analise exergia e produçao entropia
DESCRIPTION
Termodinamica AplicadaTRANSCRIPT
On exergy analysis andentropy productionminimisation in indutrial ecology
Doctoral thesisfor the degree of doktor engeniør
Trondheim, September 2006
Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyFaculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyDepartment of Chemistry
Anita Zvolinschi
I n n o v a t i o n a n d C r e a t i v i t y
NTNUNorwegian University of Science and Technology
Doctoral thesisfor the degree of doktor enginiør
Faculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyDepartment of Chemistry
© Anita Zvolinschi
ISBN 82-471-8068-5 (printed version)ISBN 82-471-8067-7 (electronic version)ISSN 1503-8181
Doctoral theses at NTNU, 2006:151
Printed by NTNU-trykk
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Ein= 1 − Eloss
Ein= 1 −
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Ein F.QPnoN"rF.Q`T=joNPZHYTzK\®^=_\aZWOrUKI
Eout q)\RXN<_NPI\RW=_rPNPIbF.QPnoN
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Ein,abatement³ÊQ`TOZHYKrQ`T SN-KQ`¯oNUT¼QRIKMFON4N¹NU_Mjkg[K\X®Q`¯oN"QrPNU_MKQ`HYT
^=_\)rPNPIIX\R_N<IMWOIMKQ`HYT.Q`S=sJN4SzgQ`S.Q`KNUXNUTzKLÚB\iNUnoNU_³ÊKMFON^\kIIHYS=sJN-sJ\kII\`c²T.Q`KMW=_Q`srQ`^=HYKQ`sHYTKMFONLc|\R_MX'\`cN¹F.Q`WOIMKMHYS=sJNb_NPI\RW=_rPNPIfIFO\RW=sJZSNLKQ`¯oNUT®HYTaK\"QRrPrP\RW=TaKfiLFONUTrQ`sJrUW=slQ`KMHYT=jKMFONN¹NU_MjkgºTONPNPZ=NPZDc|\R_bQ`S.Q`KNUXNUTzKÄbTO\RKMFONU_[^\RHYTaKDK\@SN KQ`¯oNUTHYTzK\&QRrPrP\RW=TzK[HJIºKMFON¼N¹=NU_MjkgANÉ®rUHJNUTOrUg3HYT3KMFONWOIN
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Ein&EGFON
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Ein³bifN¼WOIN
HYT3\RW=_®^=_\)ZWOrUKMHJ\RTQ`TOZ3Q`S.Q`KNUXNUTzK[^=_\)rPNPIINPIq)\RXN _NPI\RW=_rPNPI[Q`_N_NUTONUiGQ`S=sJNiLHYKMF[\R_GiLHYKMFO\RW=KIMX®Q`sYsQ`S.Q`KNUXNUTzKN¹=NU_MjkgTONPNPZ=I³=I\RXNQ`_NrP\RT=TONPrUKNPZDiLHYKMF[slQ`_MjoNQ`S.Q`KNUXNUTaKN¹=NU_Mjkg[_NPyaW=HY_NUXNUTzKIb°N4^=_NPINUTzKKMFON4N¹=NU_MjkgzS.QRINPZVHYTOZHJrQ`K\R_IKMF.Q`KyaW.Q`TzKMHwc£gKMFONPINc|QRrUK\R_ISNUsJ\¢iOPÛhg =98 ÒFïoÔ.ðQàÎ(àÑ¥ð×CÝ¶× ÏtÎíàÎÇàÔÔïoÒOÔ,àÖkÒ.ÓѶÒÞtÒ.Ñõ =98 ÒFïoÔ.ðùqûà×`Ò.Ó ÝpÎPù
ÓݶÌàÖkÏ,ïz×x¹=NU_MjkgaS.QRINPZ"HYTOZHJrQ`K\R_I²ifNU_NGHYTaKM_\aZWOrPNPZSag<]NUiLW=swcNUKeQ`s=|kkko K\-QRZ=Z_NPIIxKMFON^\RHYTzKIBHYT°q)NPrUKMHJ\RT1 \RT1Q`T¼Q`jkjk_NUjzQ`KNPZ¼sJNUnoNUsEGFON6Q`W=KMFO\R_IX®QRZ=N"QZHJIMKMHYTOrUKMHJ\RTSNUK¶iNPNUTºN¹=NU_MjkgI\RW=_rPNPIKMF.Q`KfifNU_N_NUTONUiGQ`S=sJNiLHYKMFO\RW=KFzW=X®Q`Tºif\R_M¯³aQ`TOZI\RW=_rPNPIKMF.Q`KifNU_NBTO\RT_NUTONUiQ`S=sJNkfEGFONUg®Z=NvOTONPZºKMFONB_NUTONUiQ`S=HYsYHYK¶gc£_QRrUKMHJ\RTD\`cKMFONBN¹=NU_MjkgHYT=^=W=KI
α =Ein,renewable
Ein
|¡k
ÚBNU_Nk³Ein,renewable
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ε =Eout
Ein=Ein − T
0(dS/dt)irr∆t
Ein
| o
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(dS/dt)irrR'o -EGF=HJIB^=_\)rPNPIIB_NPyzW=HY_NPIHYTvOT=HYKNQ`X\RW=TaKI\`ceKMHYXN
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^=_\)ZWOrUKI®\R_®INU_MnaHJrPNPI®HYTAQvOT=HYKNKMHYXNkÈEGFON[HYTOZHJrQ`K\R_εHYTOZHJrQ`KNPI®FO\iÀc|Q`_iN
Q`_N®cu_\RXC_NUnoNU_IMHYS=sJND\R^NU_Q`KMHJ\RTEGFON[Q`SOI\RsYW=KNºnkQ`sYWONPI<\`cEout
Q`TOZEin
Q`_NºIMKMHYsYsHYX^\R_MKQ`TzKÄ¿_NUslQ`KMHYnoNUsYg¨IMX®Q`sYsGrF.Q`T=joNHYT
ε³H¾NkY³xHYT$QZHJIMKMHYsYslQ`KMHJ\RT$^=_\)rPNPII³xrQ`T
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ζ ²pKGHJIGKMFON-yzWO\RKMHJNUTaK\`cKMFON-N¹=NU_MjkgºHYT=^=W=KIGc£\R_GKMFON^=_\)ZWOrUKMHJ\RT^=_\)rPNPIINPI
Ein Q`TOZ¼KMFONIMW=X \`cQ`sYsN¹NU_MjkgHYT=^=W=KI-TONPrPNPIIQ`_Mg K\VQ`S.Q`KN6KMFON®NUXHJIIMHJ\RTOI4Q`TOZ
^=_\)ZWOrUKI-Q`KbKMFON"NUTOZ \`cfKMFONUHY_BsYHwc|NEin,abatement
^=sYWOIBKMFON<N¹=NU_MjkgHYT=^=W=KIbc|\R_bKMFON
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Ein
ζ =Ein
Ein +Ein, abatement
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S o c i e t yE E L
R e f o r m i n g C y c l e C O 2 a m i n e
a b s o r p t i o nE c o s y s t e mN a t u r a l g a s , a i r , s e a w a t e r
S u n l i g h tO p t i o n C C O 2
C O 2 - b i o m a s s c o n v e r s i o n
A
S o c i e t yE E L
R e f o r m i n g C y c l e
C O 2s e q u e s t r a t i o n
P l a n t B
B i o m a s s d i g e s t i o n
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B i o m a s sB i o g a sF e r t i l i s e r s
C O 2 a m i n e a b s o r p t i o n
P l a n t AP l a n t B
C l e a n e d e x h a u s t g a s e sP l a n t A
C O 2C O 2
C l e a n e d e x h a u s t g a s e s
E l e c t r i c i t y
E l e c t r i c i t y E l e c t r i c i t y
E l e c t r i c i t y
O p t i o n DE c o s y s t e mN a t u r a l g a s , a i r , s e a w a t e r
C O 2
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2[ J D A> SED [ @3 f _-oKtuqi¢ + 0"H2/ Ý 0"H0/3
a [ g>"@~@ 7:98987 @ + IØ3´>"@A \µ 7 X 9ESE6 + Q 3´0/2/2 . 3 y±7K6ED P1>"X 7Kb&D A 7 @P 7zM [ 6 >A! DGL > 5D @ 9ES > S879 g>qP 79BØM [ 6687 >qP S [ 689 DGS yzD @ DGy y 7 @ SE6 [ 5 6 [ A P SED [ @3ÖȪoN]hwrqj f _Àu/]`_-owoNtn]_Tu«-hK]voN_hno + KH , Ý KH ,/. 3a [ g>"@~@ 7:98987 @ + I3 + yzy±7 A>"X + 3>"@A \µ 7 X 9ESE6 + Q 3´0/2/2/03B D @ DGyzDx9ED @ LRS 7z7 @ ¡SE6 [ 5 6 [ A P SED [ @ D @Ñ 7 > Sz7 J~P8g>"@ L7 3¨în_g!oKtn_r]`_r/j\¹&kqTtN_rqjWk¸s±Ï|oErÆrq_pÚéÚrqwºtErq_~`s1oNt + 0/"H ,)Ý 0/ . H3
Þ\ß"àGßá:âãnäKå-æ/ç KHa [ 6EL7 @ 9w7 @ + Q 3IØ3GF¥ ,/, ð&3în_g!oOuqtEr/]Okq_k¸so8h8k"ni"K!oN ªoEkqtN]von:Ä mr/O!oKtn_g3 X 7K64 P1>qA 7KyzD PÆ ³ X Dx9 7K689 3gU [ 9ES [ @ + B 4 3 >" [T[ 6 + 4 3>"@AÚ×>"@ L +; 3? ,//, 3 D @ 7KSED P 9w7 g> 6 > SED [ @ [ My±7KS g>"@ 7N¡ P1> 6E³ [ @ÑA D [ J ¡D A 7=yzD J S 687³T5 >qA 9 [ 6 SED [ @ [ @ y [ X 7 P XY> 6Æ9EDx7Kb7 P1> 6E³ [ @3WȪoN]hwrqj f _Tuq]_-o8oNtN]_Tu«-h:]OoN_-hwoØ + )ðq0/ Ý )ðq/3 > 6 X 989 [ @ + BÑ3>"@A Q [ D @ D @ 7 @ + BV3GFW ,/ 03~ 7¤D @û 7 @P 7 [ MS 7 5&L/6 [ 9 P [ D P¤ 6 [ ¡7K6ESEDx7:9 [ M g>" 7K6 [ @ S 7\SE6 >"@ 9EDx7 @ S ~ 7 @ [ y±7 @g>¤A 6ED @ L P [ @ S >qP S A 6E5&D @ L [ MgS 7 g>" 7K6 7K³9 3¨]_êag3 49 [ 6ES c 7 A3ed + º´ª]tEp(în_!oNtn_-r/]k/_rqj?ôÆtniq]_Tu«giqmk"n]&3 Ô [ Xv3¨/3 [ X b7K6 g> y S [ @ + ë 3~3H , H Ý&. 2/3 7KDx987K6 > 9 + U3 3GFÑ ,/, /3Î] s:oNÀ¸hKihKjxoÇô|r/vrs:kqt¿Æk/tn©oOu/]rq_Ã]jrq_p ÙØr"N3¨>" DG6 3 6 [ @A 7KDGy + [ 6 > 5 3 7 @~@ 7K5 + è3²3GFØ ,/ H3 f _-oNtOuqiÇh8kq_qoNtwN]k/_Õ]`_ªoWmtEk1hwonn]_pqTNtN]OonK3 4 P1>qA 7KyzD P 687:9w9 3~ 7 × [ 6 3\µ 7 X 9ESE6 + Q 3T>"@A±U 7 A 7 > J + ® 3GF?0/2/2/3 f jGoNoN_k¸s\întNtEoK"oNtnn]vNjGoº´ªoNtNzk)pqiq_rqÀ]OhNs:kqt f _Tuq]_-o8oKtwK3*¬@ S87K6 @g> SED [ @g>"X Z 7 @ SE687 [ Mg4 ~~X Dx7 A 7K6Ey [ A 5 @g> yzD P 9 + ¬ 98S >"@ ³ Xv3¬ Q U , ð . ¡ , ð . ¡ ¡ /3\µ 7 X 9ESE6 + Q 3>"@A¬ 9 XY>"@A + ¥3 Ô 3´ ,/,/, 3 7 A 6EDGb&D @ L±M [ 6 P 7 A Dx9ESE6EDG³ SED [ @ M [ 6yzD @ ¡DGy y X [ 9ES [ 6 D @Ñ>ÇP8 7KyzD P1>"X 687 >qP S [ 6 PKX [ 9w7zS [ >"@A M > 6¤M6 [ y÷7:¾ D X DG³~6ED y 3?¬8¬N3¼J D A> SED [ @ [ MQ ¼
23&în_-pqKtn]Orqj f _Tuq]_-o8oNtN]`_&uRȪoN]`NtNiCØon1oErqtEhNª|£ » + /2 . Ý /2 ./. 3
