AN HONORED CALLING

A History of the College of Agricultural Sciences

and Natural Resources

By Horace C. Smith Edited by Lisa Byerley Gary

Published by Institute of Agriculture University of Tennessee

Knoxville. TN 37901-1071 1999

E 11 - 11 06-002-00

DIEDIICA T IIONS

IPI~OIFIESSOR, IHIOIRACIE SM\lllilHI

IHlorace Smith was one of the most outstanding and versatile teachers in the hisrory of the UT College of

Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. He taught courses in soils, crops, and soil-crop relationships at barh UT Knoxville and UT Martin.

Horace was constantly developing and using new and innovative methods of teaching. One example was his devel­opment and use of audio-turorial instruction in the basic course in plant and soil science. He also taught graduate courses for agricul tural extension agents and high school agriculture teachers , short courses ro local farmers, and coached the UT Soil Judging Team to several national con­tes ts. His love of photography led him ro offer short courses in photography to colleagues and graduate students.

Horace was recognized for his outstanding teaching by being the first recipient of both the Gamma Sigma Delta Teaching Award of Merit and the Agriculture Student-Faculty Council Outstanding Teacher Award. His impact on the aca­demic and professional lives of his students was shown by his high ranking in the 1990 UT Agricultural Alumni survey.

After tetiring from UT he continued ro teach , produc­ing a variety of audiovisual programs for 4-H centers in Ten­nessee and teaching photography ro senior citizens. He also prepared and presented slide programs to receptive audi­ences at local gatherings.

Horace dedicated many months of effort to this hiStory, collecting much of the informatio n and writing most of the text. Serious illness prevented him from completing the project, and he died on December 28, 1994. This hisrory is a memorial not only to his efforts, but also to his devotion to

teaching and learning.

- Dr. John Reynolds, professor, Plant and Soil Science

This history is a memorial not only to his efforts, hut also to his devotion to teaching and learning

UN IVERSITY OF TENNESS EE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND NAT URAL RESO URCES

CHAPTER XIV

IHOR l illCUIL liUIRIE

IHI orticulture and botany were often closely associ­ated in agricultural colleges in the early days. The first agricultural colleges to develop honicul­

lUre as separate courses were those in Michigan in 1867, New York in 1874, and Ohio in 1876.(1)

HOrticulture was apparently taught very early in the his­tory of the East Tennessee University, soon after it became a land-grant institution. The 1874-75 catalog gives a general statement on the School of Agriculture, Horticulture and Botany.(2) In the course Practical or Applied Agriculture in 1879-80, one of the subjects taught was "orchards." The course in horticulture included:

"formation and management of the fruit, vegetable, and flower garden, soils, manures, hOI-beds, cold frames and pitS, garden implements, propagation of plants, pruning, training and transplanti ng, muleh­ing and watering, protection from fros t, insects and culture of fru its and vegetableC

The course leading to a of bachelor of science degree in agriculture required 2400 total hours of instruction and in­cluded 80 hours of horticulture in addition 10 200 hours of scientific and practical agriculture. By order of the UT board of trustees, twO lectures in horticulture along With other ag­ricuhurallectures were also required of all candidates for any degree from the university. All classes in agriculture, horticulture, and botany were taught by Prof. John M. McBryde, the second professor of agriculture at UT.(3)

The 1879-80 catalog mentions ~an orchard of more than 100 varieties of apples and peaches - a fruit garden - a

vineyard, and a nursery of 5,000 tfees and shrubs." Facilities for teaching hOrticulture included ~a greenhouse fi lled with a small but choice collection of plantS, and a nower garden, both on College HiII.H Two honicuhure text books are listed in the catalog: Lindley's Horticulture (with notes by Gray and Downing) and Henderson 's Practical Floriwl(ure.

Horticulture was taught by Prof. John M. Glenn from 1882 to 1887. Frank Lamson-Scribner, a graduate of Maine State College, was professor of botany and horticulture from 188) 10 1889.

In 1890 R.L. Watts came to VT as associate professor of horticulture and horticulturist for [he Experiment Sta1ion.(4) He improved the small existing orchard and vineyard by planting more adapted varieties for both teaching and re­search. Watts resigned in 1899 to become dean and director at Pennsylvania State College.(S )

Prof. Charles Keffer became head of the horticulture department in 1899. Keffer had been associated with agricul­tural colleges in Minnesota, South Dakota, New Mexico, and Missouri, and prior to coming to UT he was assistant chief of the forestry division for the U.S. Department of Agricul· ture.(6) KetTer added courses in fores try to the program in horticulture. In fact, the department was called horticulture and forestry for many years until a separa te department of forestry was organized in 1964.

