252?2E=1 aectbketers

Evmjumtbco tne bcteormj lhr whr`, _9

OKk ; (<.<?4 E " 7>)(=.2>2 E 11)(5.2?< E 4?)

_nban bs equmj th ?.21E51

(?.21E51)/(<.2522E=7) ; =.=6E61 eros

(?.21E51)/(=.6252?2E=1) ; 5.17E67 eros

=.=6E61 ‑ 5.17E67 ; =.=1E61 eros

= ero ; =E-7? ihujes

Vne lbcmj mcswer bs =.=1E1< Ihujes hl eceroy th khve emrtn lrhk tne suc th bts hrdbt.

_e chw amjaujmte nhw kmcy tbkes drbonter tne suc nms th de th equmj tne mccumj hutput

hl eceroy (jukbchsbty) hl wnmt we iust amjaujmtef, tne eceroy th khve tne emrtn lrhk tne

surlmae hl tne suc th bts aurrect hrdbt.

Qeahcfs bc m yemr9

(1<5 fmys)(46 nhurs)(<7 kbcutes)(<7 seahcfs) ; 1.=5E?

Qhjmr jukbchsbty bs9 1.>4<E4< I/s

(1.>4<E4< I/s)(1.=5E? s) ; =.4=E16 I/yr

(=.4E16)x ; =.=1E1< I

Mcf, x ; 26.4

Vne suc kust de 26.4 tbkes ms jukbchus lhr bts mccumj hutput bc eceroy th equmj tne

eceroy requbref th khve tne emrtn lrhk bts surlmae th bts aurrect hrdbt.



?5

_e amjaujmtef tnmt mc hdieat nms th de mdhut 26 tbkes ms jukbchus ms tne suc th nmve mcmccumj hutput bc eceroy hver m yemr, tnmt equmjs tne eceroy requbref th khve tne emrtnlrhk tne surlmae hl tne suc th bts hrdbt, mcf tnere mre 24 cmturmjjy haaurrbco ejekects ms hl yet, m cukder ajhse th tne lmathr hl 26.

Jet us rhucf tnmt jukbchsbty th 26 shjmr jukbchsbtbes, mcf amjaujmte tne mdshjutekmocbtufe hl suan mc hdieat.

4.5=4 x

; 26

x jho 4.5=4 ; jho 26

7.6x ; =.2?1

x ; 6.21

Vne suc nms mc mdshjute kmocbtufe hl 6.>1 wnban bs mdhut lbve. Vne mdshjute kmocbtufehl hur hdieat bs 6.21 steps bc kmocbtufe drbonter tnmc tne suc, wnban bs mdhut lbvekmocbtufes drbonter tnmc tne suc. Lbve steps drbonter bs lbve kbcus lbve, wnban obves hur

hdieat mc mdshjute kmocbtufe hl zerh. Vnus tne systek hl tne mcabects nms m zerh

kmocbtufe rejmtef sh ejeomctjy th tne cukder hl tne cmturmjjy haaurrbco ejekects mcf tne

eceroy requbref th khve tne emrtn lrhk tne suc th emrtn hrdbt.

M zerh mdshjute kmocbtufe hdieat bs m stmr hl speatrmj ajmss D hc tne kmbc sequecae. Vnmt

bs bts ahjhr bs djue.

Vne nmdbtmdje zhce hl m pjmcet bs tne hrdbtmj fbstmcae lrhk m stmr tnmt mjjhws wmter th exbst

ms m jbqubf. Qbcae hur zerh kmocbtufe stmr bs mdhut 26 tbkes khre jukbchus tnmc tne suc,ms B nmve amjaujmtef bt, tne nmdbtmdje zhce lhr m pjmcet mrhucf tnbs zerh kmocbtufe stmr bslurtner lrhk bt tnmc tne emrtn bs lrhk tne suc. Jukbchsbty, hr tne mkhuct hl jbont obvec hll

dy m stmr fearemses ms tne squmre hl tne fbstmcae lrhk tne stmr (see tne bcverse squmre jmw).

Qbcae tnbs kmocbtufe zerh stmr bs mdhut 26 tbkes drbonter tnmc tne suc, mcf tnere bs shke

pjmy bc tne nmdbtmdje zhce, we amc, lhr emse hl amjaujmtbhc, mcf ejeomcae, smy hur stmr bs=77 tbkes khre jukbchus tnmc tne suc. Qbcae tec squmref bs =77 tne nmdbtmdje zhce

mrhucf hur djue, speatrmj ajmss D, zerh kmocbtufe stmr bs =7 mstrhchkbamj ucbts lrhk bt.

Vnbs puts tne hrdbt hl m pjmcet mrhucf tne stmr mt tne smke fbstmcae Qmturc bs lrhk tne suc.

Vne stmrs hc tne kmbc sequecae lhrk mc Q snmpef aurve wnere jukbchsbty bcaremses wbtn

kmss. Vne suc bs exmatjy bc tne kbffje hl tnbs aurve, mc mvermoe, yejjhw stmr hl speatrmjajmss O. Vne rejmtbhcsnbp lrhk m smkpje hl kmcy stmrs snhws tnmt kmss, K bs rejmtef thjukbchsbty, J ms lhjjhws9

J ; K 1.5

_e amc lbcf tne kmss hl hur zerh kmocbtufe stmr wbtn tnbs9

=77 ; K 1.5



?<

jho =77 ; 1.5 jho K

(4)/(1.5) ; jho K

7.5? ; jho K

K ;=7

7.5?

; 1.?

Hur zerh kmocbtufe, djue, speatrmj ajmss D stmr bs 1.? shjmr kmsses.

Vne kmss hl tne suc bc ormks bs9

=.2>2E11 o

Vnbs kemcs hur zerh kmocbtufe djue, speatrmj ajmss D stmr nms m kmss hl9

(=.2>2E11 o)(1.? shjmr kmsses) ; ?.1<E11 ormks

_e amc use @epjer‒s tnbrf jmw hl pjmcetmry khtbhc lhr abraujmr hrdbts th amjaujmte tne

yemr hl m pjmcet bc abraujmr hrdbt mrhucf hur zerh kmocbtufe, speatrmj ajmss D, djuestmr. Bt bs9

V ; 4"

r1

OK

_nere V bs tne hrdbtmj perbhf, hr yemr hl tne pjmcet bc questbhc, mcf r bs bts hrdbtmjfbstmcae lrhk tne stmr, O bs tne ucbversmj ahcstmct hl ormvbtmtbhc, mcf K bs tne kmss hl tne stmr tne dhfy bs hrdbtbco.

4" ;

4(1.=6=);

<.4>4

r ; =7 mstrhchkbamj ucbts

= mstrhchkbamj ucbt bs =.5E=1 ak

(=.5E=1 ak)(=7 mstrhchkbamj ucbts) ; (=.5E=6 ak)

r1; 1.1?5 E 64

O;<.<?4E-> (fyc ak squmref)/(o squmref)

r1

OK ;

1.1?5 E 64

(<.<?4 E ">)(?.1< E 11) ; <.>?E=5

<.>? E =5) ; >.1 E ? seahcfs

(>.1E? seahcfs)(<.4>4) ; 5.4E> seahcfs



??

(5.4E> seahcfs)/(<7 seahcfs) ; >.<?E< kbcutes

(>.<?E< kbcutes)/(<7 kbcutes) ; =.665E5 nhurs

(=.665E5 nhurs)/(46 nhurs) ; <.745E1 fmys

(<.74E1E1 fmys)/(1<5.45 fmys) ; =<.6> emrtn yemrs

Vne hrdbt hl tne pjmcet mrhucf hur zerh kmocbtufe, speatrmj ajmss D, djue stmr bs =<.6>emrtn yemrs. Vne ajhsest hrdbtmj perbhf th tnbs bc hur shjmr systek bs tnmt hl Iupbter mt ==.><yemrs. Vnmt hl Qmturc bs 42.5 emrtn yemrs.