\µ 7 X 9ESE6 + Q 3>"@AB ì XGX 7K6¸¡ ¶ [ X 9ES + Q 3^ ,/, 3&I<J 7K6EL/57 ÓP Dx7 @P 5 >"@AX [ P1>"X 7 > S 6 [ ¡A P SED [ @ D @ 9 [ X D A [ J D A 7¤M 7 X´P 7 XGX 9 3 f jxoEh:tEk1hNªoK=]Oh8rqjÄ|h:vrÆ£ » + H/HTð Ý H . 3\µ 7 X 9ESE6 + Q 3 + U 7 A 7 > J + ® 3>"@A Q > > 6 + IØ30/2/2/23TB D @ DGy y 7 @ SE6 [ 5 6 [ A P SED [ @³T5þ7:¾ D g> 6ESEDGSED [ @ [ MÆM [ 6 P 7:9D @ DG6E687Kb7K6898DG³ X 7êS 7K6Ey [ A 5 @g> yzD P 9 3Øîn_pqTNtN]rqj f _Tuq]À_-owoNtn]_TuȪoN]`NtNiØon1oErqtEhNª±£ + H/H"H Ý H/H/3\µ 7 X 9ESE6 + Q 3 + Q > > 6 + IØ3 + U 7 A 7 > J + ® 3T>"@A b >"@A 7K6 [&[ D + ¶=3g ,/,/, 3& 7 A 6EDGbTD @ LM [ 6 P 7 A Dx9ESE6EDG³ SED [ @ M [ 6¤yzD @ DGy y X [ 9ES [ 6 D @>Pw 7KyzD P1>"X 687 >qP S [ 6 PKX [ 987S [ >"@AM > 6ÆM6 [ y÷7:¾ D X DG³~6ED y 3¬n3 7 [ 6E5 3Öîn_p/Ktn]Orqj f _&uq]`_^o8oNtN]`_TuþȪoN]YKtniDÆon:o8rqt¸hKª£ » + /2"H Ý /2 . 23 Xqù 7K6 + 3~ ,/, ð&3¬@±A 7NM7 @ 987 [ M-S 7 P y XY> SEDGb77 @ 7K6EL/5 A 7Ky >"@A3&în_g!oKtn_r]kq_-rqj¹&kqTtN_rqj?k¸sÎØÈÄ ¢ + /3 XGú~~ 7 X + ¶=3 +< 6 ú L7K6 + a3 + B> P8 + è3 +<; 7KD @~g> 6 A S + Ò 3 + Q > 5 [ 9 D + ²\3 + Q P8g> 7N¡MO7K6 + ¶3 + Q P8 X ½17 + ¥3>"@A·> L @ 7K6 + ¶=3GF( ,/, ð&3E-|&=&jGr/]OoKtN!oNt f _-oKtuq]voErq&©¨rq_p·À*oOuqtN] (oN§<ô=oF/Ö_]]k/_-oN_~§G*oNt8oEhNª_&_Tu"NoKª&k1po:3 Ô ® ¬ Ô 7K6 XY> L Ò y|³ ¶=3 ® ú 98987 XxA [ 6¸M 3
KH0 Þ\ß"àGßá:âãnäKå-æ/ç
[ 7KD µ 7K6 + Ò 3 ® 3 + a [ g>"@~@ 7:98987 @ + IØ3>"@A \µ 7 X 98SE6 + Q 3^0/2/2"H3^ 7987 P [ @AÚXY> [ ¡SEDGy >"Xg> S [ M > M [q 6¸¡v³^7 A Q ¼
2P [ @ b7K6ES87K6 DGS H b7 7 > S7 J~P8g>"@ L7K689 3 f _-oKtuqi¢ +. 0 .)Ý&. H3
[ S > 9 + ¥3a3^ ,/ 23~IJ 7K6EL/5 P 6EDGS87K6ED > [ M 7K6¸M [ 6Ey >"@P 7M [ 6S 7K6Ey >"X~XY>"@ S 3-în_g!oNtN_rqÀ]Okq_r/j^¹&kq&tn_r/jk¸sÏ|o8r/Wrq_pÌÖj&]p̨jlkq©Ñ¢ + KHTð Ý 1/3 [ S > 9 + ¥3a3GFí ,//. 3±º´ªo·o ¦ oKtuqiþ±o:ª&k1pòk¸sÚªoNtN±rqjÖm-jlrq_r/_rqji*N]YK3U SES87K6¸¡ [ 6ES 9 3 [ @A [ @3 7Kyzy±7 X + U¤3 + Dx7 X 9w7 @ + Q 3 3>"@A QT687 @ 987 @ + U3GFÚ ,/, ð&3ÖÎ] s:oKÀhKihKjxoÄ¥_rqji*N]Y(k¸sf _-oNtOuqi±«gi"K!oN=N3 ; [ 9 D XxA 7 ë@ DGb7K689EDGS!5 687:989 3 ; [ 9 D XxA 7 + ®¤7 @ y > 6 3 7Kyzy±7 X +"; 3/ ,//, 3)I<@ 7K6EL/5 > 9 > M >qP S [ 6 [ M 6 [ A P SED [ @>"@A 7 @ SE6 [ 5 > 9 >W [ XGX SED [ @D @A D P1> S [ 6D @ y >qP 6 [ ¡!7 P [ @ [ yzD P y [ A 7 XGX D @ L 3 f hwkqjlkwuq]hwrqj f h8kq_kq]OhN¢ + 1/0 Ý 23 7KL/6 >"@A +; 3Ö ,/, 3B 7KS g>"@ 7zM6 [ y ³~D [ y > 989|985&9ES87Ky±9 >"@g>"X 5&9EDx9 >"@A Z ¼
2> ³ > S87N¡
y±7 @ S [ S87 @ SED >"Xv3*Ø]Okq±r"w|rq_p*Ø]k)oK_-oNtOuqi + /2 Ý 13 D @A M [ 689 + 3 Ò 3GF± ,/,/. 3?¿|kqt¸p/]hÚÙ&]poKjü]_-onkq_·Î] s:oêÈ?ihKjxo=Ĥw1onwN±oK_g§¿Æk/t¸pq]Oh|o!mkqtKO3 [ 6 A D P Z\[q @P D X [ M B D @ Dx9ES87K689 3 Z\[ 7 @~g> L7 @ + ®7 @ y > 6 3 D @~@~ [ ù + U¤3*>"@A QTyzDGS +/; 3T , ð , 3* 7S 7K6Ey [ A 5 @g> yzD P 7 ÓP Dx7 @P 5 [ M A Dx9ESED XGXY> SED [ @3în_N]&]Okq_ÚkEsȪoN]hwrqj f _Tuq]_-o8oKtwÆ«i"mkqn]T «oNtn]von + HTð Ý ðq3 [ y|³ > 6 A D +¨ 30/2/2/3 DlMO7 P 5 PKX 7 > 989w7:989Ey±7 @ S P [ y g> 6EDx9 [ @ [ MS87 Pw~@ D P1>"X 9 [ X SED [ @ 9M [ 6 Z ¼
27KyzDx989ED [ @ 9(687 A P SED [ @ D @ [ 7K6ÇL7 @ 7K6 > SED [ @3 f _-oNtOuqi È<kq_qoNtwN]k/_ rq_p
érq_r1uoK±oK_gÂg +, Ý 12 3 [ 7 @ S g>"X + BÑ3 ® 3T>"@A > 9ES87 @ ³^7K6EL + è3I3g ,/,/ 3¬@A 9ESE6ED >"X 7 P [ X [ L/5 >"@A 7 @ 7K6EL/5985&9ES87Ky±9 F> 6898S9ES87 3Øon:kq&t¸hwoNw§ÆÈ<kq_~:oKtn*r]kq_Õrq_pÆoEh:i/h:jü]_Tu¢~ +. Ý /3B>"@~@ D @ 7 @ + a3 + ~ y >"XY> D @ 7 @ + ¥3 + >"X µ > +/; 3q>"@A 7KSES87K68989 [ @ + ¶3q0/2/2/03qI<@ 7K6EL/5 > 9¸¡ 7 P S89ÖD @g>" 7K6yzD XGX 9 SED X DG½:D @ LM S 687S87 P8~@ [ X [ L/5 3Ämmjü]voEpº´ª~oNtn±rqj f _Tuq]_-o8oKtn]_Tu¢¢ +, 0 ,)Ý&, ð&3B> 6 P8g>"X +q; 3GFÖ ,/. 3"δr±º´ªoNtNzk)pqiq_rq]Û:~oØo:^jGo\ª e kqt e oWpo\j2I e _-oNtOuq]Oo&]jü]`KrTNjGo:3® @ [ A3~?> 6EDx9 3B> SES 7 9 + IØ3 + 4y >"@~@ + Z 3 + U 6ED @ L7K½ + Q 3 + ² Dx9 7K6¸¡ [ >"X 9 D + BV3 + ¶ SES X 7K6 + BÑ3 + X 7KD µ @ +¨; 3 + B [ 6EDGL P8 D + ×z3 + ¼ SES 7 + Z 3 +; [ A 7 @ ³ 6EL + IØ3 +\; [ L/D Pw + ® 3 + Q P8g>"@AX +¶=3 + Q P8 SE½ + ¶=3 + b >"@RA 7K6 Ô [ 7KS + IØ3g>"@A( 7KDx98½ + ¶3GFÖ0/2/2/23\º´ªo¥©oK]lu"ª&k¸s¥_r]kq_:ér/!oNtN]rqj~kq Jk/©sNt¸kq]_pqTNtN]r/j~oEhwkq_kq]vonN3" [ 6 XxA ; 7:9 [q 6 P 7 ¬!@ 98SEDGS S87 31> 9 ¡D @ L/S [ @ ® Z 3
Þ\ß"àGßá:âãnäKå-æ/ç KHB> 57K6 + 4 3 3 + 689ES [ @ + ¶=33?>"@AV [ X [ 9 D + Z 33?0/2/2"H3? 7y X SED A Dx9¸¡P D X D @g> 6E5íD @û 7 @P 7 [ M P [ yzy [ @ 9 9ES > D @g> ³~D X DGS!5íD @A D P 7:9 3ØÌ^tEkq_g]voNtnk¸s f h8kqjGk8uq]Oh8rqjf _g1]`tEkq_oN_´¢ + H ,)Ý 0/3BÚP ® > L >"XGX + ²\3 ; 3 + DGS87 + ?3 + ² 6 >"@ 7 + BV3">"@A¶ D @AX 7 + ?3GF0/2/2/3/în_g!oOu/t¸r/!o8pÆ:kqj]p©¨r"K!o|zr/_r1uoNoN_!\Ä j] s:ohKihKjxoÆ]_"oK_gvkqtNiq3gUXY>qP 7:7 X Q P Dx7 @P 7 cO0"@A 7 A DGSED [ @dN3B 7KS89 [ Z\[ 6 [ 6 > SED [ @F 0/2/2/23 B 7KS89 [ P [ 6 [ 6 > SED [ @3 7K³9EDGS87 F SES F ;?; WW 3 y±7KS89 [ 3°P [ y ; cO>qP:P 7:98987 A D @B> 6 P8Ú0/2/2/dN3B D @ Dx9ESE6E5 [ M±S 7 I<@ bTDG6 [ @ y±7 @ S F ,/,/ 3¿|kqtN©oOuq]Orq_ È?jü]±r/!oþȪrq_TuoóWkqj]OhKiLKÃ"oNtN1]voN©Ö3´B D @ Dx9ESE6E5 [ M\S 7 I<@ bTDG6 [ @ y±7 @ S +; 7 [ 6ES¥S [ S 7QTS [ 6ESED @ L c [ 6 7KL/D >"@> 6 X D > y±7 @ S d +^; 7 [ 6ES [ 30 , 3B [ 6 >"@ + BV3a3GF ,/ 03-Ä*r/]`jGrN]jü]iÄ¥_rqji"n]`:WÄÙ&]povk f ýþh:]OoN_ f _^oNtu/iM´:oK3 687 @ SED P 7N¡ ¶>"XGX + I<@ L X 7 [T[ A Z X D ù 9 3~ 7 a 7K68987K5 + ë Q&4 3 7:7 X Dx9 + BÑ3 + b >"@A 7K6 [T[ D + ¶=3a3>"@A Ò 7:7K6 X D @ L9 + a3a3 Z 30/2/2/23TIJ 7K6EL7KSED PX DlM7 P 5¡PKX 7 >"@g>"X 59EDx9 [ M 5 A 6 [ L7 @Õ 6 [ A P SED [ @>"@A 9ES [ 6 > L79E59ES87Ky±9M [ 6 > S [ y [ SEDGb7 >" ¡~X D P1> SED [ @ 9 3-în_g!oNtN_r/]Okq_rqj¹&kqTtN_rqj?k¸sϤipqtEk8uoN_ f _-oNtOuqi¢ +. ð Ý&. H . 3 D X 989 [ @ +~ 30/2/2"H3¶ 7 > S >"@A y > 989WSE6 >"@ 9¸MO7K6WD @ y X SED P 5 X D @A 7K6 A 6E5&D @ L 3¬N3 4 @g>"X 59EDx9[ My >qP8 D @ 7 A> S >3¨ÈªoN]Oh8rqj f _&uq]`_^o8oNtN]`_Tu(rq_-p=ó\tEk1hwoNwn]_Tu=£ + . HTð Ý ./. 3 Dx989 >"@ + 4 3 ,/. 3 4 S 7 [ 6E5 [ M A 6E5TD @ L 9ED @ LÕ9ES87 > y 7 > S87 ACA 6 y±9 3¥ÈªoN]`NtNirq_-p=în_p/Ktni|¢ + ,/)Ý 0//3 [ 689 7Q [ LÇ¡ ¬@ S87K6 @g>"X ; 7 [ 6ES F|0/2/2/23 f _)]`tEkq_oN_gvr/jNÆo!mkqtKÀÍ@O@O@q3 [ 689 7Q [ L4¥Q&4 + Q [ L @ + [ 6 > 5 3 [ 689 7Q [ LÇ¡ ¬@ S87K6 @g>"X ; 7 [ 6ES F|0/2/2/3 f _)]`tEkq_oN_gvr/jNÆo!mkqtKÀÍ@O@"!3 [ 689 7Q [ L4¥Q&4 + Q [ L @ + [ 6 > 5 3 [ 689 7Q [ L¯°9\yzD XGXvF<0/2/2/3~în_g!oNtN_rqjo!mkqtKO3T [ 689 7¤Q [ L=4¥Q&4 + Q [ L @ + [ 6 > 5 3 XGX + ¶3 , ðq3´¶ 7 > S y 9 >"@AA Dx9ESED XGXY> SED [ @3¥ÈªoK=]Oh8rqj f _Tuq]_-o8oKtn]_TuRó\tEk8uqt8onwÜ » +./)Ý "H3 yzy±7 A>"X +/ 3)>"@A \µ 7 X 9ESE6 + Q 3"0/2/2/3)I ¾ D g> 6ESEDGSED [ @ [ M~M [ 6 P 7:9 > 9 >WX [ 7K6?³ [q @A[ @ S 77 @ SE6 [ 5 6 [ A P SED [ @ D @V 7 > S=7 J~P8g>"@ L7 3Öîn_g!oNtN_r/]Okq_r/j¹Tk/TtN_rqjWk¸s=ÏoEr/rq_-pzéÚrqwºt¸r/_~`s1oNtÂg + 0 0ð Ý 0 /3 yzy±7 A>"X + 3 +g\µ 7 X 9ESE6 Ú>"@A Z\[ 9ES87 > + BV3g0/2/2/3B D @ DGyzDG½:D @ LS 7|7 @ SE6 [ 5 6 [ ¡A P SED [ @ 6 > S87 [ M >"@ 7 J [ S 7K6EyzD P 687 >qP S [ 6 DGS z>WP [ @ 9ES >"@ S 7 > S¸¡vSE6 >"@ 9¸M7K6 P [ 7 ÓP Dx7 @ S F
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Þ\ß"àGßá:âãnäKå-æ/ç KH , D XG 7 X y±989 [ @ + U¤3 + ²g> L7K6 [ X y +| 3 + D X 989 [ @ + 3>"@A QTS87 @ 9ESE6 y + Q 3Æ ,/, H3 4 @7 J 7K6EDGy±7 @ S >"X 9ES A 5 [ M P [ @ S >qP S P [ 7 ÓP Dx7 @ S89D @ g>" 7K6 A 6E5TD @ L 3ºrnmm-]¹&kq&tn_r/jÜÜ + ./,)Ý 3 D XG 7 X y±989 [ @ + U¤3 + D X 989 [ @ +~ 3 + QTS87 @ 9ESE6 y + Q 3>"@AÇ D @ y±7K689ES87 A S +; 3 ,/, 3 QTDGy¡ XY> SED [ @ y [ A 7 X 9 [ My X SEDl¡ P 5 X D @A 7K689 g>" 7K6 A 6E5TD @ L 3ôÆtniq]_Tuêº-oEhNª_-kqjlkwuqiïgï + /)ð/ð Ý10/2 . 3 6EDGL S + Q 3g0/2/2"H3 Z\[ y g> 6EDx9 [ @ [ MS 7¥S 7 [ 687KSED P1>"X´ 7K6¸M [ 6Ey >"@P 7 [ S87 @ SED >"X [ M?M 7 XP 7 XGX 9 >"@AR 7 > S7 @ L/D @ 7:9 3ØoK_-oN©¨rNjxo f _-oKtuqi¢ + )ð ,)Ý ,/. 