an introduction to anchored retaining structures - hm · pdf filean introduction to anchored...
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An Introduction to Anchored Retaining Structures
Summer Term 2015 Hochschule Munchen
Fakultat Bauingenieurwesen
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LAYOUT
Selection of Alternatives
Active Anchors
Examples and Considerations
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SELECTION OF ALTERNATIVES
[Auswahl von Alternativen]
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Introduction [Einführung]
Project Involves: [Ein Projekt umfaßt:] • Diagnosis [Diagnose] • Therapy or Solution [Therapie oder Lösung] • Monitoring [Überwachung]
[investigation = untersuchung]
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5
Soil Slopes
[Änderung des Böschungs-
profils]
[Dränage und
Oberflächen-
schutz]
[Mauern bzw. Gewichtswände]
[Rückverankerte
Wände]
[mit Geokunststoffen
bewehrte Wände]
[Bodenvernagelung]
[Bild 3:
Böschungen,
Alternativen zur
Erhöhung der
Standsicherheit]
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[Baugruben]
[Auffüllungen]
[Änderung des
Böschungsprofils]
[Abflachen]
[Bermen oder
Absätze]
Dränage
u. Ober-
Flächen-
schutz
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Common Solutions for Soil Slopes Rigid Walls (gravity walls) [Feste Wände (Gewichtswände)] • Masonry or Earth walls [Mauerwand oder Erdwall] • Cyclopic wall [Zyklopenmauer (Mauer aus großen Gesteinsbrocken)]
• Gabions [Gabionenwände (Wände aus mit Gestein verfüllten Drahtkäfigen)] • Evrth. combined with anchoring system [Alle Arten kombiniert mit Ankersystem]
Flexible Walls (cantilever and counterfort walls) [Flexible Wände als Stützwände]
• L or inverted T shaped [geformt wie ein Loder ein umgekehrtes T]
• Fixed or not by steel bolts in rock surface [befestigt oder nicht mit Stahlankern an der Felsoberkante]
• Fixed or not by steel bolts in cyclopic bases • Combined with anchoring system Other Techniques • Shotcrete or steel meshes [Spritzbeton und Stahlnetze bzw. –gitter]
• Re-slope and vegetation [Umgestaltung des Böschungsprofils und Vegetation]
• Drainage systems [Dränagesysteme]
• Sheetpiling or anchored “curtain” walls [Spuncdwände oder verankerte Futtermauern]
[Häufige Lösungen ...]
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Other Possible Solutions Rigid Walls (gravity walls)
• Reinforced earth walls [Bewehrte Erdwände] with or without geosynthetics
• “Crib walls” [“Steinkistenwände” (= Gabionenwände)]
• Diaphragm walls [Zweischalige Mauerwerkswand]
• “False” tunnels
Rosa (1995) Georio Handouts
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Aspects to be taken on account: • Drainage • Re-sloping • Access and means of transportation • Slope height • Tieback walls • Soil nailing • Soil reinforcement
[Gesichtspunkte, die zu berücksichtigen sind: • Dränage • Änderung des Böschungsprofils • Zugang und Transportmittel • Böschungshöhe • Rückverankerte Wände • Bodenvernagelung • Bodenertüchtigung]
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Slopes with a Rock to Soil Interface [Böschungen (Hänge) mit einer Fels-Lockerboden-Schichtgrenze]
Concernment of:
• Talus formation
• Blocks and boulders
• Drainage
[Berücksichtigung von:
• Geröllbildung
• Felsbrocken und -blöcke
• Dränage (Entwässerung)]
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Rock Slopes and Rockfall [Felshänge und Steinfall]
[Fels-
Hänge]
[Eigenschaften: Lage
Steilheit
Risiko
Volumen und Form der Felsbrocken
Gefüge
Gesteinskunde (Petrographie)
Verwitterung]
[Entwurfsent-
Scheidung]
[Beseitigung des
Problems
Stabilisierung
Gefahrenminderung]
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Elimination
[Sprengen und
Zerkleinerung von
Felsbrocken]
[Verlegung des
Bauwerkes]
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Stabilization
[Anker
u. Dübel]
[Bermen]
[Verfüllen von
Zugrissen]
[Oberflächen-
Sicherung]
[Dränage]
[mit Beton-
Stützscheiben]
[mit Beton-
balkenraster]
[Spritz-
Beton]
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Hazard reduction [(Fall-Energie ver-
brauchende Bermen]
[Barrieren und
Auffangmauern]
[Stahlnetze]
[Auffanggraben]
[Tunnelgallerie]
[flexible
Barrieren]
[Mauern]
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Common Solutions for Rock Slopes More Common Types
• Anchored grids or plates [Rückverankerte Gitter oder Platten]
• Anchored or steel bolted buttresses [Verankerte oder verdübelte Stützpfeiler]
• Anchored beams or “dental” dowels [Rückverankerte Balken]
• Bolting or anchoring of isolated slabs and boulders [… von einzelnen Betonplatten oder Felsbrocken]
• Evrth. combined with rigid or flexible steel mesh system
• Impact cantilever walls, with anchored or bolted counterforts
• Anchored curtain walls
Other Techniques
• Shotcrete or steel meshes
• Re-slope and vegetation
• Drainage systems
• Root piles [Wurzelpfähle]
Rosa (1995) Georio Handouts
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ACTIVE ANCHORS
[Aktive Anker]
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Anchors Elements: • Head [Ankerkopf] • Bonded length (lb) [Verbundlänge]
• Free length (lf) [Freispiellänge]
• Centralisers [Abstandhalter]
• Grouting tubes [Verpressrohre]
Characteristics:
•Standard NBR 5629
•Double water protection (lb)
•Plastic or resin protection (lb)
•Anti corrosion protection (all)
•Smooth plastic casing (lf)
[weiches Plastikhüllrohr]
•Centralizers each 2m
•Manchette valves for grouting
[Manschettenventile zum Ver-
Pressen]
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EXAMPLES
&
OVERALL CONSIDERATIONS
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Examples
Tieback Anchored Walls
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Anchored Counterforts
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Gabions
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Anchored Impact Walls and Grids
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Anchored Buttresses combined to drainage and sprayed concrete
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Large Scale Drainage of Valleys
Risky Areas
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Anchored Impact Walls
Isolate Anchors to Slabs
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Steel Meshes
Anchored Inclined Beams
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Risky Areas & Accidents
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Old exploration quarry (soil) problem
Paquetá Island – Rio de Janeiro
State
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Geological Model & Topography 42/50
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Access Problems 43/50
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Re-Sloping or Landscaping 44/50
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Multiple Solutions 45/50
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Excavations and Trenches for Garage Space 46/50
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Highways or Railways 47/50
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Alternative Executive Sequence 48/50
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A “non engineering”, but
psychologically effective, retaining
structure
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REFERENCES
• Ortigão & Sayão (2004). Handbook of Slope Stabilisation, Springer, New York, 478 p.
• Hunt, R. E. (1986). Geotechnical Engineering Techniques and Practices, McGraw Hill, New York, 729 p.
• Personal pictures.
• Internet pages.
• Executive Design projects from ACRosa Engenharia de Consultoria Ltda., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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