Qtmrs mre mpprhxbkmte djma`dhfy rmfbmthrs, wnere m djma`dhfy bs tnmt wnban mdshrds mjj

bcahkbco rmfbmtbhc, mcf ekbts tne kmxbkuk mkhuct hl rmfbmtbhc lhr bts tekpermture. _e

ms`, maahrfbco tne jmws hl djma`dhfbes, obvec tne jukbchsbty hl mc mdshjute kmocbtufe

zerh stmr, mcf bts surlmae tekpermture, wnmt bs bts rmfbus.

Vne ahjhr bcfex hl m stmr (D-\) =77 tbkes khre jukbchus tnmc tne suc bs hc mc N-T

fbmormk, -7.=4, wnban ahrresphcfs th kmcy mdshjute zerh kmocbtufe zerh stmrs, mcf

surlmae tekpermture hl =1,777 feorees @ejvbc. Vekpermture hl m stmr bs rejmtef th bts

phwer rmfbmtef per ucbt surlmae dy tne Qtelmc-Dhjtzkmcc jmw9

T

Ts

;

V s

V

"

# $

%

& ' 4

J

Js

"

# $

%

& '

=

4

_nere T bs tne rmfbus hl tne stmr, T sudsarbpt Q bs tne rmfbus hl tne suc, V sudsarbpt Q bstne tekpermture hl tne suc bc feorees @ejvbc, V bs tne tekpermture hl stmr bc feorees@ejvbc, J bs tne jukbchsbty hl tne stmr, mcf J sudsarbpt Q bs tne jukbchsbty hl tne suc.

_e nmve9

(5>77/=1,777)4(4.5=4

6.>1)

=

4;

(7.=22)(2.4) ; =.> shjmr rmfbb

_e nmve usef tne tekpermture hl tne suc 5>77 feorees @ejvbc mcf 6.>1 ‑ 7 ; 6.>1 wnere

6.>1 bs tne mdshjute kmocbtufe hl tne suc.

Hur mdshjute kmocbtufe zerh kmbc sequecae stmr bs =.> tbkes jmroer tnmc tne suc.

_e nmve smbf tnmt m stmr hc tne kmbc sequecae hl =77 shjmr jukbchsbtbes bs ajhse th mc

mdshjute kmocbtufe zerh stmr. Iust nhw ajhse bs bt8 _e use9

E=/E4 ; 4.5=4S-(7-6.>1) ; 4.5=4S6.>1



?>

_nere E= bs tne jukbchsbty hl tne stmr, mcf E4 bs tne jukbchsbty hl tne suc, 6.>1 bs tnemdshjute kmocbtufe hl tne suc. Vnbs obves9

E= ; >5.545E4

Hr bc htner whrfs, mc mdshjute kmocbtufe zerh stmr bs >5.545 shjmr jukbchsbtbes. Vnbs bs

very ajhse th hur =77 shjmr jukbchsbtbes ahcsbferbco m stmr amc de khre tnmc m kbjjbhc

shjmr jukbchsbtbes

B dejbeve zerh kmocbtufe stmrs hc tne kmbc sequecae mre bkphrtmct, bl cht hll tne kmbc

sequecae, bc tnmt tney mre ahcceatef th hur stmr, tne suc, tnrhuon tne cukder hl cmturmjjy

haaurrbco ejekects, tne emrtn hrdbtmj perbhf, mcf tne mkhuct hl eceroy bt whujf tmè th

khve tne emrtn lrhk tne suc th bts hrdbt. Quan stmrs, hr pjus hr kbcus hce kmocbtufe hl

drbontcess, mre hl speatrmj ajmss M th speatrmj ajmss D. Vney mre bkphrtmct deamuse tne suc

bs bkphrtmct, ms bt bs m stmr bc wnban m jble demrbco pjmcet, tne emrtn, nms lhrkef.

B dejbeve Qmturc bs bkphrtmct, deamuse bt bs mt mc hrdbtmj fbstmcae lrhk tne suc tnmt bs bc kyprhieatef nmdbtmdje zhce lhr m zerh kmocbtufe stmr, hc tne kmbc sequecae. Deamuse hl

tnbs, B leej bt bs ch ahbcabfecae tnmt Qmturc nms rbcos. _nmt we nmve nere, bc tnbs whr`, bs m

ajue th tne searet hl hrbobcs, bc pmrtbaujmr th tne struature tnmt mjjhws lhr jble.

Vne mdshjute kmocbtufe hl m stmr bs bts jukbchsbty mt m set fbstmcae lrhk tne hdserver,

wnban nms deec set mt =7 pmrseas. Hce pmrsea bs 1.4< jbont yemrs, wnere m jbont yemr bs tne

fbstmcae jbont trmvejs bc hce yemr, hr bc tne tbke bt tmès tne emrtn th kmè hce revhjutbhc

mrhucf tne suc, bc htner whrfs. M pmrsea bs mjsh tne pmrmjjmx hl m stmr kemsuref dyfbspjmabco hcesejl dy mc mstrhchkbamj ucbt, wnere mc mstrhchkbamj ucbt bs tne mvermoe

fbstmcae hl tne emrtn lrhk tne suc, bc bts cemrjy abraujmr hrdbt. Vnbs ahrresphcfs th m

pmrmjjmx mcoje hl hce mra seahcf.

Ky dejbel bs bl yhu wmct th oet mt wnmt cmture bs, fhc‒t whrry mdhut debco rbont hc bc

kmcy mspeats hl whr`, deamuse bc mrt m abraje ucajhsef bs m abraje ajhsef dy tne ahcaept bc

mrt tney amjj ajhsure, m cmture hl tne wmy tne nukmc eye whr`s wbtn tne kbcf. Bs wnmt wemre seebco nere bs tne rhuon sètan hl cmture, tne bfem.

_e nmve smbf mc mdshjute kmocbtufe zerh stmr nms >5.545 shjmr jukbchsbtbes mcf tnmt bt bs

ahcvecbect th amjj bt =77 shjmr jukbchsbtbes mt tbkes. _e mvermoe tne twh vmjues9

(>5.545+=77)/4 ; 24.?<45

Vnere mre exmatjy 24 cmturmjjy haaurrbco ejekects. Vnbs mvermoe bs extrekejy ajhse thtnmt. _e use tnbs lmat bc hur oecesbs prhieat.



?2

Vne prhdmdbjbty hl km`bco c steps bc ebtner fbreatbhc lhrks m dejj snmpef aurve. Mlter =7

rmcfhkjy kmfe steps tne hffs hl ohbco chwnere bs nbonest mcf, bs represectef dy lbve bc

tne dejj aurve ahrresphcfbco th 7. Jet us rhucf tne fbstmcae hl Mjpnm Aectmurb th lhur

jbont yemrs, obvbco nukmcs tne decelbt hl tne fhudt. Vne cukder phsbtbve lhur bc tne dejj

ormpn nms wrbttec mdhve bt tne cukder ?. Qevec hut hl tec tbkes =77 lhr ellhrt obves m

?7% anmcae hl km`bco bt th tne stmrs wbtnhut deahkbco extbcat lbrst. B dejbeve tne peraect

ucferstmcfbco hl hur teanchjhobamj fevejhpkect thwmrfs nyperfrbve, wnere we nmve iust

ecteref spmae wbtn anekbamj rha`ets mcf fevejhpef lmst, ahkpmat, ahkputers, bs obvec dy9

_ C (c=) ;

C !

c=!c

4! p

c=qc4

Evmjumtef mt c=;?.

C bs =7 steps.

Mcf c= bs tne cukder hl steps thwmrfs Mjpnm Aectmurb, c4 tnhse mwmy lrhk bt.