Keffer did mOSI of the teaching of horticulture and for­estry as well as the research and extension activities in these areas umil he became the first director of the Tennessee Ag· ricultural Extension Service in 1914. He is best known for his extension contributions, but he was also a very popular

UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE 87 COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

teacher for about 15 years and a friend of the students. Before about 1908, relatively little attention was given to

vegetable production in most of the agricultural colleges. The first college textbook on the subject, Bailey's Prillciples oJVegetable GardeniNg, had been wrinen in 1901. There probably were not more than four or fke vegetable special­ists in the country in 1908.(7)

When Keffer became director of the Extension Service, Oscar M. Watson succeedcd him as department head. During these early years the department occupied space in the base­ment of Morrill Hall and shared classrooms with the other two depanments, agronom)' and animal husbandry. like oth­ers before him, Watson had responsibilities in research, ex­tenSion, and the improvemcnt of lhe university grounds. (8)

[n 191G Cherokee Farm, across the river from (he uni­vcrsity farm , was taken over by the College of Agriculture. After the l)Cst land was selected by other departments, the steep hillside facing the river was allotted to horticulture, mainly for a teaching laboratory. An old fruit farm on Middlebrook Pike was also used for teaching. Watson did mOSt of the horticulture work. However, he had one slUdem assistant who was paid S50 each spring term 10 assist in the expanding program.(9) Watson was also responsible for the final grading and planting of grass on the new Shields­Watkins Field.(10)

In 1923 Dr. Neal D. Peacock, who received the Ph.D. from Michigan State University and been emplo),eed b)' the University of Georgia, was selected as head of the depart­ment. Peacock held this position until 1950 when he became vice direclOr of the COllege. From 1943 to 1950 he was both head of the department and vice dean of the college for resi­dent instruction.(11)

Course offerings were greatly increased during Peacock's tenure. In the beginning he laught many of the courses in fruits, vegetables, and farm and home beautifica­tion. Students remember him as a well-organized teacher, and a \'ery lOugh, no-nonsense and stern professor. One story often repeated by former students had its sett ing in the orch:lrd. Students were learning to prune peach trees and one student CUI off an especially large limb, stuck it in the ground, and then gave it a severe pruning_ Peacock gave the student a stern lecture on how nm to prune.

Peacock was known for his effiCiency and no doubt had to be because he gready expanded the orchard and vineyard, made numerous university grounds plantings, many of which beautify the campus [Q this day, and made extensive plans for a greenhouse and mher facilities during the Depression so they could be built when money became available later.

Prof. A.B_ Strand came to the department from fllichigan State College in 1935 and took over teaching of the veg-

(SJaIU/illg L-R) Hort/culture JaclIlly B.S. Pickell (tlepartmem wafl) alld H.D. SWillg/1! /!isit u'ilb researcbers P.1/. 'Jarbam alltl

W.E Roeller at a HortiCllltllre Field Day (loom 1961

Professor Stral/d's lectures lIsllal!v began wit)) "Now, fellows ... "

etable courses. Many former students recal! him as hard worker. His lectures usually began with '"Now, fellows ..... The number of faculty slowly increased over the years: • Prof. Henry Darr became the first trained forester to teach

forestry courses in 1936. • Prof. Arthur Merer joined the department in 1936 and

taught many of the vegetable courses.(12) • Dr. Arthur Mitchell came as a fruits specialist in the late

1930s, and trained the first fruit judging teams. • Pror. Troy Jones came to UT in 1945 to teach fruit courses

and coached the fruit team for several years. He later over­saw the winter shon course program as assistant to Pea­cock while he was vice-dean.

• Prof. Roben Anderson came in 1946 and taught general honiculture courses uIlIil1961. He was later in charge of the horticultural program at Hiwassee College.

• Prof. Homer Swingle joined Ihe departmem in 1948 as a teacher of vegelable physiology and production. He con·

88 AN HONORED CAlliNG A HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

(inued in the department until the teaching of vegetables was transferred to plant and soil science in 1972.