3× 7 [ + ×z3 + ¶ >"@ L + 3 + × D + Q 3>"@A >"@ L + ¶=3"0/2/2"H3/B [ A 7 X D @ L [ MS 7 A 6E5TD @ L 6 [ P 7:989D @Çg>" 7K6 ~XY>"@ S89 3-=kqtEo8rq_·¹&ËWȪ~oN]h8r/j f _Tuq]_-o8oNtN]_Tu=¢ï + ðq Ý ðq/3× D + ¶3 + ¶¤> + a3 + ë D A 7 + =3/>"@A=UW> 9 D + U¤3/0/2/2"H3/¶ Dx7K6 > 6 Pw D P1>"X S 7K6Ey [ A 5 @g> yzD Py±7KSE6ED P 9M [ 67Kb >"X > SED @ LS 7\7 @ b&DG6 [ @ y±7 @ S >"X 9 98S > D @g> ³~D X DGS!5 [ MD @A 9ESE6ED >"X 6 [ P 7:98987:9 3f _g1]`tEkq_oN_vrqj-ó\tEk8uqt8onw¢g£ + /2/0 Ý KH3$ b [ X D @ 9 Pw D + 4 3 + a [ g>"@~@ 7:98987 @ + IØ3g>"@A \µ 7 X 9ESE6 + Q 30/2/2//>3g 7987 P [ @ARXY> [ ¡SEDGy >"X [ 7K6 > SED [ @ [ M >·g>" 7K6 A 6E5TD @ LVy >qP8 D @ 7 3zȪoK=]Oh8rqj f _Tu/]`_-owoNtn]_TuÑ«-h:]OoN_-hwo ï + / . Ý ///03$ b [ X D @ 9 Pw D + 4 3 +<\µ 7 X 98SE6 + Q 3?>"@AV¶ [ X y|³^7K6EL + 4 3GF0/2/2/3I<J 7K6EL/5 >"@g>"X 5&9EDx9 >"@AX DlMO7N¡ P 5 PKX 7 >"@g>"X 5&98Dx9 [ M >Õg>" 7K6yzD XGXv3]`_V3¨¶ [q ³ > + U¤3¨I<X y±7KL >/> 6 A + U¤36 b >"X 7>"@A BV3<B [ 6 >"@èc 7 A 9 d + ó\tEk1hwowoEpq]_Tu"kEs·º´ª~oêÊOR th f È\Ã\«èÈ<kq_)s:oNt8oN_hnon§ÕÐkqjxË\îEîEîN3Z\[ 7 @~g> L7 @ + ®¤7 @ y > 6 3~~3 . HTð Ý ./. H3$ b [ X D @ 9 Pw D + 4 3 +T\µ 7 X 9ESE6 + Q 3 + U [ XGXY>"@A + ¼=3>"@A b >"@A 7K6 [&[ D + ¶=3T0/2/2/ ³ 3TIJ 7K6EL/59 98S > D @g> ³~D X DGS!5ÆD @A D P1> S [ 689 > 9 > S [T[ X D @ D @A 9ESE6ED >"X 7 P [ X [ L/5 3 4 ~~X D P1> SED [ @ S [ S [ L > 9¸¡ 687 ARP [ y³~D @ 7 AP 5 PKX 7 [ 7K6 ~XY>"@ S89 3¹Tkq&tn_-rqjk¸sîn_p/Ktn]Orqj f h8k/jlk8u/iÚörh8hwo!m^!oEpNø"3$ b [ X D @ 9 Pw D + 4 3 +"\µ 7 X 9ESE6 + Q 3 + U [ XGXY>"@A + ¼=3q>"@A b >"@AA 7K6 [&[ D + ¶=3GF´0/2/2/03q¬!@PKX A ¡D @ LÇ7 J 7K6EL/5 >"@g>"X 59EDx9D @ D @A 98SE6ED >"X 7 P [ X [ L/5 F 7 P1> 9w7 [ M P [ y|³~D @ 7 A·P 5 PKX 7 [ 7K6~XY>"@ S89 3]_ Ò 3~ 9 > S89 > 6 [ @ Dx9 + BV3~B [ 6 >"@ + ²3 Z ½:Dx7:9 XY>z>"@AR¥3~U 6 P @ 7 @Ñc 7 A 9 d + ó\t¸k/ÀhwowoEpq]_Tu"k¸s|º´ªoÊ?m th f È\Ã\«È<kq_1s1oNt8oN_hwoN§Ð´kqjxËîN3qU 7K6 X D @ + Ò 7K6Ey >"@ 5 3q~3/ðq Ý 23
n å~åpo2qSrßts n . ujvwvTxyzw|W~uP<Ex: zx"<|vO|NyYP,?OxU z?GTUywzT^ywzS?^ywz|?|^yD+cUy^OduSywz ï\\:UO&%N&O"F ^¡¢F£L¤£^¥¦¡:<¤§N¤¡¤©¨[ª)¤£¡ <XY>"@ S´4ÑDx9 >"@ D @ S87KL/6 > SED [ @ ³-7KS 7:7 @> 9ES >"@A> 6 AÆ [ 7K6 ~XY>"@ S c Ò 687:7 @~ [q 987 ;=4 ® 6 [ ¡L/6 > yzy±7 0/2/2/2d +g D P8 Dx9 >@g> S 6 >"X L > 9¸¡ 687 A L > 9¸¡vS 6E³~D @ 7 P [ y³~D @ 7 AP 5 PKX 7 + >"@A>Z ¼
2> yzD @ 7 > ³9 [ 6 SED [ @c 4 U Q d´~XY>"@ S 3?² DGL 687W4 9 [ 9<S 7 6 [ P 7:989 û [ A D > L/6 > yM [ 6WS Dx9 ~XY>"@ S +g D X 7 > ³ X 7:94 Æ>"@A 4 L/DGb7¥S 7 6 [ P 7:989Ø98SE687 > y A> S >3
7 P [ y|³~D @ 7 AòP 5 PKX 7 P [ @ 9EDx9ES89 [ M > L > 9¸¡vS 6E³~D @ 7 c Ò d 7K687 @g> S 6 >"X L > 9 c¸)d Dx9P [ y³ 9ES87 A DGS > DG6 cO0d\ 687Kb&D [q 9 X 5 P [ y 687:98987 A D @Ú>"@ê> DG6 P [ y 687:989 [ 6 c 4 Z dN3 4M`¡S87K6S 7 P [ y|³ 9ES [ 6 + S 7 DGL ¡vS87Ky 7K6 > S 687 >"@A DGL ¡ 687:9w9 687z7 J&g> 98SL > 987:9 cHTd7 @ S87K6 > S 6E³~D @ 7 cd 7K687S 7K5|7 Jg>"@A| 6 [ A P D @ L¥9 g> MS [ 6 3? Dx9 [ 6 Dx9 987 AS [ A 6EDGb7=S 7 > DG6¸¡ P [ y 687:989 [ 6 c 4 Z d>"@A S 7L7 @ 7K6 > S [ 6 c Ò dN3 7 7 > S P [ @ S87 @ S [ MS 7W7 Jg> 9ES<L > 987:9 c . d Dx9ÖSE6 >"@ 9¸M7K6E687 A S [ S 7W9ES87 > y P 5 PKX 7D @>"@ @ 687 Az 7 > S<687 P [ bT¡7K6E5Ç9ES87 > y L7 @ 7K6 > S [ 6 c¶ ; Q Ò dN3~ 79ES87 > y L7 @ 7K6 > S87 A 7K687|7 Jg>"@A 99 P:P 7:9898DGb7 X 5D @Õ> 9ES87 > yS 6E³~D @ 7 c Q d DGS S 687:7 687:989 687 X 7Kb7 X 9 F> DGL ¡ 687:989 687 c¶ ¡Q d +> y±7 A D y¡ 687:989 687 cBê ¡Q d + >"@A>X [ ¡ 687:9w9 687±9ES87 > y S 6E³~D @ 7 c ¡Q d + 687N¡9 7 P SEDGb7 X 5 3 7Ø9ES87 > y P 5 PKX 7Ø7 @A 9 DGS >¥P [ @A 7 @ 987K6 c Z ¼ ® d S g> S 9w7:9Ö987 > > S87K6> 9 P [T[ X D @ L > L7 @ S 3Ö 7 [ ù ¡!9ESE687 > y P [&[ X D @ Lz987 > > S87K6WDx9687 X 7 > 9w7 A D @Ç>|XY> 6EL79 6¸M >qP 7987 > > S87K6³ [ A 5 + ³ [ A 5S g> S P1>"@ ³-7 >= 7 > S9 [q 6 P 7¤M [ 6WyzD P 6 [ >"X L > 7ÆL/6 [ D @ L 3 7=7 J&g> 98SL > 9 cO0)d Dx9 @ [ Sb7 @ S87 A S [ S 7 @g> S 6 >"X 7 @ b&DG6 [ @ y±7 @ S + ³ SDGSDx9 689ESPKX 7 >"@ 7 A M6 [ y Z ¼
2D @> y [ @ [ 7KS g>"@ [ XY> yzD @ 7 cBÚI 4 dP8 7KyzD P1>"X> ³9 [ 6 SED [ @ 6 [ P 7:989
D @ S 74 U Q ~XY>"@ S 3 7 ~XY>"@ S P [ @ 9EDx9ES89 [ MÖS 7ÆM [ XGX [ D @ L @ DGS89 FØ> MO7:7 AP [&[ X 7K6 Z c 7K687z9ESE687 > y 0 Dx9 P [&[ X 7 A> S 0 . 0 Z d + > ³ X [ 7K6 c 7K687S 7 687:989 687=Dx9¥9 X DGL S X 5D @P 687 > 987 AÑ> S /3 0 ³ > 6 d + > Z ¼ 2> ³9 [ 6 SED [ @ S [ 7K6 c 7K687 Z ¼ 2
Dx9 P8 7KyzD P1>"XGX 5 > ³¡9 [ 6E³^7 A ³5±y±7 >"@ 9 [ M BÚI 4 d + > 687KL7 @ 7K6 > SED [ @RP [ X y @c 7K687 BÚI 4 Dx9\687KL7 @ 7K6 > S87 A³T5y±7 >"@ 9 [ M > y±7 A D y¡ 687:989 687|9ES87 > y>« > yzD J S 687 [ M Z ¼
2>"@A > S87K6b >" [q 6WDx9687 X 7 > 987 Agd + >zû> 9 7K6 c 7K687 > S87K6M6 [ yS 7|yzD J S 687|Dx9¤987 g> 6 > S87 Agd + >P 6 [ 989¸¡ 7 > S7 J~P8g>"@ L7K6 c Z ¶I\d + S [ y 9 + >"@A S [ > DG6 P [&[ X 7K689 Z 0>"@A Z 3 49³ > 9EDx9ÆM [ 6S 77 J 7K6EL/5 P1>"XxP XY> SED [ @ [ MS 7 Z ¼
24 U Q ~XY>"@ S + S 7 IÖP [ > yzD @ 7 ² Ò 6 [ P 7:989=³T5
²?X [q 6® >"@ Dx7 X > 9 987 ACc Q >"@A 7K6 ,/, )dN3 7 Pwg> 6 >qP S87K6EDx9ESED P 9 [ MÖS Dx9 6 [ P 7:9w9 > 687 F>ÇBÚI 4 9 [ X b7 @ S û [ [ M 0 2/2 y 3/ c¸1210 L
/y 3 + /2 S 3¬ [ M BêI 4 D @ÑX Dx¾ D A
> S87K6 d + > y±7 A D y¡ 687:989 687¤9ES87 > y û [ [ M 0ð&3 , y 3/Úc DGS >Æ 687:989 687 [ M H3 0 ³ > 6>"@A DGS > S87Ky 7K6 > S 687 [ M KH . 0 Z d + >"@AR> , 2O¬ 687 P [ b7K6E5 [ M Z ¼
2c ,/,= S 3¬ Z ¼
2 6EDGS5 dN3< 7 A 7KS > D X 7 A 6 [ P 7:989 û [ A D > L/6 > y [ MS 7 Z ¼24 U Q ~XY>"@ S\Dx9ÖL/DGb7 @Ç>"X 9 [
D @R² DGL 3 4 + A [ @ 9ESE687 > y M6 [ y S 7|9ES >"@A> 6 AÇ [ 7K6 ~XY>"@ S 3
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2 3 0/0 , 3 "H . 3 "H 3 , H 3 2/ 23 2 03 .0 + , ð&3 0 3 , 2 23 2/ 23 "H 0/23eð*H ð 3 ./,H +g.+ 0 ð&13 2 . 0 3 H , H3 2 , ð&3 ð 103 . ð . 3 . + /0 10 , 3 0ð 3 2/0 12/23 2/2/ 1 3 0ð 3 2/0 12/23 2/2"H 3 , ð 3 2/0 12/23 2/2"H ³~Dx9 . H3 /2 3 2/0 12/23 2/2 . , 3 , 3 2/0 12/23 2/2/ + , 12/3 , 2 3 2/0 12/23 2/2ð + H/H , 3 . 3 2/0 12/23 2/2H 23 0/2 3 2/0 12/23 2/2H ð . 3 . 0ð&3 0 23 H0 , 3 . 103 . H ð/ð&3 H H/H + HTð a ð , 23G1 0/3G12 /3 /2 ð&3 /H .+ H b ð*H , 3 H 0/03 /. 23GKH / 3 "HH + H , H/3eð . H3 ,/. ,/, 3eð , 23 0. 2 H23eðq2 H3 , ð ,/, 3 , H 23 2/
a ®S¯:°±.²W³°`´µT±&¶+·9¸¦²´ ¹¸´ º±W·G»C¼½¾¹¿²¯´UµT·9º´ ³Y¶+·9¸,¶+°+¸¦²W³´ ²¹À·9¸·Á<Â9Âà ÄÆÅ9ÇÃb ®S¯,°±.²W³°`´ µT±&¶È·9¸¦²´¹À¸´ºÀ±W·G»C¼½¾¹¿²¯´µT·º´ ³¶È·9¸:¶È°+¸¦²W³´ ²¹À·9¸·Á<Â9Âà É9É9ÇÃ
¢S\\:UO&%N&O"F ^¡¢F£L¤£^¥¦¡:<¤§N¤¡¤©¨[ª)¤£¡Ê<XY>"@ S U Dx9 >"@ D @ S87KL/6 > SED [ @ ³^7KS 7:7 @z>Ø 5 A 6 [ L7 @ 6 [ A P SED [ @=~XY>"@ S >"@A> 5 A 6 [ L7 @ ¡ 687 AêP [ y|³~D @ 7 AÚP 5 PKX 7 [ 7K6 ~XY>"@ S 3 4èSE6 >qA DGSED [ @g>"X 98S87 > y 687NM [ 6EyzD @ L 6 [ P 7:989 6 [ ¡A P 7:9 > M 7 X DGS Ú DGL ¡ 5 A 6 [ L7 @·P [ @ S87 @ S 3B [ A 7K6 @ L > 9S 6E³~D @ 7:9 DGS êX [ ¤¼
xP [ y³ 9ES [ 689 > 687W687:9ESE6ED P S87 A DGS 687KL > 6 A S [ S 7 @ DGSE6 [ L7 @P [ @P 7 @ SE6 > SED [ @ D @ S 7\M 7 Xv3 7K687NM [ 687 + >"@> DG6¸¡v³ X [ @> S [ ¡vS 7K6Ey >"X 687 >qP S [ 6 c 4 ; d > 9 P8 [ 987 @ S [ 6 [ A P 7 5¡A 6 [ L7 @ M6 [ y @g> S 6 >"X L > 9 cU [ XGXY>"@A 7KS >"Xv30/2/2 + I 6ES87:9Eb~ñ"L 0/2/2 . dN3² DGL 687W4 0 9 [ 9S 7 6 [ P 7:989 û [ A D > L/6 > y M [ 6 <XY>"@ S U + D X 7 ?> ³ X 7:94 0|>"@A 4 L/DGb7S 7 6 [ P 7:9899ESE687 > y A> S >3
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Fuel exp 3 9