Mcf, p bs tne prhdmdbjbty tnmt tne step bs thwmrfs Mjpnm Aectmurb, mcf q bs tne prhdmdbjbty

tnmt tne step bs mwmy lrhk Mjpnm Aectmurb.

C ; c= + c4

Mcf k ; c=-c4 bs tne fbspjmaekect

Mcf q+p;=



>7

Vne trba` th usbco tnbs equmtbhc bs bc `chwbco tne phssbdje ahkdbcmtbhcs hl steps tnmt amc

de kmfe tnmt equmj =7. Jb`e lbve rbont, lbve jelt wbtn m fbspjmaekect hl 7 hr, =7 rbont, 7jelt wbtn m fbspjmaekect hl =7 hr, ? jelt, 1 rbont wbtn m fbspjmaekect hl ceomtbve 6.

Vh jmcf mt 6 jbont yemrs lrhk emrtn, wbtn =7 hce jbont yemr iukps, hce kust oh mwmy lrhk

Mjpnm Aectmurb 1 iukps hl m jbont yemr eman tnec ? iukps thwmrf bt hl hce jbont yemr eman,th jmcf hc bt, tnmt bs th jmcf mt +6, bts jhamtbhc. Qh c= bs ? mcf c4 bs 1. Vne prhdmdbjbty th

iukp mwmy lrhk tne stmr bs =/4 mcf tne prhdmdbjbty th iukp thwmrfs bt bs =/4. Vnmt bs p;=/4

mcf q;=/4. Vnere mre tec rmcfhk iukps, sh, C;=7.

Usbco hur equmtbhc9

(=7!)

(?!)(1!)(=

4)?(=

4)1;

1<4>>77

(5767)(<)

=

=4>

=

>;

=47

=746;

=5

=4>; 7.==?=>?5 " =4%

_e whujf de, dy tnbs remshcbco =4% mjhco bc tne fevejhpkect thwmrfs nyperfrbve.

Bmc Demrfsjey

Iuce 4772



>=

Bcput9

Deobc Fmte9 Feaekder 4? =2<> => nhurs 5 kbcutes 1? seahcfs

Ecf Fmte9 Feaekder 4 47== 7 nhurs 4> kbcutes ? seahcfs

Ka@eccm smbf bc tne vbfeh hc yhutude tnmt tne fbps, hr vmjjeys, bc tne tbkewmve ormpnrepresect chvejtbes. Qh, B ajba`ef hc tne lbrst vmjjey mlter =2<2 sbcae tnmt bs tne yemr we

wect th tne khhc, mcf tne prhormk omve bts chvejty ms9

Qnejbm` Vbkewmve \mjue Lhr Vmroet9

7.7<4=

Hc Vmroet Fmte9 Muoust 6, =2<2 2 nhurs 51 kbcutes 1> seahcfs

B wms nmppy th see tnbs deamuse, B feterkbcef tnmt tne orhwtn rmte ahcstmct, `, tnmt rmte mt

wnban we prhoress thwmrfs nyperfrbve, bc ky amjaujmtbhc bc ky whr` MsbkhvbmcWrefbatbhc Lhr Nyperfrbve, tnmt omve tne fmte 4761, m yemr mlter Qberrm _mters wms nmcfeftne cewjy fbsahveref fhaukect tnmt stmrtef ner mfvecture bc Vne Wjht Vh Qmve Qharmtes,

dy Wmuj Jevbcshc, mcf m yemr delhre Bsmma Msbkhv nmf pjmaef tne bcvectbhc hl nyperfrbve

bc nbs dhh` B, Thdht, wms9

(`;7.7<4=)

Vne very smke cukder!!!



>4

Esampe \ejhabty bs tne vejhabty mt wnban mc hdieat esampes tne ormvbty hl m dhfy cht

requbrbco lurtner prhpujsbhc. Bt bs wnec bts `bcetba eceroy pjus bts phtectbmj eceroy bs zerh.

=

4kv

4;

OKk

r

v ;OK

r;==.4`k /s ; <.2<kb /s

(==.4)(=777)(=77) ; =,=47,777 ak

=,=47,777ak/s;4,267ak/s+1,416ak/s t

=,==?,7<7;1,416t

t;165.6= seahcfs ; 5.?5<> kbc ; 7.7252 nhurs

x ; 4,267(165)+=/4(1,416)(165)S4 ;=7,=6177 + =246<1645 ; =216???45; =216???.45 ; =,216.???45 `k ~ =,215 `k

Mt =47`k mtkhspnerba elleats deahke chtbaemdje th spmaearmlt. _e mre wejj deyhcf tnmt.=<.=45 tbkes lurtner hut.

Vnus, tne Urmcus Equmtbhc amrrbes m snbp th esampe vejhabty bc 5.?5<> kbcutes. Vnmt‒s

7.?5<>(<7) ; 65.67>

5 kbcutes 65 seahcfs



>6

Vne Bkphrtmcae Hl ?.4 Bc Vne Ceptuce Equmtbhc

Bkmobce ky surprbse wnec Fhvbf @rmlanhw (Vne Iewbsn Dhnekbmc) smbf ‑ tmj`bco mdhut

nbs dhh` 47=4 Mcf Vne Amdmjm -- tnmt \ecus wms ohbco th trmcsbt tne suc lhr sbx kbcutes

hc tne sbxtn hl Iuce (47=4) wnban bs tne sbxtn hl Qbvhc wnban bs tne smke fmy tne Iewbsn

pehpje reaebvef tne Vhrmn, mdhut 1577 yemrs moh deamuse ky Ceptuce Equmtbhc bs dmsefmrhucf \ecus aremtbco tne kujtbpjber hl ?.4, mcf @rmlanhw lurtner phbctef hut tnmt ?4 bs

tne nbonest oekmtrbm lhr tne cmke hl tne Ohf hl Bsrmej, RN_N.

Lhr khctns tnmt prehaaupbef, ky kbcf ms th wnmt bt kemct, uctbj tne cext ajue amke. Bjemrcef delhre tne Iews reaebvef tne Vhrmn, tney were Mkhrbtes hl Qyrbm mcf Amccmc wnh

evectumjjy kbormtef th Keshphtmkbm (Brmq) th jbve bc tne M``mfbmc Ekpbre wbtn tne

Qukerbmcs. Bt whujf seek tne Qukerbmcs hl Cbceven whrsnbpef Bsntmr. _ny bs tnmt

bkphrtmct th mjj hl tnbs8 B wrhte tne lhjjhwbco9

Vne Ahcstmct hl Cbceven, wnban wms bc Mcabect Qukerbmc Aucblhrk tmdjets wmsreahocbzef th de, dy Kmurbae Anmtejmbc, wnh wms bc anmroe hl fevejhpbco tneahkkucbamtbhc systeks lhr tne Mphjjh Kbssbhcs (jmcfbco hc tne khhc), tne jhcoshuont mlter cukder tnmt whujf fesarbde every ayaje bc tne shjmr systek, nmsverblbef ky Ceptuce Equmtbhc. B lbcf tnbs bcterestbco deamuse bc tne MssyrbmcTejbobhc (Msnurbsk), Bsntmr represects \ecus, mcf wms tne pmtrhcess hl Cbceven,wnere tne ahcstmct wms lhucf. \ecus bs tne kujtbpjber hl ?.4 bc ky CeptuceEqumtbhc, wnban ahkes lrhk tne rmtbh hl vecus hrdbt th emrtn hrdbt kujtbpjbef dytne kmss hl emrtn fbvbfef dy tne kmss hl tne kmrs. Lurtner tne jmtter rmtbh bs =7 shtne lhrker bs 7.?4. Chw Kmurbae Anmtejmbc nms kmfe tne ahkpejjbco mroukect bcnbs dhh` Hur Ahskba Mcaesthrs, tnmt tne Qukerbmcs ahujf cht nmve ferbvef tnbscukder, tnmt khferc kmtnekmtbabmcs jhh`ef lhr mcf ahujf cht lbcf, dut tnmt bt nmfth de obvec th tnek dy ohfs hr mstrhcmuts. Ne km`es tne mroukect tnmt we mre tne

fesaecfmcts hl mcabect mstrhcmuts. Ne lurtner suooests kmcy hl hur Ohfs nmveshketnbco th fh wbtn tnese Mcabect Mstrhcmuts, wnh omve us teanchjhoy suan msketmjjuroy mcf sh hc.