• Prof. joe Alexander, who had been on the faculty at ur Martin, came to Knoxville in 1949 to teach ornamental hor­ticulture.

• Dr. B.S. Picken, a Canadian fruit specialist, replaced Pea­cock as department head in 1950 and held that position unti11972 when at! courses in vegetables and fruits were transferred to the new plant and soil science department.

• Dr. james Pointer served as manager of the horticultural farm and instructor in the department from 1951 to 1953-He also served with the Extension Service in Knox County from 1963 to 1970. He was an ornamental specialist in the department from 1970 to 1972 and then in the ornamental horticulture and landscape design department.

Several other faculty in the depanment, most ofwhorn were teachers of forestry or ornamental horticulture, are mentioned in the chapters on forestry and ornamental horti­culture and landscape design.

The number of horticulture courses increased, espe­cially follOWing World War ll. During the academiC year 1946-47, 15 courses were offered. Two years later the number was 24. Many of the new courses were in ornamental honicul­ture, including plant materials, nursery management, land­scape gardening, and landscape design. By 1952 nine courses were offered in ornamental horticulture.(13 )

Courses in forestry had increased to eight by 1952 and a program in pre-forestry was organized to prepare students to transfer to other schools to complete their forestry degree at institutions with four-year programs.

A master's degree in horticulture was approved in 1905. Two master of science degrees in agriculture with a major in horticulture were awarded in 1914 to john Francis Voorhees and DeWitt T. Hardin. Only four master's degrees were con­ferred between 1920 and 1942, 25 between 1943 and 1965, and 17 more from 1966 umi11972.

The great interest in fores try and ornamental horticul­ture led to the development of new departments. The De­partment of Forestry was established in 1964. Ornamemal horticulture and landscape design became a separate depan­ment in 1972 when fruit and vegetable programs were trans­ferred to the newly form~d Department of Plant and Soil Sci­ence.(J3)

The teaching faculty of horticulture from 1887 10 1972 and forestry from 1887 to 1964 are listed in the table at right.

The teaching programs in the department were led by Professors Scribner, Watts, Keffer, Watson, and Peacock. The faculty was usually small but effective. Most had many re­sponsibilities in Ihe Experiment Station as well the landscap­ing and beautification of the entire campus.

HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY TEACHING FACULTY

Professors Years Specialty F. Lamson·Scribner 1887-1889 Horticolture/Botany R.L. Wans 1890-1899 General Horticulture Charles Keffer' 1900-1914 General Horticulture G.M. Watson 1914-1922 General Horticulture Neal Peacock' 1922-1950 Horticulture & Head A.B. Strand' 1928-1938 Vegetable Production Henry Dorr 1935-1948 General Forestry Author Mitchell 1937-1947 Fruit Production Arthur Meyer* 1938-1950 Vegetable Production Troy Jones 1945-1%7 Fruit Production Robert Anderson 1946-1961 General Horticulture Homer Swingle' 1948-1972 Vegetable Physiology Fred Galle 1948-1953 Ornamentals Edward Clarke 1948-1952 General Forestry Jack K. Crum 1949-1952 Food Preservation B.S. Pickett' 1950-1972 Fruit Production,Head Ellis V. Hunt 1952-1956 General Forestry Joseph Alexander" 1950-1972 Plam Materials Alfred C. Koelling 1952-1955 Ornamentals Roger Thompson 1954-1968 Landscape Gardening Edward Buckner' 1957-1964 General Forestry H. van de Werken' 1960-1972 Landscape Design David Coffey' 1967·1972 Vegetable Physiology

* Served in other departmelllslpositions dun·ng otber years "In commercial work 1952·56

REFERENCES 1. Alfred C. True. A flistory 0/ Agricu!tllral Edllcalion ill the United

States, 1875-1925. United States Department of Agriculture. Misc. Pub. No. 36, 1929. u.S. Priming Office.

2. East Tennessee University Register al/d catalog, 1875-n. 3. East Tellnessee U'livemty Register mid Catalog, 1879-80. 4. University a/Tennessee Register alld Catalog, 1890 5. Ruth Williams. History of the Horticulture Department, The Termes-

see Fanner, Vol XXX, No 7, April, 1937. 6. University a/Temlessee Register and Catalog, 1900. 7. See! above. 8. See 5 above. 9. University o/Telmessee Record, 1916.