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n å~åpo2qSrßts n ./.¬@ S 7 5 A 6 [ L7 @ 6 [ A P SED [ @z~XY>"@ S + @g> S 6 >"X L > 9 c¸)d Dx9 P [ @ b7K6ES87 A S [ > L > 9ÖyzD J S 687[ M P1> 6E³ [ @êA D [ J D A 7 + 5 A 6 [ L7 @ + >"@A > S87K6D @ S 7¤M [ XGX [ D @ L9ES87 9 3Ö² DG689ES + D @ê> 687N¡687NM [ 6Ey±7K6 c ; Id + y [ 9ES [ MØS 7 7 > b&Dx7K6 5 A 6 [ P1> 6E³ [ @ 9 > 687687NM [ 6Ey±7 A DGS 9ES87 > yD @ S [ > 9E5 @ S 7:9EDx9L > 9WyzD J S 687 [ M 5 A 6 [ L7 @ê>"@AP1> 6E³ [ @ y [ @ [ J D A 7 3 7¥y±7KS g>"@ 7M6 [ y @g> S 6 >"X L > 998SE687 > y Dx9 P [ @ b7K6ES87 A S [ > L > 9yzD J S 687 c¸10d ³T5¥y±7 >"@ 9 [ M >"@> S [ ¡S 7K6Ey >"X 687NM [ 6EyzD @ LÚ687 >qP SED [ @ S g> S 987:9|98S87 > y c , dÆ>"@AC> DG6 c¸/)d|> 9 P [ ¡v687 >qP S >"@ S89 3Q&7 P [ @A + S 7 P1> 6E³ [ @ y [ @ [ J D A 7ÖM6 [ y S 79ESE687 > y c¸10d Dx9 P [ @ b7K6ES87 A DGS 9ES87 > y D @ S [P1> 6E³ [ @A D [ J D A 7D @ S 7 DGL ¡ >"@AX [ ¡vS87Ky 7K6 > S 687¤9 DlMS¨687 >qP S [ 689 c¶ Q >"@A Q +687:9 7 P SEDGb7 X 5 dN3² D @g>"XGX 5 + S 7 > S87K6 >"@A|P1> 6E³ [ @=A D [ J D A 7 > 687¨687Ky [ b7 A M6 [ y S 7¨y > D @9ESE687 > yD @·> > S87K6¥687Ky [ b >"Xc ; d @ DGS >"@A D @Õ> 4 U Q ~XY>"@ S + 687:9 7 P SEDGb7 X 5 3| 7 6 [ P 7:989¨98S87 9¨D @ S 74 U Q ~XY>"@ S > 687ØS 79 > y±7 > 9¨S [ 987 6 >qP SEDx987 A D @(<XY>"@ S4 3² [ 69 > 7 [ M9EDGy ~X D P DGS!5 + ² DGL 3 4 0 D XGX 9ESE6 > S87:9S 7 6 [ P 7:9w9 û [ A D > L/6 > y [ M >"XGX 6 [ P 7:98987:9 DGS [q SÆS 74 U Q ~XY>"@ S 3² DGL 687±4 L/DGb7:9|S 7zD @ M [ 6Ey > SED [ @ [ M\S 7 6 [ P 7:989 û [ A D > L/6 > y D @ S 7¥4 U Q ~XY>"@ S 3 7z9ES87 > y P 5 PKX 7D @·<XY>"@ S U Dx9 A D ù 7K687 @ SÆS g>"@ S g> S¥D @·<XY>"@ S|4 3´¼@ 7 A D ù 7K687 @P 7Dx9S g> SS 7 ¶ ; Q Ò D @Ú<XY>"@ S U Dx99 ~~X 7Ky±7 @ S87 A ³5 >% 6ED @ L(987 P SED [ @ c Q ²<d + 7K6873 O¬ [ M¤S 7 5 A 6 [ L7 @í 6 [ A P 7 A D @ S 7 5 A 6 [ L7 @ 6 [ A P SED [ @í~XY>"@ SDx9³ 6 @ S 3 7 @ 7 P [ @ L 6 > SED [ @ Dx9 @ 7:7 A 7 A ³^7 P1> 987 [ MS 7¥7 J SE6 >z 7 > SW687:¾ DG687Ky±7 @ SD @ S 7 ; IÑ>"@A 4 ; 3 4 @ [ S 7K6 A D ù 7K687 @P 7ØDx9ÖS g> SS 7Ø9ES87 > y P 5 PKX 7WD @<XY>"@ S U S > 7:9ÖS 7>qA b >"@ S > L7 [ MS 7 DGL 7 J 7K6EL/5 P [ @ S87 @ S [ MW4 ; c¸10d + ¶ Q c¸KHTd + >"@A Q c¸)ð/d 6 [ A P S89<S 6 [q L > 7 > S¨7 J~P8g>"@ L7 @ 7KS [ 6 3< 7 @ 7KS [ 6 P [ @ 9EDx9ES89 [ M^S 687:7 7 > S7 J~P8g>"@ L7K689 + ¶IØ + ¶I¨0 + >"@A¶I<H3 7z687Ky > D @ D @ L 7 > S|7 J~P8g>"@ L7K689 c D 3 7 3 + ¶I¨>"@AÕ¶I . d¤> 687 987 A S [ 7 J~P8g>"@ L7 7 > S¥³-7KS 7:7 @ M 7 XcO0/0d¥>"@A 9ES87 > y c¸ . dN3z 79 > S 6 > S87 A 98S87 > y cO/2d [ ³~S > D @ 7 A D @ S 7¤9ES87 > y P 5 PKX 7 [ M <XY>"@ S U Dx9W9 7K6 7 > S87 A D @S 7 ¶ ; Q Ò + >"@A S 7 @ DGS|Dx9¥7 J&g>"@A 7 A D @ S 7Q ¥3U 7NM [ 687zDGS¥Dx9¤³ 6 @ S|D @ S 7L > 9¸¡S 6E³~D @ 7 P [ y³ 9ES [ 6 + S 7 Z ¼ 2
¡ PKX 7 >"@ 7 A±¶2¡v6ED Pw L > 9 cO0/0d Dx9 P [ y 687:9w987 A S [ 103 H ³ > 6
D @> M 7 X?P [ y 687:989 [ 6 c² Z d D @ [ 6 A 7K6S [ M XtX S 7 687:9w9 687|9 7 P D gP1> SED [ @ 687:¾ DG687 A³T5S 7¥L > 9ØS 6E³~D @ 7:9 987 A3
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I chem I tot I chem I totc 0 Z d c ³ > 6 d cBê d cBê d c 0 Z d c ³ > 6 d cBê d cBê d H 13eð ð /, 3 2/23 , H 13eð /. 03eð /./, 3 00 /3 2 23 2 23 2 /3 2 23 2 23 2 ð , 13 23 2 0//3 , ð/ð . 3 23 2 0/2"H3 HH 1/0 . 3 . 3 0 2 . 3 10 . 2 . 3 H . 3 ð/ð&/3 .. /2/0 /3 2 3 0 0"H/3eð KH /3 2 . 3eð 0/0 . 3 0 0 . ð 13 ð&3 /, 03 ð . 2/2 13G ð&3 , 2 , 3eð H/H2 . 3 3 2 , 2/3 ., ./,/ . 3G 3 2 , 0/23 012 ð/ð . 3 23 2 0 3 / ./,/ . 3G 23 2 H23 010 , 2/2 KH3 0 ðq0 , 3 / ð&3eð1 . 2 13 ðq0 , 3 ð ,/ 3GKH H0 , 13 H ð&13eð ð ,/. 3eð . / 13 2 ð&13eð ð/ð , 3 ,1 0/2/2 103 ð&13eð ðqð&3eð)ð 0/ð 103 0 ð&103 0 ðq/3 0 1/2 //3 ð&103 0 ð . 3 . , 0 . //3eð ð&103 0 ð*HTð&3 0 , /3 2 3G , 3 0 0 . 123G ðq03G 03G0/ ð , 3 . , 3 2 ðq/3 00"H 1/ 10/3 . H , 3 /3 0/ /0 . 10/3 . H23eð ð/ð&3eð0 /0 . 10/3 2 3 H 13G/2 . 2 ///3G ./, 3eð . /3 2 ././, 10/3 , H/3 0 KH3eð H/ 13eð , 3 0 H23 /0 // /3G H/3 0 /103G 1 0 , 3 0 ./, 3eð /13 ./ . /2 /23 2 HTð&3eð . 23 2 . 2 0/3 ð . 3 , /)ð&3eð"H /2"H H3 . H3 10 . 3 2 0ð*H H3 0 3 . 12/3 2"H ³~Dx9 KH . H3 . H3 2 H 3 , 0ð*H H3 0 H3eð ð&3 / 0"H 23 2 . H3 2 . H3 2 0"H 23 2 3 . 3 .ð /3 2 23 2 23 2 /3 2 23 2 23 2 0 /3 2 23 2 H3 2 0 /3 2 23 2 ð&3 , 0"H 23 H . H3 2 ./. 3 2 0"H 23 2 ðq23eð ðq23eð
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[ <XY>"@ S4 <XY>"@ S U I chem I tot I chem I totc 0 Z d c ³ > 6 d cBê d cB d c 0 Z d c ³ > 6 d cB d cB d
H . 3 H 23G H3G . 3 H 23G 3 H0 , 10/03 2 23G ð&3GH / /3 2 H3 2 H3 /3 2 3G 3 H/H . H /3 2 /03 H /03 H . H /3 2 . ð&3 . ð&3 H . /1 /3 2 H 3 . H 3 . /1 /3 2 ./. 3 . ./. 3 .H , /3 2 H 3 . H 3 . , /3 2 ./. 3 . ./. 3 .HTð , 2 /3 2 /03 H /03 H , 2 /3 2 . ð&3 . ð&3 H /3 H 3 3 , 3 . , 3 0"H3 . 2 0/2 /3 0 3 3 . 0/2 3 H , 3 H 0"H3 H
£U\ÊG£NN¤ O£NG)¡¢F£N%¨3ªF¤£¡ ¤£^¥Ê4 D 7 X D @ 7N¡!¾ >"X DGS!5 @g> S 6 >"X L > 9 [ M > S87Ky 7K6 > S 687 [ M H 0 Z >"@AÚ> 687:989 687 [ M )ðq2³ > 6 + Dx9|7 J SE6 >qP S87 A M6 [ y >( [ 6 7KL/D >"@ [ ù 9 [ 687L > 9¥687:987K6Eb [ DG6 +´ D P8·g> 9 > y [ XY> 6P [ y [ 9EDGSED [ @ c D @ y [ X 7 ¬zd [ M=y±7KS g>"@ 7 F 3 , H + 7KS g>"@ 7 FCH3 ð + 6 [ g>"@ 7 Fò03G10 +³ S >"@ 7 FÕ23eð/ð + 7 @ S >"@ 7 FÕ23 0/ + 7 J~>"@ 7 FÕ23 2ð + P1> 6E³ [ @íA D [ J D A 7 F . 3 "H + @ DGSE6 [ L7 @F03 .+ >"@A > S87K6 F23 2/3 Dx9L > 9 > 9 Pw [ 987 @Õ> 9S 7|M [ 9w9ED X M 7 X 687:9 [q 6 P 7|D @ ³ [ S [ 7K6 ~XY>"@ S89 3 ² [ 6ÇS Dx9(687:9 [q 6 P 7 + 7 P1>"XxP XY> S87 A >VP8 7KyzD P1>"X 7 J 7K6EL/5 [ M H3 .BÚa
/ L @g> S 6 >"X L > 9 3 4MS87K6ÆDx9|7 J SE6 >qP S87 A M6 [ y S 7687:987K6Eb [ DG6 + S 7 @g> S 6 >"X L > 9ÆDx9 689ES(SE6 >"@ 9 [ 6ES87 A ³5 D 7 X D @ 7:9 >"@A S 7 @ 7 Jg>"@A 7 A D @ > M 7 X 7 Jg>"@A 7K6 3 7
7 Jg>"@A 7K6ØDx9 987 A S [ A 6 [ S 7¥L > 9 687:989 687M6 [ y )ðq2 ³ > 6WS [ 13eð ³ > 6 3 7L/6 [q P [ @ SE6EDG³ SED [ @ y±7KS [ AÚc QT½ > 6EL SW7KS >"Xv3- ,// d > 9 9w7 A S [ 7:98SEDGy > S87S 7Pw 7KyzD P1>"X 7 J 7K6EL/5 P [ @ S87 @ S [ MWS 7±y [ @ [ ¡!7KS g>"@ [ XY> yzD @ 7y [ X 7 P X 7D @X Dx¾ D AÕ~g> 987 34 b >"X 7 [ M /3 . H a / y [ X y [ @ [ ¡!7KS g>"@ [ XY> yzD @ 7 > 9 987 A3 7¥9ES > S87 P [ @A DGSED [ @ 9 [ M?S 7 > DG6 9w7 A D @ S 7 [ 7K6 ~XY>"@ S89 7K687|987KSS [ > S87Ky 7K6¸¡> S 687 [ M 0 Z + > 687:989 687 [ M /3 2 ³ > 6 + > 687 XY> SEDGb7 yzD A DGS5 [ M /2O¬ + >"@A> y [ XY> 6P [ y [ 9EDGSED [ @Vc D @ y [ X 7 ¬zd [ M @ DGSE6 [ L7 @FWð/ð&3 ./+ [ J 5&L7 @F0/23 0 + > 6EL [ @F23 , + Z ¼ 2
F23 2/ + >"@A > S87K6 F23 "H3 7 P [&[ X D @ L987 > > S87K6 > 9 > 989 y±7 A S [ ³^7 > b > D XY> ³ X 7 > S 0 Z +^ D Pw > 9|S 7S87Ky 7K6 > S 687 > S . 2 ¡ 12/2 y 987 >(A 7 S D @ 9 [q S 7K6 @Ñ [ 6 > 5 3 7=6EDx987 [ MS 7 P [&[ X D @ LR987 > > S87K6¥S87Ky 7K6 > S 687 > 9 > 989 y±7 A S [ ³^7 1 0 Z +- D X 7S 7 P [ @A 7 @ 9w7K6ØS87Ky 7K6 > S 687 > 9987KSWS [ ³-7 0"H 0 Z 3 7¤9ES > S87N¡ [ M¡vS 7N¡ > 6ESL > 9S 6E³~D @ 7 + > Ò I , . :² 4 L > 9\S 6E³~D @ 7M6 [ y Ò 7 @ 7K6 >"XI<X 7 P ¡SE6ED Pc Ò Id + > 9 987 A D @ ³ [ S Ñ [ 7K6 ~XY>"@ S89 3 Z > 6E³ [ @CA D [ J D A 7 P [ y 687:989ED [ @ > 9
n å~åpo2qSrßts n ./,>qP:P [ y ~X Dx9 7 A 9ED @ L > S 687:7N¡!9ES > L7ÕD @ S87K6¸¡ P [&[ X 7K6 P [ y 687:9w9 [ 6 >"@A > 9 ³987:¾ 7 @ S y 3ÇI¨>qPw 98S > L7 [ M P [ y 687:989ED [ @V 7K6¸M [ 6Ey±7 A DGS >"@ Dx9w7 @ SE6 [ D P 7 ÓP Dx7 @P 5 [ Mðq2O¬ +´ 2O¬>"@A /. ¬ + 687:9 7 P SEDGb7 X 5 3= 7 7 > SÆ7 J~P8g>"@ L7K689ÆM [ 6¤D @ S87K6¸¡ P [T[ X D @ L 7K687y [ A 7 XGX 7 A DGS ê>= 687:989 687 A 6 [ [ M O¬3¬@ [q 6y [ A 7 X 9 >"@A 98DGy XY> SED [ @ 9 + 7 > 989 y±7 A S g> S >"XGX¤P8 7KyzD P1>"X 687 >qP S [ 689 + S 7Z ¼
2> ³9 [ 6 SED [ @ S [ 7K6 + >"@A S 7 > yzD @ 7687KL7 @ 7K6 > SED [ @ P [ X y @ > 687 [ 7K6 > S87 Aí> S
7:¾ D X DG³~6ED y 3V> S87K6 >"@A 9ES87 > y 6 [ 7K6ESEDx7:9 7K687(M [ 6Ey XY> S87 A ³T5ÑS 7 ¬ 4 < Q·¡D @A 9ESE6ED >"X M [ 6Ey XY> SED [ @ M [ 6S 7¤S 7K6Ey [ A 5 @g> yzD P¥ 6 [ 7K6ESEDx7:9 [ M > S87K6 >"@A 9ES87 > y ¡c> L @ 7K6 0/2/2/2dN3 4 687:989 687 A 6 [ [ M O¬ > 9 > 9w9 y±7 A D @ 7 >qPw [ MS 7M [ XGX [ D @ L7:¾ D y±7 @ S89 FÚ 687N¡v687NM [ 6Ey±7K6 + DGL ¡ >"@AþX [ ¡vS87Ky 7K6 > S 6879 DlMS687 >qP S [ 689 + >"@A D @7 >qPw [ MÆS 7 7 > S7 JPwg>"@ L7K689 c¶IØ ¡ ¶ . d + >"@A [ @ 7 [ M O¬ D @ S 7 > S [ ¡vS 7K6Ey >"X687NM [ 6Ey±7K6 + S 7 Z ¼ 2