>5

Iust wnmt bs Vne Cbceven Ahcstmct mcf nhw fhes bt verbly ky Ceptuce Equmtbhc8 Nere bswnmt B wrhte bc ky snhrt sthry M Fbstmct Eanh Lrhk Vne Wmst9



><

Anmpter Ebont9 Mc Eanh Lrhk Vne Fbstmct Wmst

Nmc` set up amkp bc tne Tha`y Khuctmbcs. Nbs ouess tnmt dbo mcteccms wmbtbco lhr

kessmoes lrhk Mjbecs tnmt jelt lhr tnebr festbcmtbhc nucfrefs th tnhusmcfs hl yemrs moh,

hcjy th mrrbve mt emrtn chw wms cht tne mpprhman th tm`e. Ne lbouref ne whujf iust nmve

th set up nbs rmfbh reaebver, wnban wms ahcceatef th nbs jmpthp, th reaebve m kessmoe sectbc presect tbkes lrhk cemrdy, jb`e emrtn hrdbt, hr m jmcfef snbp.

Vnmt kessmoe lbcmjjy amke mlter lhur cbonts hl amkpbco hut. Bt wms drhmfamst hc nbs

jmpthp sareec ms lhjjhws9

?52 mcf 2/5 yhu mre speabmj

Ahcsbfer9

<<2 th <4< DA

Jbdrmry hl @bco Mssurdmcbpmj bc CbcevenMssyrbmc TubcsMcabect Qukerbmc Ajmy Auceblhrk Vmdjets

Examvmtef mt tne sbte hl @uyucib`

Cbveven Ahcstmct9=25,255,477,777

Ahkkhc fechkbcmthr bc mjj aejestbmj ayajes th lhur pjmaes mlter tne feabkmj, bc seahcfs.

Lwf tnbs kessmoe th9 Bmc Demrfsjey relerrbco th Vne Kystery Jmtect Bc Vne WrbkhrfbmjHrbobcs Hl Nukmc`bcf

Qbcaerejy, m deyhcf emrtn bctejjboecae

Nmc` smbf mjhuf th nbksejl9 ‚_nh bc tne nejj bs Bmc Demrfsjey8‛



>?

Anmpter Cbce9 M Fbstmct Eanh Lrhk Vne Wmst

Vne mutnhr hl tnbs chvej, wnh wrhte tne dhh`9 Vne Kystery Jmtect Bc Vne Wrbkhrfbmj

Hrbobcs Hl Nukmc`bcf, kectbhcef bc tnbs chvej severmj tbkes, nms reaebvef mc e-kmbj

lrhk nbs anmrmater, Nmc` _bjfderry9

Vh9 Bmc Demrfsjey

Fhc‒t ms`, iust km`e tne lhjjhwbco amjaujmtbhcs9

(Cbceven Ahcstmct)/x ; Iupbter Werbhf Bc Remrs

(Cbceven Ahcstmct)/x ; Qmturc Werbhf Bc Remrs

Qbcaerejy, Nmc` (_bjfderry)

Bmc Demrfsjey `cew wnmt tne Cbceven Ahcstmct wms. Ne nmf sect nbs whr` th Cebj Lreer,mutnhr hl Drem`bco Vne Ohfspejj, mcf ne wrhte dma`9

Imc 4=, 47=4

‚Rhur stull bs lmsabcmtbco. Chw tnmt B mk whr`bco ky wmy tnrhuon bt B

remjbze tnmt B snhujf amjj th yhur mttectbhc tne whr` hl Kmurbae Anmtejmbc,

feaemsef, `eep kbcf, lrbecf lrhk Qmc Fbeoh, see nbs dhh` Hur Ahskba

Mcaesthrs, anmpter amjjef Vne Cbceven Ahcstmct, pmrtbaujmrjy pmoe 42.‛ Bmc nmf jemrcef tnmt Kmurbae Anmtejmbc wms tne fbreathr hl dubjfbco tne

ahkkucbamtbhcs systeks lhr tne Mphjjh Kbssbhcs (Kbssbhc th tne Khhc)

mcf nmf fbsahveref tne Cbceven Ahcstmct bc Mcabect Qukerbmc auceblhrk

ajmy tmdjets. Ne wms mkmzef tnmt tnese mcabect pehpje `cew hl suan m

cukder, deamuse, ms ne wrhte9

‚…Every perbhf hl revhjutbhc hr ahciucatbhc hl mjj tne shjmr systek dhfbes

amjaujmtef dy tne Ahcstmct hl Cbceven ahrresphcfef exmatjy fhwc th severmj

feabkmj phbcts wbtn tne vmjues obvec bc tne khferc tmdjes hl Ucbtef Qtmtes

mstrhchkers…‛

‚B nmve cht deec mdje th lbcf evec m sbcoje perbhf hl revhjutbhc, hrahciucatbhc hl m shjmr systek pjmcet hr smtejjbte, tnmt whujf cht de mcexmat lrmatbhc fhwc th tne lhurtn feabkmj phbct hl tne Oremt Ahcstmct hl tne Qhjmr Qystek.‛



>>

Qh Bmc kmfe tne amjaujmtbhcs9

Qeahcfs bc m yemr9 1=,55<,24<

Iupbter yemr ; ==.>< yrs

Qmturc yemr ; 42.? yrs

Iupbter ; 1?6,4<5,=64 seahcfsQmturc ; 21?,467,?74 seahcfs

Cbceven Ahcstmct ; =25,255,477,777

^ lhr Iupbter ; =25.2554E2/1?6,4<5,=64 ; 546

^ lhr Qmturc ; =25.2554E2/21?,467,?74 ; 472

Maahrfbco th tnehry, ms Bmc ucfersthhf bt, tnese jmst twh resujts snhujfde nmrkhcba.



>2

Anmpter =79 M Fbstmct Eanh Lrhk Vne Wmst

Vh lbcf tne nmrkhcbas hl tne Cbceven kujtbpjbers lhr Iupbter mcf Qmturc, ne thh` tnebr

squmre rhhts (oehketrba kemcs) wbtn tne resujts9

Iupbter9 sqrt(546) ; 44.2 ~ 41Qmturc9 sqrt(472) ; =6.65<> ~ =6

41 wms tne tnbrf cukder bc nbs sequecae9

5,=6,41,14,6=,…

mcf =6 wms tne seahcf, lrhk wnban nbs Ceptuce equmtbhc wms ferbvef (bc Vne KysteryJmtect Bc Vne Wrbkhrfbmj Hrbobcs Hl Nukmc`bcf).



27

Anmpter Ejevec9 M Fbstmct Eanh Lrhk Vne Wmst

Nmc` _bjfderry nmf deec amkpef hut bc tne Tha`y Khuctmbcs lhr hcjy lhur fmys mcf ne

nmf mjremfy reaebvef m kessmoe lrhk Mjbecs. _nmt bs khre, tnhse mjbecs nmf sect nbk ms

wejj m trmcskbssbhc lrequecay mcf fbreatbhc (mppmrectjy tney were fbreatjy hvernemf bc

oehaectrba hrdbt) mcf ne nmf dubjt mcf drhuont mjhco, m phrtmdje trmcskbtter hl nbs hwcahcstruatbhc. Cht hcjy ahujf ne reaebve kessmoes lrhk tnese mjbecs, ne ahujf secf

kessmoes th tnek. Ne nmf kmfe ahctmat.