10. See 5 above. 11 . University a/Tennessee Record, 1950. 12. University a/Tennessee Record, 1937. 13. University ajTelmessee Record, 1952. 14. Diana Crisp Lopez,. Graduate Education at Tenneisee; All Histori­

cal Perspective. The Graduate School, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1990.

UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE 89 COLLEGE O F AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

CHAPTER XV

ORNAMIIENli AIL iHlOR lillCUIL liUIRIE ANID ILANIDSCAIPIE IDIESIIGN

EARLY ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE

O rnamental horticult ure has been an important part of ur programs since before the turn of the cen­tury. In 1879 one of Ihe textbooks listed for agri­

cuhure was Henderson 's Practical Flon'cullure. Landscape gardening was mentioned in the 1880-81 catalog as pan the horticulture course. Prof. John McBryde taught most of agri­culture classes in those early years.(l)

f rom the earliest days, professors of agriculture and horticulture were responsible for landscaping campus grounds. Among the faculty who undertook this task were Professors Watts, Watson, Keffer, Suand, and Peacock.

A single course in floriculture and landscape gardening was in (he curriculum in 1904-05 (2) and landscape garden­ing was offered in the honicult ure depanment in 1910, 1920, 1930, and 1940. A course in farm home impro\'ement was offered for many years, beginning about 1940, as either a requ ired course or elective in most agricultural curricula. Peacock taught the course for many years. During a meeting of agricu lturalists in connection with UT's centennial in 1944, Or. C.E. Brehm, dean of the College of Agriculture, asked for serious consideration of adding a floriculrure course for the honiculrure depanment.(3)

Prof. Fred Galle was apparently the first true oma·men· talist in the Depanmem of Honiculture. He taught courses in woody ornamentals from 1949 until 1953. Students liked 10 relate a SlOry about Galle: He was camping overnight in the Smoky Mountains, studying the native azaleas, when a black bear raided the camp and ate all ihe notes for his doc-

IOral dissertation. Galle later left ur to become director of horticulture at Callaway Gardens in Pine Moumain, Georgia. liis collection of azaleas and hollies, as well as the outstanding conser·

"From the earliest days, professors of agriculture and horticulture had responsibility for land­scaping campus grounds."

vatory at Callaway, are well known.

By 1950, nine courses offered in ornamemal honicul· lure were available, including general floriculture; three courses in plant materials covering the culture, identification and adaption of deciduous shrubs, broadleaf evergreens, and narrowleaf evergreens; a course in arboriculture; landscape design; and nursery management.

Alfred C. Koelling taught in the depanmem from 1952 to 1955. His special imerest was floriculture. In 1954 Prof. Roger Thompson was hired 10 teach courses in landscape gardening and 10 supervise ornamental plantings on Ihe UT campus. He retired in 1964.

DEPARTMENT ESTABLISHED In the 1960s and 70s, a new environmental awareness in

America led to more interest in home and landscape im­provement. Many families were more amuent and developed more extensive and costly landscapes and greater interest in good design and custom landscaping. Requests for landscape architectural services increased and more emphasis was placed on the use of landscape struCtures.

Popular gardening and home lilling books and maga-

UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE 91 COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

zincs promOled ornamental horticulture with articles and photographs on how landscaping fits into every aspect of good living. An increase in commercial landscaping came about as hotels, parks, and plazas were developed. Cities saw a rise in the development of large urban malls with extensive interior and exterior plantings.

As the ornamental industry expanded, educarors real­ized that standard curricula offered by traditional horticul­tural departments were inadequate for training professionals in the expanding ornamental horticulture fie ld. Urban stu· dents saw this area as a new and exciting program of study that was more to their liking than traditional farming and one that provided good job opportunities in several area of specialization.

In January 1972, through the leadership of Dr. webster Pendergrass, vice president for agriculture, a new Depart­ment of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Design (OHLD) was formed. At the same time, the agronomy de­partment and the fru it and vegetable sections of the old Hor­ticulture Department were merged to form the Department of Plant and Soil Science. Faculty of OHLD consisted of four professors: Dr. Donald Williams, Prof. Joe Alexander, Prof. Hendrick van de Werken, and Dr. Lloyd Callahan.

Williams, a former student in the old horticulture de­partment and extension specialist in ornamentals, became the head of the new OHLD department. He served in that position with distinction for ten years before transferring to teaching and research. Williams was well·recognized as a teacher, and was active in community beautification projects. Honors he received are reported elsewhere in this history.