> ³9 [ 6 SED [ @ S [ 7K6 + >"@A S 7 > yzD @ 7¥687KL7 @ 7K6 > SED [ @ÚP [ X y @3
1/2 n å~åo2qSrßtsÇÞujvwvTxyzw|W jl<Ex: zx"<|vO|NyY1,?OxU z? Uywz U:"wävO|Nyd+ >vO|^yw SywzÊï\3,UO&%G<O"F ^¡¢F£H¤£N䦡:<¤§N¤¡¤©¨[ N¡¢F£² DGL 687 U¤ 9 [ 9S 7 6 [ P 7:989 û [ A D > L/6 > y M [ 6 ¼ SED [ @ Z 3q?> ³ X 7:9 U¤W>"@AzU0 L/DGb7S 7 6 [ P 7:989W9ESE687 > y A> S > M [ 6WS Dx9 [ SED [ @ 7 @ DGS\Dx9 P [ y³~D @ 7 A DGS R<XY>"@ SØ4 >"@A<XY>"@ S U + 687:9 7 P SEDGb7 X 5 3¨¬@ê¼ SED [ @ Z + S 7 Z ¼ 2
P1>" S 687 AÑc . 2d D @ê<XY>"@ S4 [ 6 U Dx9P [ @ b7K6ES87 A b&D >¥~ [ S [ 9E5 @ S 7:98Dx9¨S [ ³~D [ y > 9w9 c . 0d ³5zy±7 >"@ 9 [ M > y > 6ED @ 7ØyzD P 6 [ >"X L > 7P X SEDGb > SED [ @ 985&9ES87Ky 3² 6 [ y A 7 > S87K6ED @ L³T5 P 7 @ SE6EDlM L > SED [ @>ÆA 6E5z³~D [ y > 989 c . dÖ>"@A>X Dx¾ D A 687:9ED A 7 c ./. d> 687 [ ³~S > D @ 7 A3¤ 7 A 6E5R³~D [ y > 989Dx9 P [ @ b7K6ES87 A bTD > ³~D [ y > 989>"@g> 7K6 [ ³~D PA DGL7:9ESED [ @ S [ ³~D [ L > 9 c . HTd±c 7KL/6 >"@AÅ ,/, dÆ> S > S87Ky 7K6 > S 687 [ M )ð 0 Z>"@A S 7 > SEy [ 9 ~ 7K6ED P 687:989 687 3Å 7R³~D [ L > 9 [ ³~S > D @ 7 A Dx9 > L > 9±yzD J S 687 [ M . 2 S 3¬ y±7KS g>"@ 7 >"@A . 2 S 3¬ Z ¼
23 4 g> 6ES=M6 [ y S 7³~D [ L > 9 + > 9 [ X D A 687:98D A 7Dx9687 P 7K6 > S87 AV> S|S 7±³ [ SES [ y [ M A DGL7:9ES87K6 3( 7±³~D [ L > 9ÆDx9 6 [ P 7:9w987 A ³5Õy±7 >"@ 9 [ M
> 687:9w9 687R9 D @ L >qA 9 [ 6 SED [ @èc Q&4 d [ @ y [ X 7 P XY> 69EDx7Kb7 P1> 6E³ [ @ c >" [&[ 6 >"@A×>"@ L ,//, d + D @ [ 6 A 7K6S [ê[ ³~S > D @ò> y±7KS g>"@ 7N¡v6ED P8 L > 9 c ./ dN3Ú 7 P1>"XGX 7 A S Dx9=L > 9S 7±985 @ S 7KSED P L > 9 c ./ d + >"@A 7 > 9w9 y±7 A S g> SÆDGS g> 9 >( 687:989 687 [ M 0/2 ³ > 6 >"@AP [ @ S > D @ 9 > yzD J S 687 [ M , 2 S 3¬ y±7KS g>"@ 7 >"@AC12 S 3¬ Z 223 4S¤S Dx9¥9ES > S87 + S 79E5 @ S 7KSED P L > 9\Dx9 A Dx9 [ 987 A D @>A 7 ~X 7KS87 A L > 9¨687:987K6Eb [ DG6 3<¬@ [q 69ES A 5 +T 7 > 989 y±7 AS g> S¤S 7 P1> 6E³ [ @P [ @ S87 @ S [ M¨S 7 Z ¼
2P1>" S 687 A D @Õ<XY>"@ S89¥4 >"@AU Dx9D @ S87KL/6 >"XGX 5
P [ @ b7K6ES87 A D @ S [ S 7 P1> 6E³ [ @ [ M³~D [ y > 989 3Õ Dx9 P [ @ b7K689ED [ @ Dx9 P1> 6E6EDx7 A [q SD @ S 7y > 6ED @ 7WyzD P 6 [ >"X L > 7 P X SEDGb > SED [ @ 9E59ES87Ky +/ D P8P [ @ 9EDx9ES89 [ M987Kb7K6 >"X´12/2/2¤g> ¡ [ @A 9 3I¨>qPw· [ @A Dx9¤³ D XxA M6 [ y 0/2g> ¡vy [ A X 7:9 c 7KL/6 >"@Aò ,/, dN3zI>qP8 y [ A X 7Dx9M7 A³T5 > Z ¼
2¡ > DG6¨yzD J S 687WL > 9 c¸/FG12 S ¬zdN3ë 98D @ LÆS 7:987 > 9w9 y SED [ @ 9 + >"@A S 7 L 687
[ M >"@(> b7K6 > L7 A 6E5¡v³~D [ y > 9w95&Dx7 XxA [ M . L A 6E5T¡v³~D [ y > 989 7K6¨y 2 7K6 A> 5 c Ò¤[ XxA y >"@ , ð , d + 7 P1>"XxP XY> S87 A S g> S > S [ S >"X y > 6ED @ 7 > 687 > [ M 12/2|g>>"@AR . 2/2g> 7K657 > 6
M a r i n e m i c r o - a l g a e c u l t i v a t i o n s y s t e m
C O 2
A i r
5 5
B i o g a s C H 4 , C O 2
D e - w a t e r i n g u n i t
5 0S y n t h e t i c g a s
F e r t i l i z e r s
5 15 2
5 3
5 4
5 6
5 75 8C O 2 - a i rm i x i n g B i o g a s p r e s s u r e s w i n g a b s o r p t i o n
B i o m a s s d i g e s t i o n
C O 2
̨]Guq&tEoC*ÊËWó\tEk1hwonnwJWkq© pq]Or1uqtErq sKkqtzÃm-]Okq_ ÈÖË
n å~åpo2qSrßtsÇÞ 1Dx9687:¾ DG687 A S [ SE6 >">"XGXP1> 6E³ [ @ M6 [ y S 7 Z ¼
2P1>" S 687 A D @R<XY>"@ S4 >"@A(<XY>"@ S U +687:9 7 P SEDGb7 X 5 3
7M [ XGX [ D @ L687 >qP SED [ @ > 9 9w7 A S [ P1>"XxP XY> S87S 7 P [ @ b7K689ED [ @ [ M Z ¼ 2D @ S [ ³~D [ y > 989
cU 7 7K6 ,/, HTdNF
106CO2 + 236H2O + 16NH+4 + HPO2−
4 = C106H181O45N16P + 118O2
+171H2O + 14H+
ë 9ED @ L¤S Dx9687 >qP SED [ @ + [ @ 7 P1>"@±P1>"XxP XY> S87S g> S >"@±> y [q @ S [ M /3 ./. L ¼ 2 7K6 L A 6E5¡
³~D [ y > 989 P1>"@ ³^7±687 X 7 > 987 A D @ S 7 @g> S 6 >"X 7 @ b&DG6 [ @ y±7 @ S 3ê¬!@V>qA~A DGSED [ @ + > ³~D [ y > 989Pw 7KyzD P1>"X M [ 6Ey XY> [ M c Z106¶
181¼
45
16d > 9 9w7 A S [ @A S 7¤³~D [ y > 989Ø7 X 7Ky±7 @ ¡
S >"XÖP [ y [ 9EDGSED [ @3= 7 P1>"XxP XY> S87 A S g> S¥S 7³~D [ y > 989Æ5TDx7 XxA [ M > y [ Dx9ES 687 P [ @ S87 @ S[ M , 2 S ¬g> 9|S 7M [ XGX [ D @ Lê7 X 7Ky±7 @ S >"X\P [ y [ 9EDGSED [ @Åc D @ y > 989 ¬ > 9 ¡OM687:7 A 6E5¡y > SES87K6 d [ M P1> 6E³ [ @F . 03 H + 5 A 6 [ L7 @F ð&3 H + [ J 5&L7 @Fí0 , 3eð + @ DGSE6 [ L7 @F , 3 0 + >"@A~ [ 9 ~ [ 6 9 FØ/3 3² [ 6S 7 P1>"XxP XY> SED [ @ [ MS 7 A DGL7:9ESED [ @|P [ @ b7K689ED [ @| [ S87 @ SED >"X [ M³~D [ y > 989´D @ S [ y±7KS g>"@ 7 + 7 987(S 7R7:9ESEDGy > SED [ @þ 6 [ b&D A 7 A ³5 7KL/6 >"@Aèc¸ ,/, d S g> S . 2 y X [ M¤y±7KS g>"@ 7> SØ9ES >"@A> 6 AR 687:989 687 c¸/3 2 ³ > 6 d>"@A S87Ky 7K6 > S 687 cO0 . 0 Z d> 687¤M [ 6Ey±7 A 7 @ [ @ 7L/6 > y [ M Pw 7KyzD P1>"X [ J 5&L7 @|A 7Ky >"@A(c Z ¼ ® d Dx9 P [ @ b7K6ES87 A S [ ³~D [ L > 9 c 7KL/6 >"@A ,/, dN3 7=6 > SED [ ³^7KS 7:7 @ Z ¼ ® >"@A b [ XY> SED X 7±9 [ X D A 9 c Ô Q d [ M¨M687:7N¡ > 9 ÕA 6E5¡v³~D [ y > 989 > 9987KSzS [ /3 03 4SzS Dx9z6 > SED [ + . 2 y XWJÅ/3 0H0/2 y X y±7KS g>"@ 7Ç687:9 X S89±M6 [ y S 7P [ @ b7K689ED [ @ [ M [ @ 7 A 6E5¡vL/6 > y [ M?³~D [ y > 989 3 7 [ S 7K6 6 [ A P SM6 [ y S 7 Q&4 6 [ P 7:989Dx9 > Z ¼
2¡!7 @ 6ED P8 7 A > 9ES87¤L > 9Ø9ESE687 > y 3 7 > 989 y±7 A S g> SS Dx9¥9ESE687 > y Dx9687 P DG6 P XY> S87 A D @ S [ S 7|y > 6ED @ 7yzD P 6 [ ¡ >"X L > 7 P X ¡
SEDGb > SED [ @ 9E59ES87Ky > MS87K6 A D X SED [ @ DGS > DG6 3ض [ 7Kb7K6 + S Dx9 > 9 @ [ S P [ @ 9ED A 7K6D @ [q 6P1>"XxP XY> SED [ @3 7 [ S 7K6 6 [ A P S89¥M6 [ y S 7z³~D [ y > 989 A 7 > S87K6ED @ L @ DGS >"@A M6 [ yS 7¤³~D [ y > 989 >"@g> 7K6 [ ³~D PÆA DGL7:9ESED [ @R 6 [ P 7:989 > 687 >=X Dx¾ D AR>"@A 9 [ X D A 687:9ED A 7 + 687:9 7 P ¡SEDGb7 X 5 3Ñ 7K5 P [ 6E687:9 [ @A S [ S 798SE687 > y±9 ./. >"@A . + 687:9 7 P SEDGb7 X 5 + D @ ² DGL 3?U¤/3 7 @g> y±7 A S 7:987687:9ED A 7:9 > 9S 7 X Dx¾ D Aí>"@A 9 [ X D A MO7K6ESED X Dx987K6 + 687:9 7 P SEDGb7 X 5 + ³-7N¡P1> 987S 7K5 P [ @ S > D @ ³~D [ A 7KL/6 >qA> ³ X 7 5 A 6 [ P1> 6E³ [ @ 9 >"@A yzD P 6 [ ¡!7 X 7Ky±7 @ S89 D P8> 687b >"X > ³ X 7¥687:9 [q 6 P 7:9M [ 6WS 7¥y > 6ED @ 7|yzD P 6 [ >"X L > 7ÆL/6 [ D @ L 6 [ P 7:989 >"@A D @ M [ 687:9ESE6E5 3ʱ¢S7\:UO&G<O"F ^¡¢F£H¤£NL¦¡:<¤§N¤¡¤ ¨[ N¡¢F£¬@z¼ SED [ @ ® + S 7 Z ¼ 2
687 P [ b7K687 A M6 [ y [ 7K6 ~XY>"@ S89<Dx9 689ES P [ y 687:98987 A±>"@A S 7 @A Dx9 [ 987 A3¬!@ [q 6´98S A 5 + S 7 P [ y 687:9w9ED [ @ [ M Z ¼ 2 > 9´y [ A 7 XGX 7 A ³T5¤S 687:7 P [ y 687:9¸¡9 [ 689 DGS ·P [&[ X D @ L >"@A > S87K6 û> 9 D @ L > MS87K6Æ7 >qP8·P [ y 687:989 [ 6 3 7 P [ y 687:989 [ 6¸¡
1/0 n å~åo2qSrßtsÇÞ[q S X 7KS 687:989 687:9 7K687 H ³ > 6 + . ³ > 6 >"@AÚ/2 ³ > 6 + 687:9 7 P SEDGb7 X 5 3 4MS87K67 >qP8ÕP [ y¡ 687:989 [ 6 + S 7 û [ > 9 P [T[ X 7 A S [ 0/2 0 Z >"@A 9 [ y±7 P [ @A 7 @ 9w7 A > S87K6 > 9 û> 9 7 A[ ù<3 4MS87K6S 7¥S DG6 AP [ y 687:989 [ 6 + S 7Æ9ESE687 > y P [ @ S > D @ D @ L Z ¼