2=

Anmpter =49 M Fbstmct Eanh Lrhk Emrtn

Nmc` drhè fhwc amkp mcf wect th m skmjj khuctmbc thwc fbcer wnere ne nhhèf up th

tne bctercet. Ne aneaèf nbs e-kmbj mcf lhucf tnere wms hce tnere lrhk Bmc. Ne hpecef

bt mcf lhucf9

Nmc`9

Vne Cbceven Ahcstmct ybejfs9

Iupbter9 sqrt(546) ; 44.2 ~ 41

Qmturc9 sqrt(472) ; =6.65<> ~ =6

41 bs tne tnbrf cukder bc nbs sequecae9

5,=6,41,14,6=,…

mcf =6 bs tne seahcf, lrhk wnban nbs Ceptuce equmtbhc bs ferbvef (bc Vne Kystery JmtectBc Vne Wrbkhrfbmj Hrbobcs Hl Nukmc`bcf).

Bmc

Nmc` wrhte dma`, Bmc fhc‒t yhu see8 Qtmrt wbtn Iupbter mcf Qmturc deamuse tney mre tne

jmroest pjmcets bc tne shjmr systek. Qmturc bs mt cbce ucbts lrhk tne Quc mt bts ajhsest

mpprhman mcf Iupbter mt lbve. Vnmt bs m rmtbh hl cbce-lbltns. Rhu yhursejl smbf bt bs bc tnekhjmr kmss hl ohjf th tne khjmr kmss hl sbjver mcf bc tne rmtbh hl tne shjmr rmfbus th tne

jucmr hrdbtmj fbstmcae, cht th kectbhc bc m very phpujmr (bl cht khst phpujmr) mrrmcoekect

hl petmjs mrhucf m ljhwer, mkhco htner tnbcos. Dut Qmturc mt cbce mcf Iupbter mt lbvekystbamjjy puts tne Emrtn mt hce ucbt lrhk tne suc9 Vne twh jmroest pjmcets bc tne shjmrsystek phbct th tne Emrtn, tnrhuon ohjf mcf sbjver, suc mcf khhc, ljhwer petmj

mrrmcoekects,.. Vne tnbrf cukder bc yhur sequecae lrhk wnban yhur Ceptuce equmtbhc

wms ferbvef bs 41. Vnmt bs m twh mcf m tnree9 \ecus bs tne seahcf pjmcet hut lrhk tne suc,

emrtn tne tnbrf. Emrtn bs ahupjef wbtn \ecus. Rhu nmve smbf \ecus bs m lmbjef emrtn. Qhemrtn amc lmbj. Nhwever tne seahcf cukder bc yhur sequecae, wnban whujf represect

\ecus (\ecus debco tne seahcf pjmcet lrhk tne Quc) bs =6. Rhu nmve snhwc tnmt =6 bs

tne sepmrmtbhc detweec Iupbter mcf Qmturc (wnere hce bs tne emrtn-suc sepmrmtbhc) mcf

tnmt, wbtn Iupbter khre kmssbve tnmc Qmturc, th dmjmcae tnek hc m teeter thtter wbtn jecotn=6, tne lujaruk whujf de mt mdhut Kmrs hrdbt (=.5 emrtn suc sepmrmtbhcs lrhk Iupbter). Qh

tnbs smys wnbje Emrtn amc lmbj, Nukmcs amc suaaeef dy wmy hl Kmrs. Rhu wrhte9

‚_e nmve mc equmtbhc lhr m sequecae tnmt snhws tne Emrtn strmffjef detweec \ecus mcfKmrs. \ecus bs m lmbjef Emrtn. Kmrs prhkbses th de Cew Emrtn. Vne equmtbhc, tnmt B

presectef bc ky whr`, ‚Vne Fhaukect‛, bs9

P(\ecus-hrdbt)/(Emrtn-hrdbt)[P(Emrtn-kmss)/(Kmrs-kmss)[c ‑ (Kmrs hrdbtmj #) ; mXc



24

Vne Kmrs hrdbtmj cukder bs 6. Bl we wmct th `chw wnmt pjmcet bc tne shjmr systek nhjfs

tne `ey th tne suaaess hl Emrtn, hr th tne suaaess hl nukmcs, we jet c ;1 sbcae tne Emrtn bstne tnbrf pjmcet hut lrhk tne Quc, bc tne equmtbhc mcf tne resujt bs mXc ; =?.<. Vnbs kemcs

tne pjmcet tnmt nhjfs tne `ey bs Ceptuce. Bt nms m kmss hl =?.41 emrtn kmsses, m cukder

very ajhse th hur =?.<. Vne cext step bs th mcmjyze Ceptuce, bts ahkphsbtbhc mcf htner

lmathrs.‛

‚Cht hcjy wms Ceptuce tne bcfbamtef pjmcet, ne lhucf bt nmf cemrjy tne smke surlmae

ormvbty hl emrtn. Vnhuon bt wms kuan khre kmssbve tnmc emrtn, bt wms kuan jmroer mcf

tnerelhre jess fecse. Vnmt wms wny bt amke hut th nmve tne smke surlmae ormvbty.‛

Bc htner whrfs, Bmc, tne Cbceven Ahcstmct verblbes yhur Ceptuce Equmtbhc, mcf expjmbcs

ajemrjy wnmt tne Qhjmr Qystek bs smybco. Kmrs bs Vne Ahskba Lujaruk ms yhu amjjef bt,

wnec yhu wrhte9

B nmve lhucf khre remshc tnmt tne pjmcet Kmrs represects tne suaaess hl

nukmc`bcf bc tnbs pmssmoe9

Oectjekec, lurtner, Kmrs bs Cew Emrtn. B nmve fhce tnbs9

_e `chw tnmt 2/5 haaurs bc kmcy kysterbhus wmys bc cmture, bcajufbco Qmturc‒s fbstmcae

lrhk tne suc hl 2 (ajhsest mpprhman) puttbco Iupbter‒s mt lbve (ajhsest mpprhman), mcf tne

emrtn mt hce. Jet us ahcsbfer m dmjmcae. Bl twh webonts hl equmj kmss mre pjmaef hc

hpphsbte ecfs hl m dmjmcae, tnec th de dmjmcaef tne lujaruk kust de pjmaef mt tne aecter.Dut bl hce kmss bs bcaremsef, tnec tne lujaruk wbjj nmve th de khvef ajhser th tne nemvber

ecf bl tne dmjmcae bs cht th tbp. Vnbs bs tne Jmw hl Jevers. Bt stmtes tnmt tne kmsses mre

bcversejy prhphrtbhc th tnebr fbstmcaes lrhk tne lujaruk. Vh wrbte bt kmtnekmtbamjjy,

K=/K4;J4/J=

Hr, equbvmjectjy

(K=)(J=);(K4)(J4)

Bl we ahcsbfer tne tbke wnec Qmturc mcf Iupbter, tne twh khst kmssbve dhfbes bc tne shjmrsystek mre bc hpphsbtbhc, tnmt bs wnec tney mre hc hpphsbte sbfes hl tne suc mcf lmabco hce

mchtner, tnec dy tne mdhve bclhrkmtbhc tney mre sepmrmtef dy =6 ucbts. Iupbter bs 1.16

tbkes ms kmssbve ms Qmturc. Dy hur jmw hl jevers mdhve, tnmt kemcs

J=/J4;1.16

J=+J4;=6

Vnus

6.16J4;=6 mcf



21

J4;1.445>

=6-1.44;=7.??;J=

Kmrs hrdbtmj fbstmcae bs =.5

Vne smturc-lujaruk fbstmcae kbcus tne kmrs hrdbtmj fbstmcae bs9 =7.??-=.5;2.4~2 bs

smturc‒s ajhsest mpprhman th tne suc.