Alexander came to the Deparrment of Horticulture and Forestry in 1951 after four years at ur MartinJunior College. He stayed for about a year, then was employed by a commer­cial nursery, but returned in 1956 for a long career in both the old Horticulture Department and the OHLD Department. Alexander taught a number of courses induding plant mate­rials, plant propagation, and home-grounds management. He also was a member of the teaching team for plant science in agriculture, an introductory course offered with agronomy. Students said they liked his effective, down-to-earth and practical philosophy,

Callahan 's primary responsibility was research with turf­grasses. He taught agrostology and LUrfgrass management and has supervised the research of many graduate students.

Hendrik van de Werken was educated in landscape de­sign in the Netherlands and came to the United States in 1951. After serving at Virginia Polytechnic Institute for a number of years, he came to the ur Department of Horticul· ture and Forestry in 1958 to teach landscape design. Among his many successful graduate assistants was Dwayne Ingram,

The UT' Trial Gardl!1IS have brought much positive (it/ell/iollto the As Campus. They are overseen by the Department ofOntamemal Horticulture and Landscape Design, and are the site of AlI·AlIlerican Selections {esling.

who received the Ph.D. degree in plant and soil science and became dead of the Department of Horticulture at the Uni­versiTY of Kentucky in 1990.

OHLD experienced a rapid increase in student enroll­ment following its formation in 1972. Because of increased enrollment and introduction of courses, new teachers were needed. Dr. Gary McDaniel came in 1973 as professor of flo· riculture. His courses in flo ral design and close relationships with students as an advisor contributed to his popularity with students. He published college textbooks in floral de­sign and in ornamental horticulture. Among his many gradu· ate students were Georgia Breshenham, who was one of the first to successfully make it in the garden center business.

Dr. Effin Graham came to OHLD in 1974 from the Atomic Energy Commission in Oak Ridge. He taught a very popular graduate course, histological microtechnique, and conducted the graduate seminar for many years. His exper· tise in cytological techniques made him a valuable consultant to graduate students and facul ty.

In 1975 Dr. John Day was hired as a full-time teacher of nursery management , plant propagation, and plant materials. Several of his graduate students were involved in some of the earliest nursery economics studies al ur.

In 1976 Lee Abbott, who was an Air Force colonel and then personnel director at the Stale University of New York, graduated in OHLO and became a teaching assistant lO Dr. McDaniel. He received the M.S. degree in 1979 and then be­came a full· time insuuctor of courses in landscape design, greenhouse management, and professional practices.

David Kendall, a graduate and a landscape architect, joined the faculty in 1979 as a full-time teacher of landscape design and related courses. His guidance and influence re­sulted in a number of students going on to obtain advanced degrees in landscape architecture and related STUdies . He

92 AN HONORED CAlliNG A HISTO RY OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

--resigned in 1983 to form his own firm.

Enrollment in OHLD reached a peak of about 175 in the late 1970s. The number of women increased to about 45 per cent during this period. The job market for women in horti­cu lture also changed from predominantly work in norist shops and garden centers to positions as landscapers, de­signers, propagators, horticulture sales, and managers. Sev­eral students returned to school after their children were grown or to begin second careers.

Many women were excellent students, often leading their classes academically. They provided a new dimension in classroom discussions. They led the OHLD Club to tWO

outstanding horticulture club awards from the American So­ciety of Horticultural Science, finished in first place indi­vidual competition categories in the Associated Landscape Contractors of America Student Competition several times, and generally promoted women in ornamental horticulture .

For many years curriculum for mOSt agricuhure Stu­dents, induding those in OHLD, required four basic agricul­tural courses including social sciences, animal science, plant SCience, and engineering. liowever, the OHLD faculty and students felt these courses focused so much on traditional agriculture that they were nOt relevam to the objectives of ornamemal horticulture. The OHLD department was able to reduce the number of basic agricultural courses required in 1979, which allowed an increase in total hours of OI-ILD courses and resulted in the addition of specialized courses such as landscape design, construction, and comracting.

In 1982, when Dr. Williams returned to teaching and research, Dr. Douglas Craler became the new department head. Dr. Crater came from the University of Georgia where he had been an extension noriculturiSt, working with the nower and bedding plant industry.