2 > 9 P [T[ X 7 A S [ X Dx¾¡ D A 9ES > S87 >"@A· y 7 A S [ >( 687:989 687 [ M 0/2/2 ³ > 6 3 Dx9 X Dx¾ D A Dx9 A Dx9 [ 987 A D @V>A 7 ~X 7KS87 A L > 9Ø687:987K6Eb [ DG6 3\ 7¤M [ XGX [ D @ L P8g> 6 >qP S87K6EDx9ESED P 9 7K687 > 989 y±7 A M [ 6ØS 7 A 7N¡~X 7KS87 A 687:9w7K6Eb [ DG6 F>zA 7 S [ M 12/2/2 y + >z 687:989 687 [ M KH . ³ > 6 + >"@A> S87Ky 7K6 > S 687[ M /2 0 Z 3Êz£U^ ¤ G§ N¡¢F£N%N£^1.£ N¡¢F£N ¤£^! 7z³ [q @A> 6E5 P [ @A DGSED [ @ 9 >"~~X Dx7 A S [ <XY>"@ S89|4 >"@A·U c 987:7±4 ~ 7 @A D J 4 d 7K687>"X 9 [± 987 A S [ 7K6¸M [ 6Ey S 7 P1>"XxP XY> SED [ @ 9 [ M ¼ SED [ @ 9 Z >"@A ® 3 7K657 > 6 + / . A> 5&9 7K687 P [ @ 9ED A 7K687 A> 9 [ 7K6 > SED [ @ SEDGy±7\M [ 6S 7 [ 7K6 ~XY>"@ S89 >"@A±¼ SED [ @ ® +" D X 7\M [ 6¼ SED [ @ Z [ @~X 5 2zA> 5&9 c¸10 [q 689 7K6 A> 5 d 7K687 987 AR> 9WS 7 >qP SEDGb7 ~ [ S [ 985 @ ¡S 7:9EDx9 7K6ED [ A M [ 6S 7ØyzD P 6 [ >"X L > 7 P X SEDGb > SED [ @ @A 7K6 [q S A [T[ 6 P [ @A DGSED [ @ 9 + ³-7KS 7:7 @4 6ED X>"@A Q&7 S87Ky³-7K6 3Ö 7 X [ P1> SED [ @ [ MS 7 [ 7K6 ~XY>"@ S89 > 9 P8 [ 987 @ D @ 9 [q S 7K6 @ [ 6 > 5 cO/2 o XY> SEDGS A 7 dN3 4SÆS Dx9 X [ P1> SED [ @ + >"@Ñ>"@~@ >"X L X [ ³ >"X 9 [ XY> 6Æ6 >qA D > SED [ @ [ @S 7 [ 6EDG½ [ @ S >"X 9 6¸M >qP 7 [ M > ³ [q S , ðq2
/y 2 > 9 > 9w9 y±7 AVc D XxA 7KS >"Xv3´ ,/,/ dN3¼@~X 5 g>"X M [ MS Dx9 > y [q @ S [ M¤6 >qA D > SED [ @èc 6 >"@ L7 A ³-7KS 7:7 @ H2/2Õ>"@Aíðq2/2@ y d Dx9
987 A M [ 6 ~ [ S [ 9E5 @ S 7:9EDx9 3Ú Dx9=6 >qA D > SED [ @ Dx9 P1>"XGX 7 AÑ~ [ S [ 985 @ S 7KSED PR>qP SEDGb76 >qA Dl¡> SED [ @ c 4 ; = 485 kWh/m2 dN3V² 6 [ yõS Dx9 4 ; [ @~X 5 . ¬ [ M¤DGSzDx9 P [ @ b7K6ES87 AD @ÕP8 7KyzD P1>"X 7 J 7K6EL/5 [ M\³~D [ y > 989 cU Dx9ED [ >"@AU Dx98D [ ,/,/ dN3Æ 7 9w7 A S Dx9 L 687S [P1>"XxP XY> S87¥S 7¥9 [ XY> 6¸¡v³ > 987 A 687 @ 7 > ³ X 7|7 J 7K6EL/5D @~ SM [ 6 ¼ SED [ @ Z D @RP [ y³~D @g> SED [ @ DGS <XY>"@ S89\4 >"@AU¤3¬@>qA~A DGSED [ @ +& 7 > 9w9 y±7 A S g> S¨S 76 > SED [|[ MS 77 J 7K6EL/5 û JS [ S 7S [ S >"X 7 @ 7K6EL/5 û J [ M9 [ XY> 6¥6 >qA D > SED [ @ Dx9 23 , Õc 7KS87 XY>Õ , "HTd + >"@A S g> S¤S 77 J 7K6EL/5 P [ @ S87 @ S [ MÖS 7=987 > > S87K6 987 Aê> 9y > 6ED @ 7yzD P 6 [ >"X L > 7L/6 [ D @ L(y±7 A D y Dx9½17K6 [ 3 7 Pw 7KyzD P1>"X 7 J 7K6EL/5 [ MS 7±³~D [ y > 989 > 9 P1>"XxP XY> S87 A 9ED @ LÇS 7=M [ XGX [ D @ L687 XY> SED [ @Cc QT½ > 6EL S7KS >"Xv3 ,// dNF
Echembiomass = (LHV + Lwzw)β +Echem
w zwcU ¡ 0d
7K687 LHV Dx9S 7 X [ 7K6 7 > SED @ L=b >"X 7 c LHV )ð&3 . Bêa / L A 6E5±³~D [ y > 989 d + LwDx9¥S 7 XY> S87 @ S7 @ S g>"XG 5 [ MØ7Kb >" [ 6 > SED [ @ [ M > S87K6 c Lw 03 H/HBÚa
/ L > S87K6 d + zwDx9S 7 > S87K6 P [ @ S87 @ S [ MW³~D [ y > 989 + β Dx9S 7 P [ 6E687 P SED [ @ P [ 7 ÓP Dx7 @ S cζ 23 , 0 M [ 69ESE687 > y±9 DGS Õ> , 2 S 3¬A 6E5T¡v³~D [ y > 989 P [ y [ 9EDGSED [ @þc QT½ > 6EL S|7KS >"Xv3< ,// dEd + >"@A
Echemw
Dx9ÆS 7±9 7 P D gP±P8 7KyzD P1>"X 7 J 7K6EL/5 [ M X Dx¾ D A > S87K6 c Echemw
23 2 . Bêa / L dN3ë 9ED @ L I ¾ 3WcU ¡ 0d +< 7 P1>"XxP XY> S87 A S g> SS 7(9 7 P D gPPw 7KyzD P1>"X 7 J 7K6EL/5 [ M³~D [ y > 989 DGS ê> , 2 S 3¬ A 6E5y > SES87K6Dx9 13 zBÚa
/ L 3
?> ³ X 7 U L/DGb7:9S 7 P8 7KyzD P1>"X´>"@A S [ S >"X 7 J 7K6EL/5 [ M?7 >qPw 9ES87 > y D @¼ SED [ @ Z 7 @DGSØDx9 P [ y|³~D @ 7 A DGS ê<XY>"@ S4 [ 6 U¤3~> ³ X 7:9 U\H>"@ARU . L/DGb7¥S 7¥³ >"XY>"@P 7:9ØM [ 6WS 7
n å~åpo2qSrßtsÇÞ 1/S [ S >"X¨>"@A·P1> 6E³ [ @ y > 989 + >"@A S 7z7 J 7K6EL/5ê³ >"XY>"@P 7:9ÆM [ 6 ¼ SED [ @ Z 7 @<XY>"@ S=4>"@AÑU + 687:9 7 P SEDGb7 X 5 + Dx9 P [ y|³~D @ 7 A3ê 77 J 7K6EL/5 @ 7:7 A 9|S [ 9 ~ [ 6ES >"XGX¨ 6 [ P 7:98987:9D @Ú¼ SED [ @ Z > 6879 9ES > D @ 7 A ³T5ÇS 7 [ 7K6 ~XY>"@ S89D @ ¾ 7:9ESED [ @3\ 7 > 9w9 y±7 A S g> SS 7R7 J 7K6EL/Dx7:99 ³~SE6 >qP S87 A M6 [ y [ 7K6 ~XY> S89 > 687D @ S 7(M [ 6Ey [ M¥7 X 7 P SE6ED Pê [ 7K6 3?> ³ X 7 UW L/DGb7:9S 7Ú7 J 7K6EL/5 > y [q @ S89(S g> S > 687 @ 7:7 A 7 A M [ 6 Z ¼
2> ³ > S87Ky±7 @ S(D @
<XY>"@ S894 >"@ARU¤3
ºrNjxo=*ÊËWó\tEk1hwoNwÆKtEoEr/pr/vrÚövNt8oErq _gT8oNtn§¨±r"nEJWkq© t¸r!oö!ø)§±kqjxoEhK&jlr/t|©oN]Gu"ªTöOéä=ø*§<zrqw|h8kqmk"N]]Okq_ öh
iønøØsKkqtzÃm-]Okq_ ÈC©ªoN_ó\jGrq_gÄ
]`¥1oEpËWÌk/t¥Nt8oErq _T8oKtw§¨t8oErpToNtwrqtEot8os1oNtNtEoEp(vkz̨]GuËU*ÊË [ y B P
ic S 3¬zdc L ; 9 d c L
/ y [ X`d Z ¼
2Z ¶
4¶
2¼ ¼
2
2Q [ X D A
. 2 H 3 H3 , ,/, 3 , 23 2. H / 3 2 0 3 , 23 2/ /3 . ð 0/23 ð/ð&3 . 0 0 . H3 H 0/23 , 23 2 123 2. 0 3 0 1 , 3 2 123 2 , 23 2. H , 3eð 0/3 . 23 2 . 23 2./. 0/0/3 0 , 3 ,/, 3 , 23G. 3 . ./, 3 , ðq23 . 0 , 3 .. ð , 3 H23 . ,/. 3 . H3 ../ , 3 )ð&3G 123 2 , 23 2
ºrNjxo=*ØÍ&ËWó\tEk1hwoNwÆKtEoEr/pr/vrÚövNt8oErq _gT8oNtn§¨±r"nEJWkq© t¸r!oö!ø)§zk/jGoEh:TjGrqt|©oK]lu"ª&övéä=ø)§<±r"w|h8k/m~k"n]]k/_Cöh
iøwøWsKk/tzôm^]kq_ È ©ª~oN_ó\jlr/_gG*
]`¥1oEpËWÌk/t¥Nt8oErq _T8oKtw§¨t8oErpToNtwrqtEot8os1oNtNtEoEp(vkz̨]GuËU*ÊË [ y B P
ic S 3¬zdc L ; 9 d c L
/ y [ X`d Z ¼
2Z ¶
4¶
2¼ ¼
2
2Q [ X D A
. 2 . 23 . H3 , ,/, 3 , 23 2. . 2 . 3 2 0 3 , 23 2/ /3 . ð 0/23 ð/ð&3 . 0 0//3 0 0/23 , 23 2 123 2. 0 , 3G 1 , 3 2 123 2 , 23 2. H 0/23 H 0/3 . 23 2 . 23 2./. 0/"H3G , 3 ,/, 3 , 23G. 3 ./, 3 , ðq23 . 0 , 3 .. ð 123 0 H23 . ,/. 3 . H3 ../ 123 0 )ð&3G 123 2 , 23 2
1"H n å~åo2qSrßtsÇÞºgrTNjGoC*!TË f<¦ oNtOuqiRpr/vrs:kqt\mtEk1hwonn|Nt8oErq=övNt8oErq _gT8oNtn§¨±r"nEJWkq©ít¸r/!oö!ø!m~oEhK] /hzhNªoK=]Oh8rqjo ¦ oNtOuqiÕö f chem ørq_pvk/vrqj?o ¦ oNtOuqiÚö Etot ønøs:kqtzÃm-]Okq_ È©ªoN_Ró\jlr/_g?Ä rq_-p=ó\jGrq_gE* rqt8o|1oEpËØÌ´kqt¤Nt8oErq _T8oKtw§¨t8oErpToNtwzrqt8oÆt8os1oNtNtEoEp
vkÌÖ]GuËU*ÊË [ <XY>"@ S4 <XY>"@ S U
y I chem I tot y I chem I totc L/9 d cBÚa
/ L d cB d c L
/9 d cBÚa
/ L d cB d
. 2 H 3 0/03 H . 0/03 H . 23 . 0/03eð 0/03eð. H / 3 2 23 2/2 23 2 . 2 . 3 2 23 2 23 2. 0 0 . H3 H /3 , 2 H 3 H 0//3 0 /3 , . 2/23 0. 0 3 0 13 H ./, 3 0 , 3G 13 HTð . 3 . H , 3eð 0/3 H H/3 2 0/23 H 0/3 H HTð/ð&3 H./. 0/0/3 0 23G 0/03 0/"H3G 23G 0/03 .. 3 . 23 2/0 23G)ð 3 23 2/0 23G . ð , 3 03 0/03 . 123 0 03 0/3 ./ , 3 , H3eð H . 3 123 0 H3eð HTðq3 H
n å~åpo2qSrßtsÇÞ 1 .ºgrTNjGoC*¨ÉËWîn_qmö!]`_øzrq_-pkqüm¤ökqøzzrqwpJk/©þtEr/!oövø)§¨h8r/t:Ek/_ÕzrqwpJk/©tEr/!oöv "/ø*§Ör/_pÇo ¦ oNtOuqiö f øWs:kqtó\jGrq_g<Ä ]_Õh8kqN]_r/]Okq_ê©<]ªÃ´m^]kq_ ÈÖË^Ìkqt
K!oErq _&8oNtn§¨t8oErpoNtrqt8o¥t8os1oNtnt8oEpÇvk̨]luTË*ÊË f<¦ oNtu/ijGk"w±ö f lossø]`Æh8rqjGhKTjGr/!oEp
r" f inÀ f out
Ë«Ù ]`¤niq_gªo:]hur"1Ë 6 [ P 7:989 ; 9ESE687 > y y
iny$#
,inI
iny
outy$#
,outI
outI
loss%'&2 (*),+.-0/+21+.354Z ¼2c . 2d H 3 103 0 0/3
4DG6 c . )d H / 3 2 23 2/ 23 2Z ¼
2 6 > DG6 . /3 103 0 13 [ S >"X . /3 103 0 0/3 . /3 103 0 13 3 798 45):;4<->=,?A@CBZ ¼
2 6 > DG6 . /3 103 0 13 Q&7 > > S87K6 H/H , 3 H . 3 2IJg> 9ESWL > 987:9 123 2 /3 2 , 3 HQ @~X DGL S ðq/3 U D [ y > 989 c . 0d 0 . H3 H 103 H2 H /, 3 H4DG6 H / 3 2 23 2/ 23 2Q&7 > > S87K6 H013 23 2IJg> 9ESWL > 987:9 123 2 /3 2 03 2 [ S >"X . ðq/3 0 13G)ð ð , 03 . ðq/3 0 13G)ð H , /3 H /2/3 0D :E(F?G)<@H:I-J+.354U D [ y > 989 c . 0d 0 . H3 H 103 H H /, 3 HI<X 7 P SE6ED P ¡ [ 7K6 H03 U D [ y > 989 c . d 0 3 0 103 2 H / 3 2² 7K6ESED X Dx987K6 c ./. d 0/0/3 0 23 H 23 0 [ S >"X 0 . H3 H 103 H . /3eð 0 . H3 H 103 H H / 3 0 H3 .D +24:EKJ@L+M=<3U D [ y > 989 c . d 0 3 0 103 2 H / 3 2QTS87 > y KHTð&3 "H3 2I<X 7 P SE6ED P ¡ [ 7K6 3eðU D [ L > 9 c . HTd , 3eð , 3G H/03 2² 7K6ESED X Dx987K6 c . d 3 . 03 , 0/03 Z\[ @A 7 @ 9 > S87 KHTð&3 "H3 H [ S >"X )ðq3 2 103 2 . 0 . 3eð )ðq3 2 103 2 . , 3 0 3 .NOQP ->=SRT:EK>KJ+.3U4U D [ L > 9 c . HTd , 3eð , 3G H/03 2I<X 7 P SE6ED P ¡ [ 7K6 0/23 2Z ¼
2c . ð/d , 3 03G H3 H
Q Ò c ./ d , 3 , ð&3 2 H . 3 [ S >"X , 3eð , 3G H 03 2 , 3eð , 3G H/3 2 0/3 2
1/ n å~åo2qSrßtsÇÞºgrTNjGoC*5mËWîn_qmö!]`_ø±r/_pk/&ümökqø±±r"wpJWkq©þtEr/!oövø)§hwrqt:8kq_Õ±r"wpJWkq©t¸r!oö! "/ø)§rq_p(o ¦ oKtuqiö f øØsKkqtójlrq_G*è]_Úh8k/±K]`_r]kq_©<]ªÚÃm-]Okq_ ÈÖË^Ìkqt
K!oErq _&8oNtn§¨t8oErpoNtrqt8oÆt8os1oNtNtEoEp(vk̨]luTËU*ÊË f<¦ oNtu/ijGk"wzö f lossøz]YÆh8rqjGhK&jlr/!o8p
r" f inÀ f out
ËØ«Ù ]Y¤niq_gª~oK]hur"1Ë 6 [ P 7:989 ; 9ESE687 > y y
iny$#
,inI
iny
outy$#
,outI
outI
loss%'&2 (*),+.-V/W+21+.354Z ¼2c . 2d . 23 . 13 0"H3 H
4DG6 c . )d . 2 . 3 2 23G 23 2Z ¼
2 6 > DG6 ././. 3 . 13eð )ð&3 H [ S >"X ././. 3 . 13eð 0"H3 H ././. 3 . 13eð )ð&3 H ð&3 2798 45):;4<->=,?A@CBZ ¼
2 6 > DG6 ././. 3 . 13eð )ð&3 H> 6Ey 987 > > S87K6 H 0 . 3 2 H3GIJg> 9ESØL > 987:9 /, 23 2 /3G 3 ,Q @~X DGL S 2 3 HU D [ y > 989 c . 0d 0 23 2 13eð . 13 .4DG6 . 2 . 3 2 23 2 23 2Q&7 > > S87K6 H ./,/. 3 . 23 2IJg> 9ESØL > 987:9 /, 23 2 /3G 03 2 [ S >"X /0ðq23 . KH3 /3 /0ðq23 . KH3 . 3 . . 3 D :E(F?G)<@H:I-J+.354U D [ y > 989 c . 0d 0 23 2 13eð . 13 .I<X 7 P SE6ED P ¡ [ 7K6 H , 3 0U D [ y > 989 c . d 0 , 3eð 13 . . 0/23 0² 7K6ESED X Dx987K6 c ./. d 0 . 23 23 0 23 . [ S >"X 0 23 2 13eð . . 3eð 0 23 2 13eð . 0/23eð H . 3 2D +24:EKJ@L+M=<3U D [ y > 989 c . d 0 , 3eð 13 . . 0/23 2QTS87 > y . 03 , H . 3 2I<X 7 P SE6ED P ¡ [ 7K6 3 0U D [ L > 9 c . HTd 0/03G 123 . H / 3 2² 7K6ESED X Dx987K6 c . d ð&3 3 2 /23 2Z\[ @A 7 @ 9 > S87 . 03 , H3 2 [ S >"X 03 13 . . ð&/3 0 03 13 . . "H3 2 ð&3 0NOXP -Y=SRT:EKTKT+.3U4U D [ L > 9 c . HTd 0/03G 123 . H / 3 2I<X 7 P SE6ED P ¡ [ 7K6 0/3 2Z ¼
2c . ð/d 103 2 3 . 3 0Q Ò c ./ d 123G ð&3 0 HTðq3 H
[ S >"X 0/03G 123 . . 2 , 3 2 0/03G 123 . H /3 0ð&3 H
n å~åpo2qSrßtsÇÞ 1ðºgrTNjGoC*=RË f<¦ oKtuqi_-o8o8p"öv]_Ré¥=øs:kqt|r8r/!oNoN_gWk¸sÈ\Ã
2sNt¸k/ ó\jGrq_gÄ öÄ\ø
rq_pó\jGrq_gp* öF*<ø±]`_ÚªoN]th8kqN]_r/]Okq_Ú©<]ªÃm-]k/_CÈ öÄ[ZÆÈírq_p*\ZÆȧt8on!m~oEh:]"oNjiNø(rq_pÃm-]Okq_ÇôöÄ[Z¨ô rq_-p*]Z¨ô¤§¨t8on!m~oEh:]"oNjiNø/Ë 6 [ P 7:989 4 6 Z U 6 Z 4 6 ® U 6 ®Z ¼
2S [ ³~D [ y > 989 P [ @ b7K689ED [ @ H03 H , 3 2 ¡ ¡
U D [ y > 989 A DGL7:9ESED [ @ 3eð 3 0 ¡ ¡U D [ L > 9 6 [ P 7:989ED @ L 0/23 2 0/23 2 ¡ ¡Z ¼
2987:¾ 7:9ESE6 > SED [ @ ¡ ¡ 3 1/03 [ S >"X /3 2 ð . 3 0 3 1/03
1 n å~åo2qSrßts ^ujvwvTxyzw|W_ p<Ex:Dzx"<|v?|^yYp|ya`^xy^?O z?Uyz U:"wävO|Nyd+ bExyS<|^dcC0e Uyzgf Dx9 >"~ 7 @A D JP [ @ S > D @ 9S DG6ES87:7 @ 987 P SED [ @ 9 c Z ¡ Z 1dih D PwA 7:9 P 6EDG³^7ØS 7 P [ y [ ¡@ 7 @ S89 [ M¨S 7985&9ES87KyD @ Q P 7 @g> 6ED [ 9 $ h >"@A¶3 Z g>" S87K6 H L/DGb7:9S 7 A 7:9 P 6ED SED [ @[ MS 7(9E59ES87Ky >"@A DGS9 7 P D 7:9 D P8 6 [ P 7:9899ES87 9 > 687 g> 6ES [ MS 7(9E59ES87Ky÷D @ D Pw 9 P 7 @g> 6ED [ 3| 7D @ b7 @ S [ 6E5 A> S > [ @ y > 989 >"@A 7 J 7K6EL/5³ > 987:9 > 687 >"X 9 [ L/DGb7 @M [ 67Kb7K6E5 P [ y [ @ 7 @ S¤D @ S 7 @g> 6E6 [ >"@A D A 79E59ES87Ky ³ [q @A> 6EDx7:9 c 987:7 Z g>" S87K6HTdN3Ö 7|7:¾ > SED [ @ 9 9w7 A M [ 6Ø7 J 7K6EL/5 P1>"XxP XY> SED [ @Ú> 687 687:987 @ S87 A3 7ÖM [ XGX [ D @ L >"~ 7 @A D P 7:9 P [ 6E687:9 [ @A S [ S 7M [ XGX [ D @ L P [ y [ @ 7 @ S89 [ M~S 7Ö985&9ES87KyD @ Q P 7 @g> 6ED [ 9 $ h >"@AR¶=F
/3 4 ~ 7 @A D J Z M [ 6WS 7 [T[ A 5 > 6 Ac d «
03 4 ~ 7 @A D P 7:9 Z 0 ¡ Z M [ 6WS 7¥S 7K6Ey [ ¡vy±7 Pwg>"@ D P1>"X? XG D @ L ~XY>"@ S cWBÚd «
3 4 ~ 7 @A D P 7:9 Z H ¡ Z . M [ 6WS 7 g>" 7K6Øy > D @ L ~XY>"@ S c¨Bêd «
H3 4 ~ 7 @A D J Z M [ 6WS 7 A 7N¡vD @ D @ L ~XY>"@ S c ® ¬\d «
. 3 4 ~ 7 @A D P 7:9 Z ð ¡ Zkj M [ 6<S 7³ [ D X 7K6 [q 9w7 ~XY>"@ S cU\¶d<>"@A S 7 @g> S 6 >"X L > 9¸¡ 687 ARP [ y|³~D @ 7 AÚP 5 PKX 7 [ 7K6 ~XY>"@ S c Ò Öd «
3 4 ~ 7 @A D J Z 12 M [ 6ØS 7 > 9ES87 > S87K6SE687 > SEy±7 @ S ~XY>"@ S cíÅWd «
ð&3 4 ~ 7 @A D J Z / M [ 6ØS 7 > 9ES87 g>" 7K6SE687 > SEy±7 @ S ~XY>"@ S c ÖW\d «
3 4 ~ 7 @A D J Z 10 M [ 6ØS 7¤y @ D P D g>"X > 9ES87¥D @P D @ 7K6 > SED [ @ê~XY>"@ S cBê ¬d «
j 3 4 ~ 7 @A D J Z 1 M [ 6ØS 7¤SE6 >"@ 9 [ 6ES > SED [ @ê@ 7KS [ 6 cdN3
¬@ S 7M [ XGX [ D @ L h S 7¥7:¾ > SED [ @ 9\M [ 67 J 7K6EL/5 P1>"XxP XY> SED [ @ [ M > S87K6¸¡ >"@A [&[ A ¡vS!5 79ESE687 > y±9 > 687 687:987 @ S87 A3
n å~åpo2qSrßts ^ 1 j² [ 6<S 7 > S87K6¸¡vS!5 79ESE687 > y±9 c M687:9 > S87K6 h DG687 > S87K6 h 6 [ P 7:989 > S87K6 >"@A > 9ES87 ¡> S87K6 dih DGS => S87Ky 7K6 > S 687 A D ù 7K687 @ SS g>"@ S 7 > b7K6 > L7 >"@~@ >"X 7 @ b&DG6 [ @ y±7 @ S >"X S87Ky¡ 7K6 > S 687 cO> 989 y±7 A D @ S Dx9W9ES A 5S [ ³^7
T0
è0 /. dih S 7¤7 J 7K6EL/5 P [ @ S87 @ S A 7S [S 7 7 > S > 9 P1>"XxP XY> S87 AÚ> 9
Ethermalwater = Q(1 − T
0
T − T0
ln(T
T0
))c Z ¡ )d
7K687Q = mcp(T − T
0)
c Z ¡ 0d¶ 7K687 h
QDx9S 7WS 7K6Ey >"X 7 @ 7K6EL/5 û [ [ M > S87K6 ; > 9ES87 > S87K6 c D @ dih
mDx9S 7Wy > 989
û [ 6 > S87 [ M > S87K6 ; > 98S87 > S87K6 c D @ L / 9 dih~>"@A cp Dx9S 7¤9 7 P D gP 7 > S P1>"g>qP DGS!5 [ M > S87K6 ; > 9ES87 > S87K6 c D @Ra / L dN3² [ 6<S 7 [T[ A ¡vS!5 7y > S87K6ED >"X 9 h DGS > y > 989<6 > SED [ 03 ðl O
C
lþ23 /ðmh S 7 Pw 7KyzD P1>"X7 J 7K6EL/5 > 9 P1>"XxP XY> S87 A ³T5 c [ S > 9 j /. d
Echemwood−type materials = LHVwoodψ +WLψ [kJ/kg wood]
c Z ¡ d
7K687 W Dx9S 7Æy > 989ØM6 >qP SED [ @ [ My [ Dx98S 687|D @ S 7 [&[ A ¡vS5 7Æy > S87K6ED >"X<>"@A L Dx9S 77 @ S g>"XG 5 [ M\7Kb >" [ 6 > SED [ @ [ M > S87K6 > S¥S 79ES >"@A> 6 A S87Ky 7K6 > S 687 c T
0
0 j dN3 7 P [ 7 ÓP Dx7 @ S
ψDx9 P1>"XxP XY> S87 A ³5 c [ S > 9 j /. dNF
ψ =1.0438 + 0.1882H
C − 0.2509(1 + 0.7256HC ) + 0.0383N
C
1 − 0.3035OC
[−]c Z ¡ HTd
7K687 H/C Dx9ÖS 7 > S [ yzD P 6 > SED [ ³-7KS 7:7 @ S 7 5 A 6 [ L7 @Ç>"@AP1> 6E³ [ @ D @ S 7 [T[ A ¡S5 7y > S87K6ED >"XnhN/C
Dx9S 7 > S [ yzD P 6 > SED [ ³^7KS 7:7 @ S 7 @ DGSE6 [ L7 @ò>"@ACP1> 6E³ [ @ D @S 7 [&[ A ¡vS!5 7y > S87K6ED >"Xnhg>"@A O/C Dx9S 7 > S [ yzD P 6 > SED [ ³-7KS 7:7 @ S 7 [ J 5&L7 @>"@AP1> 6E³ [ @ D @ S 7 [T[ A ¡vS!5 7y > S87K6ED >"Xv3<U 7 P1> 987 [ M XY>qP [ M9 ÓP Dx7 @ S A> S >oh S 77 ù 7 P S[ MØ9 XG~ 6 > 9 @ [ S|S > 7 @ D @ S [ >qP:P [q @ S=D @I ¾ 3c Z ¡ HTdN3 4 X 9 [ h S 77 J 7K6EL/5 [ MWS 7> 9 RP [ @ S > D @ 7 A D @ S 7M 7 X > 9 @ 7KL X 7 P S87 A3±ïX^QpUUa¤ :rq>sut 7 [&[ A 5 > 6 A c d> S [ 689 7Q [ L¯°9(yzD XGX 687 P 7KDGb7:9 >"@A 9ES [ 687:9S 7Ú9 [ MS [&[ Ac [ 6 7KL/D >"@ 9 6 P 7 h&ó\]OhwoErzrK]Oon*dih ³ > 6 >"@A [T[ AzP8 D 9¨S g> S > 687 6 P8g> 987 A M6 [ yS 7M [ 687:98SE6E5 3ê 7 X [ L9 > 687 g> 6ESED >"XGX 5 A 7K³ > 6 7 A > S=S 7 [T[ A 5 > 6 A >"@Ag> 6ESED >"XGX 5> SØS 7ÆS 7K6Ey [ ¡vy±7 P8g>"@ D P1>"X XG D @ L ~XY>"@ S ¬¤cWBê ¬¸dN3~ 7|³ > 6 Ç[ ³~S > D @ 7 Aê> SØS 7 [T[ A 5 > 6 AÑ>"@A S g> S 6 Pwg> 987 A M6 [ y S 7M [ 687:9ESE6E5 > 687987 @ SS [ S 7±³ [ D X 7K6 [q 987
)ðq2 nkvwv o2qSrßts ^~XY>"@ S cU¶\dN3¨ 7 > y [q @ S [ MÆ7 X 7 P SE6ED P DGS!5 >"@A S 7K6Ey >"X 7 @ 7K6EL/5 @ 7:7 A 7 A M [ 6zS 7 6 [ P 7:98987:9D @ S 7 [&[ A 5 > 6 AÅ> 687 [ ³~S > D @ 7 A M6 [ y @g> S 6 >"X L > 9¸¡ 687 A [ 7K6 ~XY>"@ Sc Ò ÖdÆ>"@A ³ [ D X 7K6 [q 9w7 ~XY>"@ S cUdih 687:9 7 P SEDGb7 X 5 3 4 9EDGL @ D gP1>"@ S > y [q @ S [ MM687:9 > S87K6 7K6S [ @~@ 7 [ M g>" 7K6 6 [ A P 7 A Dx9687:¾ DG687 A D @ S 7 [&[ A 5 > 6 A3 77ix 7 @ S [ M > 9ES87 > S87K6 P [ @ S > D @ 9 [ 6EL >"@ D P y > SES87K6 cUؼ ® >"@A Z ¼ ® dih-~ [ 9 ~ [ 6 9c
td>"@AÇ@ DGSE6 [ L7 @ c
tdN3 [ A> S > > 9 [ 9w9EDG³ X 7¥S [[ ³~S > D @ M [ 6S 7|7KyzDx989ED [ @ 9D @ S [
> S87K6 A 7S [ S 7 [&[ A 5 > 6 AÇ>"X [ @ 7 3< 7:987¤7KyzDx9898D [ @ 9 > 687M [q @A D @ S 7D @~ S û [ 9ESE687 > y [ M > 9ES87 > S87K6 [ M?S 7 > 9ES87 > S87K6SE687 > SEy±7 @ S ~XY>"@ S c 987:7 > ³ X 7 Z 12dN3?> ³ X 7 Z L/DGb7:9¤S 7D @ b7 @ S [ 6E5 A> S > [ MS 7 [&[ A 5 > 6 A D @ Q P 7 @g> 6ED [ 9 $ h >"@AÕ¶hM [ 6WS 7 @g> 6E6 [ >"@A D A 7Æ9E59ES87Ky ³ [q @A> 6EDx7:9 3
nkvwv o2qSrßts ^ )ð&