Kmrs, tnec, bs tne ahskba lujaruk. Bt bs tne hce pjmcet whrtn terrmlhrkbco lhr

ahjhcbzmtbhc. Bt bs tnec mjbocef ketmpnysbamjjy wbtn bts pnysbamj anmrmaterbstbas.

Bmc, ms yhu `chw B fhwcjhmfef tnbs fhaukect (Vne Kystery Jmtect Bc Vne WrbkhrfbmjHrbobcs Hl Nukmc`bcf) tnmt yhu kmfe mvmbjmdje mt Bssuu mcf Qarbdf. B `chw yhu leej bt

snhujf de fbsaussef mcf resemranef, wnban bt nms cht, deamuse tne suaaess hl nukmcs

kbont fepecf hc bt… Dut Nejj, tnere mre pehpje bc Ahcoress wnh bochre Imkes Nmcsec,tne whrjf‒s lhrekhst mutnhrbty hc ajbkmte anmcoe, wnec ne wmrcs we ahujf experbecaeamtmstrhpnba ajbkmte anmcoe bl we fhc‒t anmcoe hur wmys. Nhw whujf yhu jbè bt bl B thjf

yhu rest emsy, deamuse B mk bc ahkkucbamtbhc wbtn Mjbecs mcf tney nmve requestef B

demk yhur whr` th tnek. Qh evec bl we oh extbcat, tney nmve yhur whr`, mcf tney nmve

smbf tney amc use bt, deamuse bt bs ms Imkes Jhvejha` smbf, mcf khre, Emrtn bs cht iust jbèm obmct hromcbsk wnere everytnbco hc bt bs m lucatbhcbco pmrt hl tne hromcbsk, dut tne

ectbre ucbverse bs, mcf, tney ceef yhur fbsahvery mdhut hur shjmr systek deamuse hur shjmr

systek bs m pmrt hl tne superombm, tne obmct hromcbsk jbè struature tnmt bs tne ucbverse.



26

B snhujf kectbhc B refuaef tne Cbceven Ahcstmct dy m lmathr hl =777. B wrhte bc ky dhh`

Vne Oecesbs Nyphtnesbs9

Hc Ky Tefuatbhc Hl Vne Cbceven Ahcstmct Dy M Lmathr Hl =777

Vnmt kmrvejhus ahcstmct, tne cbceven ahcstmct, tnmt jhco shuont mlter oremt ahcstmct hl tneshjmr systek, wnban wms semranef lhr dy khferc kmtnekmtbabmcs wbtnhut suaaess, hcjy th

de lhucf wrbttec hut bc mcabect sukerbmc auceblhrk ajmy tmdjets, mcf remjbzef th de ms

suan dy Kmurbae Anmtejmbc, fbreathr hl ahkkucbamtbhcs fevejhpkect lhr tne mphjjh

kbssbhcs, tnmt B lhucf verblbef ky Ceptuce Equmtbhc bc ky sthry, M Fbstmct Eanh LrhkVne Wmst, B snhujf smy B refuaef tne ahcstmct dy m lmathr hl =777, wnban B whujf jb`e th

phbct hut hcjy khves tne feabkmj phbct bc tne amjaujmtbhcs mcf fhes cht anmcoe tne

kmrvejhus cukerbamj vmjues. Tefuabco bt dy m lmathr hl m tnhusmcf put ky amjaujmtbhc bc

tne rmcoe hl ky sequecae lhr tne pjmcets. Ms Anmtejmbc phbctef hut, tne Mcabect Kmymcs`cew tne oremt ahcstmct, dut expressef bt bcaremsef dy m lmathr hl <5.

B lurtner wrhte bc tne smke dhh`9

Bt bs prhdmdjy amjjef ‚Vne Cbceven Ahcstmct‛ deamuse Cbceven shucfs jb`e Cbce mcf 41 bs

tne cbctn prbke cukder wnban represects tne pjmcet Iupbter, tne jmroest, khst kmssbve

pjmcet bc tne shjmr systek, tnrhuon tne Cbceven ahcstmct.



25

Hc Vne 47=4 \ecus Vrmcsbt

_nec B smy Fhvbf @rmlanhw (Vne Iewbsn Dhnekbmc) smys tnmt \ecus wbjj eajbpse tne suchc tne sbxtn hl Iuce bc 47=4, wnban bs tne sbxtn hl Qbvhc, wnban bs tne fmy tne Iewsreaebvef tne Vhrmn, B whujf jbè th kmè ajemr tne trmcsbt wms mjsh hc tne lbltn. Bt fepecfshc yhur tbke zhce. B whujf mjsh jbè th smy ms B ucferstmcf bt, tne trmcsbt jmstef sbx nhurs,

dut lrhk tne tbke zhce ne wms ahcsbferbco, wnere bt haaurs hc tne sbxtn, bt kmy de tnmt btwms hcjy vbsbdje lhr sbx kbcutes deamuse tne suc set delhre bt ahujf ahkpjete. B whujfjbè th smy Qbvhc bs m khctn bc tne Iewbsn amjecfmr mcf tnmt 47=4 wms hce tnehretbamj ecflhr hce Kmymc Amjecfmr. Vne bkphrtmct tnbco, wnere ky whr` bs ahcaercef, bs tnmt tnetrmcsbt hl \ecus wms hc tne bcterseatbhc hl Iuce < mcf < hl Qbvhc, hc tne fmy tne Nedrewsreaebvef tne thrmn bc 47=4, mcf hl ahurse nbs nbonest oekmtrbm lhr RN_N debco ?4,deamuse \ecus, ms B nmve expjmbcef bs bkphrtmct th ky Ceptuce Equmtbhc, mcf deamuse hl tnmt ?4, ms B nmve expjmbcef bc ky dhh`, RN_N, Bsntmr, Mcf Vne Ceptuce Equmtbhc. Bwhujf jbè th phbct hut tnmt seahcfs, kbcutes, mcf nhurs mre bkphrtmct fbvbsbhcs hl tbkedeamuse tney mre dmsef hc aejestbmj perbhfs mcf tne Cbceven Ahcstmct wrbttec bc McabectQukerbmc Ajmy Auceblhrk tmdjets bs bc seahcfs. Kmurbae Anmtejjmbc phbcts hut bc HurAhskba Mcaesthrs tnmt we kust nmve nmf tne ucbts hl seahcfs th kemsure tbke sbcaemcabect tbkes. Kbcutes mre bkphrtmct deamuse tney mre eman <7 seahcfs mcf nhurs mre

bkphrtmct deamuse tney mre eman <7 kbcutes.

Bmc Demrfsjey

Iuce =>, 47=4

Ohfs Hl Ljesn Mcf Djhhf Mcf Hce Deyhcf Nukmc Ucferstmcfbco

Kmurbae Anmtejjmbc nms cht deec tne hcjy pershc th suooest tnmt hur Mcabect AhskbaMcaesthrs lrhk htner whrjfs omve hur teanchjhoy th us, dut tne bctejjboecae mcmjyst DhdFemc nms smbf tne smke. Bc lmat dhtn nmve smbf tney omve us suan tnbcos ms hur Ohfs.Kmurbae Anmttejmbc wms bc anmroe hl fevejhpbco tne ahkkucbamtbhcs systeks mcfahkputers lhr Vne Mphjjh Kbssbhc, khre tnmc hce hl wnban jmcfef nukmcs hc tne khhc,mcf Dhd Femc wms mssbocef th tne _mr Thhk bc Lrmcae.