In 1983, Susan Wilson Hamilton was hired as an assistant in floriculture research; however, as an instructor she has taught a number of courses including greenhouse manage­ment, professional practices, and interior plants. Hamilton earned B.S. and Ph.D. degrees at UT and the M.S. from Ohio State University. She has been a popular teacher and advisor.

Sam Rogers was hired in 1984 to teach landscape design and related courses. Rogers earned the B.S. degree with a major in plant and soil science from UT and an M.L.A. from the University of Georgia. He later became involved with the Saturn Project, a cooperative-educational project between OHLD and the General Motors Saturn automobile manufac­turing plant at Spring Hill, Tennessee. In 1989 Rogers be­came the full-time coordinator of lhis projecl. Gary Menendez, an e .. ",perienced commerciaiiandscape architect with a local nursery, was hired to temporarily replace Rogers.

Several members of the faculty who were not on the

TEACHING FACULTY IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN Professor Years of Service Specially Donald Williams + 1972- Ornamentals Joe Alexander + + 1972-1977 Plant Materials Lloyd Callahan' 1972- Turf Management Hendrik van de Werken 1958-1988 Landscape Design Rufus Rulland 1972-1973 Floriculture Gary McDaniel 1973- FlOriculture Emn Graham 1974- Mutagenesis John Day 1975- Ornamentals David Kendall 1979-1984 Landscape Design Lee Abbott 1979-1984 Shannon Smith 1978- 1980 Ornamentals Douglas Crater +++ 1982- Head Susan Wilson Hamilton 1983- Floriculture Samuel Rogers 1984- Landscape Design Gary Menendez 1989- Landscape Design Teri W. Starman 1991- Floriculture

+ Faculty of tbe Horticulture Department 1962·1972; bead OHW 1972-1982.

++ Faculty oftbe Horticulture Department 1950·1972 +++ HeadofOHLDfrom 1982

* Faculty of tbe Agronomy Departmem 1964-1972

teaching faculty of OHLD have made contributions to the academic program. Dr. James Pointer, a flOricultural exten­sion speCialist, assisted [he department in planning green­house facilities and was a strong promoter of the department across the state. Pointer came to UT in 1963 after a period of service With the Knox County Agricultural Extension Service.

Dr. Will Witte came to the department in 1977 as an ex­tension specialist in woody ornamentals from the University of FlOrida. After a few years, he changed to full-time re­search. More recently he has taught a course in honicultural physiology and has been a graduate student adviSOr. One of his students, Sven Svenson, won second place in [he student competition at the Southern Nurserymen Association Re­search Conference. Svenson subsequently earned a Ph.D. from Texas A&M and is on the University of Florida faculty.

In 1988, Dr. Peter Gresshoff filled the Racheff Chair of Excellence in the department. Although nor on [he teaching faculty, his research program in plant molecular biology has an impact on students, especially those working on advanced

UNIVERSITY OF TINNESSEE 93 COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

--

limdscape eomtmetio/l classes, lallgm by Dr. Doll Williams, buill mall)'

structures lobe"ejittbe Ag Ctlmp/JS dlirillB the J900s alld etlrly 199()s, Their

projeclS Included olltdoor pie,,;e areas, patios. tmaces, mId (I gazebo.

degrees. The presence of Dr. Gresshoff and his staff added

much to the prestige of {he omo Department.

The master's degree in ornamental horticulture and

landscape design was approved in 1972. A total of 54 M.s.

degrees ha\'e been granted since thaI time. The department

cooperates with other departments in granting a Ph.D. in

plant science. The department has offered an intern program in recem

years. Interns work for three summer momhs with cooperat·

ing companies to obtain OIHhe·job experience. They also

receive three hours of academic credit for this work, In 199 1,

17 students worked in this program.

REfERENCES 1. The Ullirersily ojTe,,"essee Regisler (111(/ Catalog. 1880.

2. The Unil'ersil)' Record, 1904~5. Val lO, No. 3. The Unil'crsi ty ofTen­

nessee Press, 1904. 3. The Unil'f!rsity o/Tell"essee Sesqll/·Cellfennlal, 1794·1944. The

Unil'ers ity Press. Knoxville, Tennessee.

4, John W. Day, J\ Brie/ History o/Tetlchillg {lltbe Department o/Orna.

menial lIortiellltllN! alld umdscape Design, UlliL'ersifJ' ojTelmessee,

1972-1990, 1990.

9. AN HONORED CALLING

A HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES