an integrated approach for the remediation of a catchment ... · milena horvat and co-workers....
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Milena Horvat and co-workersDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan
Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR THE REMEDIATION OF A THE REMEDIATION OF A CATCHMENT IMPACTED BY CATCHMENT IMPACTED BY FORMER MERCURY MININGFORMER MERCURY MINING
CoCo--workersworkers
Jože
Kotnik,
Darija, Gibičar, Vesna Fajon, Nives Ogrinc, Nataša Nolde, David Kocman,
Suzana Žižek, Branko
Kontić-
Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, LjubljanaAlfred B. Kobal, Tatjana
Dizdarević
-
Mercury Mine, IdrijaJoško Osredkar -
ICCB, University
Medical
Center, LjubljanaJadran
Faganeli
-
Marine Biological Station, National Institute
of Biology, PiranRudolf Rajar, Dušan Žagar, Gregor Petkovšek -
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, University of LjubljanaDamjana Drobne, Mihael Toman, Suzana Žižek -
Faculty
of
Biology, University
of
LjubljanaStefano
Covelli
– University of Trieste, ItalyFabio
Barbone
–
University
of
Udine, Italy
Institute Jožef Stefan
EU - Hg
strategy
January
2005, the
Commission
sent
to the
Council
and
to the
European
Parliament
a communication
on a Community
strategy
on mercury
(doc. 5999/05), adopted
on 24.June, 2005.
Institute Jožef Stefan
Reducing mercury emissionsCutting supply and demandLooking for long-term solutions for mercurysurpluses and reservoirsProtecting against mercury exposureImproving understanding of the mercury problemSupporting and promoting international action on mercury.
EU Hg
strategy International action
International initiative on production and supplyBilateral supportUNEP Mercury ProgrammeUNDP/GEF/UNIDO Global Mercury ProgrammeUNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air PollutionEU Hg conference, Brussels, 26 – 27. October 2006
WhyWhy MediterraneanMediterranean??
LOCATIONS OF MERCURY MINES LOCATIONS OF MERCURY MINES IN THE MEDITERRANEANIN THE MEDITERRANEAN
MERCURY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN FISHMERCURY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN FISH
0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
0 100 200 300 400Body weight (kg)
Atlantic
Mediterranean
Total Hg in Thunnus thynnus
Con
cent
ratio
n(m
g/kg
, FW
)0 20 40 60
Body weight (g)
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
Con
cent
ratio
n(m
g/kg
, FW
)
Total Hg in Sardina pilchardus
Mediterranean
Atlantic
Bernhard et al., 1990
StudyStudy
areaarea::interactioninteraction
betweenbetweenthethe
catchmentcatchment
andand
coastalcoastal
environmentsenvironments
Past:
- 500 years of Hg mining (1490-1990)
- 127.000 tons of Hg extracted
- >37.000 tons lost into the environment
- >12.000 tons entered the river system
Today:
- About 2500 kg/y enters the river system
- About 1500 kg/y transported to the Gulf of Trieste
Catchment
area: 3300 km2
Soča at the
mouth: 170 m3/s (extreme
3000–
4000 m3/s)
Precipitation: 1500 mm/y 0.3 Mio inhabitants
Institute Jožef Stefan
Mercury cycle in the wider Idrija region and the Gulf of Trieste
Hgo
Hg2+ CH Hgin CH
3+
3 CH Hg3
HgoHg2+ CH Hg3+
DAM
Contaminatedsediments
Hgo
Hg2+ CH Hgin CH
3+
3 CH Hg3
HgoHg2+ CH Hg3+
ADVECTION and DIFFUSION
CH Hg3 CH3
Hg2+ CH Hg3+
E s t u a r y
Industrialwastes
Estuarinecontaminated sediment
, , ,
I: ASSESMENT OF THE I: ASSESMENT OF THE CURRRENT SITUATIONCURRRENT SITUATION
Mercury in river waterMercury in river water
CZAAD6109876543210
100
200
300
400
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Total HgMeHg
Sampling Site (not to scale)
Tota
l Hg
(ng/
L)
MeH
g (n
g/L)
Idrija River
MarineSoca River
109876543210
1
2
3
4
5
Perc
ent M
eHg
D6 AA CZ
Sampling Site (not to scale)
Idrija River
Soca River
Marine
Mercury in marine sedimentsMercury in marine sediments
< 0.50
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
> 14.00
13.35 13.40 13.45 13.50 13.55 13.60 13.65 13.70 13.75 13.80 13.8545.45
45.50
45.55
45.60
45.65
45.70
45.75
45.80Monfalcone
Sistiana
Trieste
Piran
Koper
SLOVENIA
Isonzo
Grado
ITALYHg (ppm)
Total
Hg MeHg
Mercury flux into the Gulf of TriesteMercury flux into the Gulf of Trieste
Mass balance of Hg in the Gulf of TriesteMass balance of Hg in the Gulf of Trieste
Occupational
mercury
intoxications
in
Idrija Mercury
Mine from
1946 to
1977
Occupational
mercury
intoxications
in
Idrija Mercury
Mine from
1946 to
1977
U.Erzen
Biological
monitoring
Idrija mercury
mine -
Department of Occupational Medicine, Alfred Bogomir
Kobal
Idrija: Mercury
in air
0
2.5
5
7.5
10
20
30
40
50
75
100
150
200
250
30. Oct. 200313:30 - 15:50
No wind, 6°C, slight rain
1264
Hgng/m3
IDRIJA
Spodnja Idrija
Idri
jca
K anomljica
Nikova
Smeltingplant
Antonov rov
Hg concentration in air
m0 500 1000
0
2.5
5
7.5
10
20
30
40
50
75
100
150
200
250
3. Nov. 20039:10 - 15:30
Slight S wind, 8°C, sunny
2367
Hgng/m3
IDRIJA
Spodnja IdrijaId
rijc
aKanomljica
Nikova
Smeltingplant
A ntonov rov
Hg concentration in air
m0 500 1000 0
2.5
5
7.5
10
20
30
40
50
75
100
150
200
250
3. Nov. 20039:10 - 15:30
Slight S wind, 8°C, sunny
2367
Hgng/m3
IDRIJA
Spodnja Idrija
Idri
jca
Kanomljica
Nikova
Smeltingplant
A ntonov rov
Hg concentration in air
m0 500 1000
14 2.050
100
200
300
400
0
600ng/g
Idrija
reference
T-Hg concentration
(mean, range) in selected
vegetables
CARROTS PARSLEY LEAVES CHICORY CABBAGE LlETTUCE
63.71.0
(13 -
103)
1.0
866(520 -
1500)
137
1.0
(22 -
386)
420
1.0
(57 -
782)
UrošEržen
Mean
(SD)
T-Hg concentrations
in river
fish
of
the
Idrijca river
(Salmo
sp.)
and
in marine fish
(Conger
conger)
of
the
Gulf
of
Trieste
200
400
600
800
Kozarska grapaabove Idrija in Idrija Gulf of Trieste
ng/g fresh
weight
610(870)
410(450)
680(230)
100(80)
Contaminated
food
and
fish
is the
main
source
of
exposure
Estimated daily intakes of Hg in Estimated daily intakes of Hg in humans expressehumans expressedd
in in µµgHg/day/kggHg/day/kgbwbw
Idrija Coastal
areaT-Hg MeHg T-Hg MeHg
Air 0.05-
0.10 - 0.001 -
.005 -
Fish(50/100g/day) 0.20 -
3.33 0.09
–
1.60 0.18 -
1.35 0.17 -
1.33
Other
food0.66 0.132 0.05 0.01
60 kg body
weight
US EPA recommended
RfD:
0.1 µgHg/day/kgbw
WHO/JECFA recommended
RfD:
0.23 µgHg/day/kgbw
LocationHg intake into roe deer
Inhalation Ingestion Inhalation:ingestion
Hg(µg/kg/day)
Hg(µg/kg/day)
Ratio(%)
Idrija – Zone AZone BNearsmelter
0.10 109 0.09
0.30 435 0.07
4.0 2520 0.16
Podljubelj 0.07 36.5 0.19
Controls 0.007 4.2 0.17
Mercury
mine Idrija, SloveniaInhaled
vs. ingested
Hg in roe
deer
Gnamus and Horvat, 2001
II. Modelling tools
Interaction
between
the
models
Local scale models
Meso-scale aquatic models•Mediterranean
-
Regional scale aquatic models• Idrijca and
Soča River• Gulf
of
Trieste
Input
data
Boundary
conditions
• sources• erosion
Institute Jožef Stefan
ModelsErosion
model
(Idrija region): Hg release
2.500
kg/year
River
model(Idrijca and
Soča):
transport and transformations
Marine model(Gulf of Trieste): Hg input
1500 kg/year
Institute Jožef Stefan
EROSION MODEL and
Hg release
Results:input data for theriver modelpossible remediationmeasures
A i
junction(J)
Idrijc
a Rive
r
GIS-layer
based
modelData
–
layers: topography, geology, pedology, land
cover, land
use, slope, precipitation, runoff.
Measurements:
Hg
Institute Jožef Stefan
Modelling
results
for
PT scenario
Institute Jožef Stefan
Results
and
findings
from EROSION MODEL
Present situation:annual Hg release to Idrijca River: 2500 kg
PT scenario:change in land use and elimination of hot spots: decrease of annual Hg release to 1445 kg
Possible
reduction: 42 %Cost: 28 mil. €
•ELOISE 2004Institute Jožef Stefan
1-D model MeRiMod
structure
already used for the Carson River (NV, USA)adapted for Idrijca and Soča Rivers (parameters –measurements)real time unsteady-state simulations
WASP5
RIVMOD MERC4- hydrodynamics- sediment transport
- velocities- depth- shear stress
- mass balance equations(advective and diffusive
transport)
- concentrations of various pollutants- bed load concentrations- suspended load conc.
- mercury speciation andkinetic transformation
- concentrations of inorganic mercury (HgII)- concentrations of mono- methyl mercury (MMHg)
•ELOISE 2004Institute Jožef Stefan
CONCEPT OF THE 3D WATER MODELING SYSTEM (MARINE ENVIRONMENT)
thermohaline forcingwindtidal forcingriver inflow momentum
HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL
PCFLOW3D-HD
river loadssea currents
sea bottom processesPCFLOW3D-ST
SEDIMENTATION MODEL
• air-water exchange• methylation
demethylation• reduction• oxydation• exchange with the
bottom sedimentADVECTION-DISPERSION MODEL FOR
MERCURY with transformations
Hg MODULEPCFLOW3D
Institute Jožef Stefan
To the Gulf2160 t
Evasion30 t
Sedimentation1830 t
15.000 tons
Institute Jožef Stefan
III. WHAT WE CAN DO
The reduction of MeHg in seafood can
therefore be defined as the priority objective with regard to the mercury contamination problem in the wider Idrija area and in the Gulf of Trieste.
It is generally
accepted that the formation and bioaccumulation of MeHg
is the most
critical point of environmental quality in mercury contaminated sites.
Institute Jožef Stefan
POSSIBLE MEASURES to reduce
toxic effect
of
MeHg in the
area
Reducing Hg transport within the river system:diminish erosion near Idrija (forestation, elimination of hotspots)dredging of sediments along both riversconstruction of new reservoirs (?) – or elimination (?)
Reducing methylation (conditions):to improve water quality in the river sytem and the Gulf –WW treatment, reducing mariculture, aeration (?)dredging of bottom sediment to reduce the source of MMHg -technically possible, very expensive, where to put Hg contaminated sediment (?)
Administrative measures – prohibition of fishing, mariculture…
Institute Jožef Stefan
A conceptual
Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response model (DPSIR)
DRIVERSIncreasing demand of energy, transport,
agriculture and fisheries, waste.Fossil fuels consumption, Manufacturing industry
Waste production, Mining, Agriculture
PRESSURESEmissions of Hg to the atmosphere, aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
STATEHg concentrations in air, water, biota
elevated MeHg in Gulf of Triesteand in the reservoirs
IMPACTSEffects on ecosystem and man
effects on human health, change in species abundence and distribution
POLI
CY
RES
PON
SER
educ
tion
of e
mis
sion
s, re
duce
ero
sion
, co
ntro
l MeH
g pr
oduc
tion
Ener
gy e
ffici
ency
, tax
es,s
avin
g pr
ogra
mm
es,
Was
te m
anag
emen
t, ag
ricul
ture
, fis
herie
s, e
tc.
Gains & losses
SCEN
AR
IOS
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
OPT
ION
S(B
AU
, PO
T, D
G)
Institute Jožef Stefan
DefinitionDefinition
ofof
IDRICAT IDRICAT scenariosscenarios
Business
as usual
-
no additional
measures
to physical
closing
of
the
mine envisaged, “leave
it as it is”
Policy
targets
–
collection
of
measures
aimed
at reducing
introduction
of
Hg into
the
catchment: elimination
of
the
hot
spots, reduction
of
erosion
potential, construction
of
WWTPs
Deep
Green
–
reducing
potentials
formation
of
MeHg and
exposure
of
population
to Hg
CURRENT STATUS CURRENT STATUS ––
SCENARIOS:SCENARIOS:
Business
as Usual
-
not acceptable,
not further explored
in any
specific
detail, except
for
modelling
fluxes
Policy
Targets
-
preferred,
explored
in detail
in
terms
of
mass
balance
modelling
and
institutional
assessment
(questionaire
based
survey) –
efficiency needs
to be
determined
based
on monitoring
Deep
Green
–
considered
on the
level
of
the
mass balance
modelling
only; still
under
develop-
ment/verification, results
not yet
available
EU EU MercuryMercury
StrategyStrategy
–– Hg Hg contaminatedcontaminated//pollutedpolluted
sitessites
(I)(I)
Reducing emissions:Polluted sites as important source categoryInventory of Hg polluted sitesComparability of data on emissions (standardizedprotocols)
Reducing supply:Hg mining: historical, economic and societal significanceand reponsability for environmental degradation
Protecting against exposure:mixed exposure to inorganic and organic Hg
Improved understanding:Integrated tools for the remediation of Hg polluted sites(including modeling)Integrated measurement tools (chemical, physical andbiological) – early warning systems
Institute Jožef Stefan
EU EU MercuryMercury
StrategyStrategy
–– Hg Hg contaminatedcontaminated//pollutedpolluted
sitessites
(II)(II)
Societal and economic implications ofemission reduction measures
Benefits: environmental and health & economicand societalSelection of alternatives: Strategic environmentalassessment (SEA)
Reduction of global pool of Hg in longer time perspectiveIncrease of quality of life (social&security, employment, education, etc..)Economy (generator of further local/regionaldevelopoment, transition from production to service, transition to higher education jobs, etc..)
Institute Jožef Stefan
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Ministry
of
Education, Science
and
Sports
of
RS
Idrija Mercury
Mine
European
Union, 5th
Framework
Programme
National
Science
Foundation, USA
International
Atomic
Energy
Agency
(CRP)