Bt bs ch whcfer tnmt tne Cbceven Ahcstmct, fbsahveref dy Anmtejjmbc th de tne oremt

ahcstmct hl tne shjmr systek, wms ucemrtnef bc Keshphtmkbm mt tne Jbdrmry hl @bcoMssurdmcbpmj bc Cbceven. Bt seeks th prhvbfe shke `bcf hl supphrt lhr tne vmjbfbty hl kyCeptuce equmtbhc. B nmve mjremfy tmjèf mdhut tnmt. Vnmt wnban B whujf jbè th smy bstnmt tne Mssyrbmcs hl tnbs pjmae whrsnbpef tne Ohfs9

Vne Khhc (Qbc)Vne Quc (Qnmkmsn)Iupbter (Kmrfu`)\ecus (Bsntmr)



2<

Qmturc (Cbcurtm)Keraury (Cmdu)Kmrs (Ceromj)

Mcf ms suan were pernmps pmybco trbdute th ljesn mcf djhhf ectbtbes lrhk htner whrjfstnmt omve tnek sabecae. Mcf tnmt tne Mkhrbtes were bcljuecaef th mdmcfhc tne lhjjhwbco

hl, lhr hce Ohf (RN_N) th whrsnbp tnmt, wnban wms cht hl ljesn mcf djhhf dut tnmtwnban represectef everytnbco uc`chwc, pernmps evec th tnhse mfvmcaef abvbjbzmtbhcstnrhuonhut tne Omjmxy, bl cht tne Ucbverse9

Jju (Q`y)Mtbrmtu (Uc`chwc)Mttmrtu (Lertbjbty)Nmffu/Nmfmfu (Qthrk)Qmksu (Quc Ohfess)_mrbnu (Khhc Ohf)

Mcf ms suan phjytnebsk mcf khchtnebsk whujf ahcveroe uphc Keshphtmkbm.

Bmc DemrfsjeyKmy 1=, 47=4



2?

Fmtbco Vne Ahcstmct Hl Cbceven

Vne ahcstmct hl Cbceven fmtes th m tbke jhco delhre tne exbstecae hl tne Mssyrbmc Jbdrmry

hl @bco Mssurdmcbpmj (<<2 DA ‑ <4< DA). Bt wms wrbttec hc hce hl tne kuan hjfer Ajmy

Qukerbmc Auceblhrk Vmdjets, m ahjjeatbhc hl wnban ne nmf tnhusmcfs. Kmurbae

Anmtejjmbc fhes shke mkmzbcojy ahcvbcabco tnehrbzbco tnmt puts tne moe hl tne oblt hl tneahcstmct th us mt <5,777 yemrs. Rhu ouessef bt, tnmt kemcs we were obvec mfvmcaef

kmtnekmtbas dy mstrhcmuts lrhk wnban we fesaecfef delhre we were nhkh smpbecs, dut

shketnbco pernmps jb`e nhkh ereatus anbppbco sthces!

Dut B lbcf bt kuan khre remshcmdje, bl we nmve th ahcceat m fmte th tne ahcstmct ahkbco

bcth hur nmcfs th oh dma` th mchtner tbke9 Vne dbrtn hl morbaujture, wnban we amccht

mssboc th m preabse dbrtn fmte, ms bt ormfumjjy thh` nhjf hver tnhusmcfs hl yemrs, tnhuon we

amc mssboc th bt m pjmae, mcf tnmt whujf de mrhucf tne wnere tne jbdrmry wms,Keshphtmkbm, mcf we ahujf estbkmte tnmt th de mrhucf shke =4,777 yemrs moh.

_btn tne dbrtn hl morbaujture amke rejbobhc. _nbje tne Mkhrbtes amke th tnbs jmcf hl tnephjytnebsk hl Msnurbsk, tney were th mdmcfhc tnebr hwc whrsnbp hl kmcy ohfs mcfreturc th Amcmmc ucfer Mdrmnmk th ‚km`e m oremt cmtbhc hl nbs seef‛. Vne maaeptef

tnehry bs, tnhuon, tnmt tne Vhrmn wms wrbttec dy tne Iews bc Dmdyjhcbmc exbje. Vnbs wms bc

tne smke mrem ms tne jbdrmry hl @bco Mssurdmcbpmj, mcf mrhucf tne smke tbke (aeram <77

DA).



2>

Keshphtmkbm Mcf Eoypt

Bc sh lmr ms Keshphtmkbm wms tne perleat pjmae lhr nucters mcf omtnerers th settje mcf

deobc morbaujture deamuse bt nmf yemr rhucf suc mcf wmter, B dejbeve lrhk ky

mstrhchkbamj amjaujmtbhcs jmbf hut bc tnbs pmper tnmt everytnbco nms shketnbco th fh wbtn

Keshphtmkbm, wnetner hr cht yhu jhh` mt tne tbke Kmurbae Anmtejjmbc phbctef us th<5,777 yemrs moh lhr tne oblt th us hl tne Cbceven Ahcstmct hr ky dejbel tnmt pernmps tne

oblt wms obvec th us =4,777 yemrs moh mrhucf wnec morbaujture deomc, hr we see m

sbocblbamct tbke hl wnec @bco Mssurdmcbpmj nmf nbs jbdrmry bc Cbceven mcf tne Iews were

wrbtbco tne Vhrmn bc tne Dmdyjhcbmc Ekpbre mt tne smke tbke bc tne smke reobhc mrhucf<77 DA. Vnere bs strhco lrhk Anmtejjmbc mcf N..O. _ejjs tnmt Eoypt snhujf de

ahcsbferef aruabmj th wny mcf nhw nbsthry uclhjfef ms wejj.

Bmc Demrfsjey



22

Vne Nedrews mcf Vne Qukerbmcs bc Keshphtmkbm

Bl hce remjjy jhh`s mt bt, Keshphtmkbm wms lbrst set up bcth abty-stmtes dy

Qukerbmcs, wnh shke shuraes whujf smy amke lrhk Bderbm, htners, lrhk

Bcfbm. _nmtever tne amse, tney were bcvmfef dy Qekbtba Chkmfs wnh set up

tne M``mfbmc Ekpbre. Nhwever, Qukerbmc aujture evectumjjy thh` nhjf

mombc wbtn bts systek hl wrbtbco, mcf abvbjbzef aujture, hl wnban tne

M``mfbmcs jemrcef. Bt whujf seek chw tnmt tnbs pjmae hl Qukerbmcs mcf

M``mcfbmcs were bcvmfef mombc dy Qekbtba Chkmfs, tnbs tbke tne Mkhrbtes.

Bc m secse hce ahujf smy tne Nedrews were hl tne smke oecetba stha` ms tne

M``mfbmcs mcf tne Mkhrbtes. Kmurbae Anmtejjmbc tejjs us bc Hur Ahskba

Mcaesthrs, ch hce remjjy `chws wnmt tne hrbobcs hl tne Qukerbmcs were, dut

tney were tne shurae hl tne Cbceven Ahcstmct, wrbttec hc tnebr ajmy tmdjets,

wnban bs tne jhco shuont mlter Oremt Ahcstmct Hl Vne Qhjmr Qystek. Bt

fesarbdes perbhfs mcf ahciucatbhcs hl aejestbmj hdieats, wnban hcjy amke thde `chwc th Khferc Mstrhchky, mcf ne bs lhraef th ahcajufe tnmt bt nmf th

ahke th tnek lrhk ohfs hr mstrhcmuts.



=77

Vne Dhjf Qtmtekect

@ey th abvbjbzmtbhcs tm`bco nhjf wms tne settjbco hl wmcferer omtnerers mjhco rbvers bcsuccy jmcfs th lmrk mcf ms N.O. _ejjs phbcts hut tnbs lbrst fevejhpef, pernmps bc pmrmjjej,bc Keshphtmkbm mcf Eoypt (Vne Hutjbce Hl Nbsthry). Ne expjmbcs tney nmppecef kuanfbllerectjy bc tne twh pjmaes. Keshphtmkbm seeks th de m sthry hl tne Qukerbmcs stmrtbco

abvbjbzmtbhc, mcf tnere debco m serbes hl bcvmsbhcs, lrhk chkmfs, lmjjbco ucfer lresnbcvmsbhcs dy cew chkmfs uctbj mc Ekpbre bs lhrkef ucfer Qmrohc B, wnbje bc Eoypt wesee tnek prhteatef lrhk mjj lhur sbfes dy feserts mcf haemcs resujtbco bc m prhoressbhc hl Fycmstbes.

Vnere seeks th nmve deec twh fbllerecaes whrtn chtbco bc tnebr teanchjhobes (fbllerecaesmre wnmt we mre bcterestef bc, ms B snmjj expjmbc)9 _nbje Keshphtmkbm nmf ch whr`mdje

sthce tnebr nmdbtmtbhcs were dubjt hl ajmy drba`, mcf Eoypt nmf pjecty whr`mdje sthce sh

tnebr nmdbtmtbhcs were dubjt hl sthce mcf whhf. Vne htner bs tnmt Qukerbmc auceblhrk wms

prbctef bc ajmy tmdjets mcf Eoyptbmcs usef drusnwhr` hc pmpyrus, tne hrbobc hl pmper.Vne systeks hl wrbtbco were fbllerect ms Eoyptbmcs usef pbatures th lhrk whrfs

(Nberhojypns), mcf B ouess tne Qukerbmcs nmf shketnbco khre jbè mc mjpnmdet. Delhre

tnebr fycmstbes, B whujf kectbhc nmdbtmtbhcs were cht hl sthce, dut were ormss nuts.

Kmurbae Anmtejjmbc obves m ahkpejjbco mroukect tnmt mcabect pehpjes reaebvef tnebr

teanchjhobes lrhk mcabect mstrhcmuts mcf hce kbont smy tnmt bs wnmt Mrtnur A. Ajmrè mcf

Qtmcjey @udrba` mre suooestbco bc 477=9 M Qpmae Hfyssey wnec m khchjbtn bs pjmaef

mrhucf m trbde hl prbkbtbve mpes wnh seek th de obvec dy bt, tne bfem hl km`bco dhces bcththhjs.

Vne bfem denbcf ky dhh` bs tnmt ky Ceptuce Equmtbhc kbont nhjf m ajue ms th nhw

nukmcs amc suaaeef mt tnbs phbct bc tbke, mcf wnmtever tnmt ajue bs nms shketnbco th fhwbtn wnmt wms ohbco hc bc Keshphtmkbm ms abvbjbzmtbhc thh` nhjf tnere, deamuse bt seeks

th de verblbef dy Vne Cbceven Ahcstmct `chwc th tne Mcabect Qukerbmcs.

Anmtejjmbc mcf Dhd Femc tejj us, bl cht Mrtnur A. Ajmrè, tnmt nbsthry ucrmvejef ucfer tnebcljuecae hl Mcabect Mstrhcmuts. Anmtejjmbc tejjs us bc nbs dhh` Hur Ahskba Mcaesthrs,

tne Cbceven ahcstmct wms obvec th us dy mcabect mstrhcmuts. _ejjs phbcts hut we mre mt

tnmt phbct bc hur fevejhpkect ms m abvbjbzmtbhc sbcae Keshphtmkbm wms mc ekpbre mcfEoypt were ahcqueref dy Mjexmcfer Vne Oremt tnmt equmjs bts moe delhre nbk.



=7=

Keshphtmkbm, Eoypt, mcf Wersbm9 Vne ]uestbhc

_nbje tnere were bctercmj struoojes detweec @bcofhks bc Eoypt, mcf

Keshphtmkbm `cew m Ucblbef Ekpbre ucfer Qmrohc B, mrhucf =577 DA

Eoypt mcf Keshphtmkbm fbf ahke th dmttje wbtn hce mchtner mcf pmrts hl

eman `cew fhkbcbhc hver pmrts hl tne htner mt fbllerect tbkes. Vnbs we ahujf

smy wms nmppecbco uctbj Wersbm thh` pmrts hl Keshphtmkbm (Anmjfem) mcf

Eoypt (Qbxtn Aectury DA). Nhwever, Eoypt redejjef mcf wms lree lhr <7

yemrs, tnec wms ahcqueref dy Mjexmcfer tne Oremt.

Mrhucf <77 DA Iews wnh jelt Bsrmej lhr detter pmstures `cew amptbvbty dy tne Eoyptbmcs,

tne tbke hl Khses bc Vne Hjf Vestmkect, bl yhu dejbeve suan sthrbes.

_e chw presect tne hdvbhus9 _e `chw tne Ceptuce Equmtbhc nms shketnbco th fh wbtntne Qukerbmcs, deamuse tney wrhte fhwc tne Cbceven Ahcstmct. _e `chw tne Qukerbmcs

stmrtef abvbjbzmtbhc bc Keshphtmkbm, tne lbrst hl tnbs th nmppec, exaept kmyde bc pmrmjjej

wbtn Eoypt, bcfepecfectjy, dut we fh cht `chw tnebr hrbobcs. Bt whujf seek tne tbke

mrhucf <77 DA bs bkphrtmct9 bt wms tne tbke hl tne jbdrmry tnmt bc tne ecf nhusef tne

Cbceven ahcstmct, mcf mrhucf tne tbke hl tne Vhrmn wms wrbttec bc Dmdyjhc, bl cht mrhucf

tne tbke hl Iewbsn Amptbvbty bc Eoypt. Vne questbhc hl tne kemcbco hl tne pjmcet

Ceptuce, ms sbocblbef ms sbocblbamct dy tne Ceptuce Equmtbhc, rests bc fbsahverbco cht iust

tne hrbobcs hl tne Qukerbmcs, dut wnmt tney were mdhut, mcf nhw tney ahujf nmve

maqubref suan m cukder.



=74

_e nmve snhwc tnmt tne Ceptuce equmtbhc bs verblbef dy tne Cbceven Ahcstmct.

_e mjsh see tnmt Cbceven bs ahcceatef th tne Ceptuce equmtbhc tnrhuon Bsntmr, bts

pmtrhcess, deamuse sne represects tne pjmcet \ecus, mcf \ecus bs tne shurae hl ?.4 bc tne

Ceptuce equmtbhc mcf tnmt tne Ceptuce equmtbhc bs ahcceatef th RN_N, tne Nedrew

whrf lhr Ohf, deamuse bt nms tne nbonest oekmtrbm (cukerbamj represectmtbhc) hl ?4. _e`chw tne Mssyrbmcs whrsnbpef Bsntmr, mcf tne Nedrews RN_N bc Keshphtmkbm.



=71

Vne Bkphrtmct Vnbco Qeeks Vh De ?4

Bl mcytnbco nms ever arhppef up tne khst bc tne ahurse hl tnbsresemran, bt bs tne cukder ?4. Vne ?4 bc tne Ceptuce Equmtbhc, tne?4 bc tne ?.4 MU sepmrmtbhc hl \ecus mcf tne Quc, tne ?4 yemrs lhrhce feoree hl preaessbhc hl tne Emrtn Equbchx, Vne ?4 hl Bsntmr bctnmt sne bs represectef dy \ecus, wms tne Wmtrhcess hl Cbcevenwnere tne Cbceven ahcstmct wms lhucf, mcf amrrbes tne Qukerbmcrmc`bco hl tne =5 hl tne Oypsy Qnmkmc. Vne ?4 nhurs hl tbkedelhre tne ME-15 Mcteccm whujf lmbj, tne ?4 seahcfs hl tbke tnmttne Dbo Emr Mcteccm trma`ef tne _hw! Qbocmj, mcf tnmt ?4 tnmt bstne nbonest oekmtrbm hl tne Nedrew Ohf's cmke RN_N.



=76

an extraterrestrial analysis

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