)ðq0 nkvwv o2qSrßts ^=¢oy,£N>¡N<"§ zy§ <UN¤£NFO¤ªP 'NªF EF£a© Eª)¤£¡qJ| [t 7S 7K6Ey [ ¡vy±7 P8g>"@ D P1>"X XG D @ L ~XY>"@ S cWBê\d¨> S [ 689 7¤Q [ L¯°9¨yzD XGX^P [ @ 9EDx9ES89 [ MS [ [&[ A XG D @ LM >qP D X DGSEDx7:9 h S87K6Ey±7 AÑWBÚè¬Æ>"@AWBÚ ¬8¬N3 7±M [ XGX [ D @ L 6 [ ¡P 7:989w7:9 > 687 P1> 6E6EDx7 A [q S 7K687 F [&[ AÇg>"@AX D @ LS 6 [q L ÚA 7K³ > 6 D @ L hP8 D 9 > 9 D @ L hA 7 > S87K6ED @ L h´ 687 7 > SED @ L h>"@A 687 @ D @ L h 9 P 687:7 @ D @ L >"@A S D P 7 @ D @ L 3± 7 > 9 D @ L>"@A 9 P 687:7 @ D @ L 6 [ P 7:989w7:9 > 6879 ³ µ 7 P SS [ > S 7K6Ey >"X 687KSE687 > SEy±7 @ S h D X 7S 7 A Dx9¸¡D @ S87KL/6 > SED [ @>"@AÚA 7 ³~6 > SED [ @ 6 [ P 7:98987:9 > 687 P1> 6E6EDx7 A D @Õ> 987K6EDx7:9 [ M A Dx9 P 687 @ 7K689 > S[ b7K6 687:989 687 3 4ØMS87K6 P8 D ~ D @ L >"@A > 9 D @ L h S 7¥6 > y > S87K6ED >"X Dx9 687 7 > S87 A DGS 9ES87 > y >"@A S 7 @ 687 @ 7 A D @ > S [ ¡!9ES87 687 @ D @ L9E5&98S87Ky D @ D P8 S 7 6898S=9ES87 Dx9 P1> 6E6EDx7 A [q S > S > SEy [ 9 ~ 7K6ED P 687:9w9 687 D X 7S 7987 P [ @A 9ES87 Dx9 P1> 6E6EDx7 A [q S > S> 687:989 687 [ M H3~ ³ > 6 3> 6ES [ MS 7 [ 6EL >"@ D P y > SES87K689 [ MÖS 7 [T[ A Dx9 A Dx989 [ X b7 A D @ > S87K6 >"@AêA Dx9 P1> 6 A 7 A D @ S 7 6 [ P 7:989 > S87K6 A [ @ 9ESE687 > yS 7ÆS 7K6Ey [ ¡vy±7 Pwg>"@ D P1>"X XG D @ L ~XY>"@ S 34 XY> 6EL79 g> 687 c 2O¬ h D @ S87K6Ey [ MØS 7 7 > SED @ LÚb >"X 7 d [ MØS 77 X 7 P SE6ED P DGS!5Ñ687:¾ DG687 AD @ 687 @ 7K689Dx9 P [ @ b7K6ES87 A D @ S [ 7 > SD @ M [ 6Ey [ M X [ ¡ 687:9w9 687|9ES87 > y 3¨ Dx9Ø9ES87 > y Dx9[ ³~S > D @ 7 A M6 [ y S 7 [&[ A y [ Dx9ES 687 >"@ARA D X SED [ @ > S87K6D @ S 7¥687 @ 7K689 3\ 7K6Ey >"X7 @ 7K6EL/5zy > 5z³-7687 P [ b7K687 A(> 9¨9ES87 > y D @ S 7Ø687 @ 7K689³^7 P1> 987 [ MS 7 687:9w9 687 AP [ @ ¡A DGSED [ @ 9 @A 7K6ES > 7 @ 7K687 3Ö Dx9Ø9ES87 > y h> MS87K6WDx9 PKX 7 >"@ 7 A S 6 [q L R 7 > SØ7 J~P8g>"@ L7K6 hDx9 9w7 A> 9 6 [ P 7:989Ø9ES87 > y M [ 6 g>" 7K6 A 6E5TD @ L 3 4ØMS87K6W687 @ D @ L h S 7 XG Dx9Ø9 P 687:7 @ 7 A>"@ARPKX 7 >"@ 7 A S 6 [q L > S87K6ED @ L >"@ARA 7 > S87K6ED @ L 6 [ P 7:9w987:9 3?> ³ X 7:9 Zk >"@A Z 687:987 @ S<S 7\D @ b7 @ S [ 6E5 A> S > [ MS 7S 7K6Ey [ ¡vy±7 Pwg>"@ D P1>"Xg XG D @ L~XY>"@ S WBê¬?>"@AzWBÚ·¬8¬ih 687:9 7 P SEDGb7 X 5 h D @ Q P 7 @g> 6ED [ 9 $ h >"@A¶h M [ 6<S 7 @g> 6E6 [ >"@A D A 7|9E5&98S87Ky ³ [q @A> 6EDx7:9 3
nkvwv o2qSrßts ^ )ðq
)ð*H nkvwv o2qSrßts ^
nkvwv o2qSrßts ^ )ðU|Âzy,N1 G¤ <l§ ¤w.£a GªF¤£¡Qq+]|~[t 7 g>" 7K6Øy > D @ L ~XY>"@ S c¨Bêd> S [ 689 7Q [ L¯°9yzD XGXP [ @ 98Dx9ES89 [ MÖS 687:7 g>" 7K6A 6E5&D @ L¤y >qP8 D @ 7:9 h S87K6Ey±7 AzÖBVhÖB >"@AzÖBÚ3 7M [ XGX [ D @ L 6 [ P 7:989 @ DGS89 > 687g> 6ES [ M¨S 7 g>" 7K6¤y >qP8 D @ 7:9 F> 9ES [ P 687 g> 6 > SED [ @ @ DGS h>± 7 >qA ³ [ JVc 7K687=S 79 9 7 @ 9ED [ @ [ M ³~687:9ÖDx9D @ SE6 [ A P 7 A S [ S 7 DG687 >"@A M [ 6Ey±9 > @ DlM [ 6Ey A Dx9 7K6898D [ @ [ M ³~687:9 >qP 6 [ 9w9S 7¤S [ S >"X D A S [ M?S 7 DG687¤³^7 X S dihg> DG687Æ987 P SED [ @c 7K687ÆS 7 > S87K6M6 [ y S 7 g>" 7K6 7K³VDx9 A 6 > D @ 7 A S [ > 6 [q @A / ¬ y [ Dx9ES 687 P [ @ S87 @ S dih¨>R 687:989 687987 P SED [ @c 7K687WS 7 > S87K6 [ MS 7 g>" 7K6 7K³Dx9<687Ky [ b7 A ³T5 687:9w9ED @ L A [ @ S [ > ³ [q SHO¬zdih~>=A 6E5TD @ L987 P SED [ @·c 7K687¤S 7 g>" 7K69 7:7KSy [ Dx9ES 687Dx9\687Ky [ b7 A ³T5 7 > SED @ LS 7 7K³ DGS RA 6E5&D @ L P 5 X D @A 7K689 dihg> 687:7 X 7K6 c 7K687¥S 7 g>" 7K6Ø9 7:7KSDx9W6 [ XGX 7 AgdN3 7 g>" 7K6 A 6E5&D @ L 6 [ P 7:9w9Dx9 P1> 6E6EDx7 A [q S 9ED @ Lz9ES87 > y 7 > S87 AÇP 5 X D @A 7K689W7 @PKX [ 987 AD @ò>PKX [ 987 AC [&[ A3Ѭ!@ S 7 A 6E5&D @ L·987 P SED [ @ S 7 g>" 7K6 7K³òDx9 A 6EDx7 A S [ S 7 @g>"XA 6E5 P [ @ S87 @ S [ M j 2 S 3¬3 4 X y [ 9ES >"XGX S 7±S 7K6Ey >"X 7 @ 7K6EL/5 987 A M [ 6 A 6E5&D @ LR7 @A 9 D @ S 7 [T[ A 7 Jg> 9ES > DG6 3| 7=S87Ky 7K6 > S 687 [ M¨S 77 Jg> 9ES > DG6¥Dx9 0 Z >"@AS 7 yzD A DGS!5Dx9 23GKH L ¶
2¼/ L A 6E5 > DG6 3 4 9Ey >"XGX´g> 6ES c¸1 S 3¬zd [ MS 7|y [ Dx9¸¡S 687Dx9 A 6EDGb7 @ [ ù S [ S 7 > SEy [ 9 ~ 7K687 3 7687Ky > D @ D @ L g> 6ESDx9 g> 98987 A S 6 [q L >
7 > S687 P [ b7K6E5Ç9E59ES87Ky P [ @ 9EDx9ESED @ L [ M987Kb7K6 >"X 7 > SW7 JPwg>"@ L7K689 3¨ 7 7 > SW687 P [ b7K6E59E59ES87Ky > 9 @ [ SÆS > 7 @ D @ S [ >qP:P [q @ S=D @ S 7 P1>"XxP XY> SED [ @3( 7 > 989 y±7 A S g> S|S 7S 7K6Ey >"X 7 @ 7K6EL/5 [ MS 7 [&[ A 7 Jg> 9ES > DG6<Dx9687 X 7 > 987 A D @ S [ S 7 > SEy [ 9 ~ 7K687 DGS [q S>= 687 X DGyzD @g> 6E5ÇSE687 > SEy±7 @ S DGS S 7K6Ey >"X 7 @ 7K6EL/5(687 P [ b7K6E5 3?> ³ X 7:9 Z H>"@A Z Ç 687:987 @ S|S 7D @ b7 @ S [ 6E5 A> S > [ MWS 7 g>" 7K6|y > D @ L ~XY>"@ S89|D @Q P 7 @g> 6ED [ 9 $ h >"@AR¶h M [ 6WS 7 @g> 6E6 [ >"@A D A 7|9E5&98S87Ky ³ [q @A> 6EDx7:9 3
)ðq nkvwv o2qSrßts ^
nkvwv o2qSrßts ^ )ð/ð
)ð nkvwv o2qSrßts ^ N1Gy.£G.£a© GªF¤£¡QqTÆ[t¬@ S Dx9?9w7 P SED [ @ S 7 A 7N¡vD @ D @ L ~XY>"@ S > S [ 689 7ØQ [ L¯°9yzD XGX Dx9 687:987 @ S87 A3< 7\y > 989>"@A 7 J 7K6EL/5D @~ S ;"[q S SD @ b7 @ S [ 6E5 A> S > [ MS Dx9 ~XY>"@ S > 687¤L/DGb7 @ D @?> ³ X 7 Z 3 7M [ XGX [ D @ L 6 [ P 7:9899ES87 9 > 687 P1> 6E6EDx7 A [q S?D @ S 7 A 7N¡vD @ D @ L ~XY>"@ S F 687N¡ XG D @ L [ M687 P [ b7K687 Ag>" 7K6 c 7K687¨S 7687 P [ b7K687 A=g>" 7K6Dx9 SD @ S [ >"@ 7:¾ D y±7 @ S 6 [ A P D @ L XG S [ L7KS 7K6 DGS [ S > S87K6 >"@Az XG 7 A DGS y±7 P8g>"@ D P1>"X>"@Az 5 A 6 > X D P> L/DGS > ¡SED [ @ 687:9 X SED @ LD @ S [ 987 P [ @A> 6E5 ³~687:9 dih y±7 P8g>"@ D P1>"X 687Ky [ b >"X [ MDGy 6EDGSEDx7:9 c 7K687987 P [ @A> 6E5 ³~687:9 > 687|9w7 g> 6 > S87 A M6 [ y DGy 6EDGSEDx7:9D @ 9 P 687:7 @ ¡vS5 7=7:¾ D y±7 @ S DGS A D ù 7K687 @ S A DGy±7 @ 9ED [ @ 9 [ M9 P 687:7 @ [ 7 @ D @ L >"@A b > 6ED [q 9S!5 7:9 [ M 5 A 6 [ ¡ P 5 PKX [ @ 7:9 dih D @ 687Ky [ b >"X ³T5 û [ S > SED [ @c 7K687WD @ DGS87Ky±9 > 687 A Dx9 7K68987 A ³5|y±7 >"@ 9 [ M P8 7KyzD P1>"X 9¨9 P8> 9 5 A 6 [ L7 @ 7K6 [ J D A 7 h 9 [ A D y 5 A 6 [ J D A 7 >"@A 9 [ A D y 9ED X D P1> S87ØD @A Dx9 7K689w7K689 hT>"@A987 g> 6 > S87 A M6 [ y ³~687z9 X 6E6E5³T5y±7 >"@ 9 [ M\S [ ¡!9ES > L7 û [ S > SED [ @dN3 4ØMS87K6 A 7N¡vD @ D @ LS 7Æ9w7 P [ @A> 6E5 XG [ ³~S > D @ 7 A Dx9S D P 7 @ 7 AÚ>"@A > 9 7 A 9ED @ L9EDx7Kb7¤³^7 X S 687:98987:9 3¬@ [q 6¤9ES A 5 7 > 989 y±7 A S g> SS 7|987 P [ @A> 6E5 XGêP [ @ 9EDx9ES89 [ M >$/2F~/2 yzD J S 687[ M @ 7 9 g>" 7K689 >"@A y > L > ½:D @ 7:9 3 7D @ >"@A [ S 7K6¤DGy 6EDGSEDx7:9 > 687|M [q @A D @ S 7 > 9ES87 > S87K6|7ix 7 @ S [ 6¤D @ S 79 X A L7=S g> S¥Dx9¤987 @ SS [ S 7=³ [ D X 7K6 [q 9w7 ~XY>"@ S¤M [ 6³ 6 @ D @ L 6 [ 987 3?> ³ X 7 Z ± 687:987 @ S89S 7¥D @ b7 @ S [ 6E5 A> S > [ MS 7 A 7N¡vD @ D @ L ~XY>"@ SD @ Q P 7 @g> 6ED [ 9 $ h >"@AR¶h M [ 6WS 7 @g> 6E6 [ >"@A D A 7Æ9E59ES87Ky ³ [q @A> 6EDx7:9 3
nkvwv o2qSrßts ^ )ð j
2 nkvwv o2qSrßts ^zÜy,QN.ªF<[NN EªF¤£¡q+Êd[t=¤£NM¡^d£N¤¡^:¤ª¤ yEE,&O§yE.£^&L<ªF mp<l Eª)¤£¡qJD\[t¬@ S Dx9987 P SED [ @ S 7¨³ [ D X 7K6 [q 987 ~XY>"@ S cU\¶d>"@A S 7 @g> S 6 >"X L > 9¸¡ 687 AP [ y|³~D @ 7 AP 5 PKX 7 [ 7K6 ~XY>"@ S c Ò ¨dØ> 687 687:9w7 @ S87 AA\ 7¥y > 989 >"@A 7 J 7K6EL/5(D @~ S ;"[q S SD @ b7 @ S [ 6E5 A> S > M [ 6S 7:9w7 ~XY>"@ S89 >"X [ @ 7 >"@A S [ L7KS 7K6 > 687|L/DGb7 @ D @> ³ X 7:9 Z ð ¡ Z >"@AR?> ³ X 7 Zkj h 687:9 7 P SEDGb7 X 5 S [UEE Q [ L¯ yzD XGXnh S > y [q @ S [ M\S y >"X @ L @ , A A S [ y >"@ M >qP S wE@ g>" D 8[ A P A ³VS E, S* ,±[ M¤³ [ D X E F·c¸)d S [ ³ > E; [&[ A > S ³ [ D X EÖ[ M >¥>"@A±/Bê P1>"g>qP DGS* h E, P SEDGb X c S E S?³ [ D X g> >û D A D E A³ AAh D X S XY> SES [ @ g> > y [ bTD @ LL DGS d « c d [ @ W X P S D P ³ [ D X ¨[ M >¤H¥BêP1>"g>qP DGSY h¨cOd>"@A [ @ [ D X ³ [ D X ¥[ M > Bê P1>"g>qP DGSY Æ ³ [ D X [q zE ~XY>"@ Sg> > ³ >qP ¡ E,EE wEk S > yS w ³~D @ h D Pw±P1>"@ L @ > S 0 X P S D P DGSY|M 8[ y S DGL E,E8 wE;8 > ¡ > S w > S A S > y cF ³ > h/H 0 Z d [ ³~S > D @ A D @ S ³ [ D X E ? [ A> hS D 0 S > y S w ³~D @ D @ [ S [ > S AAÖ D D S E > 8[ @ [q w S A A [, @ [ SP [ @ D A E A DGSM [U S P1>"XxP XY> SED [ @ ?> ³ X zZ ð L/DGb , S D @ b @ S [U A> S > [ M¨S ³ [ D X [q zE ~XY>"@ S¤D @ Q P @g> D [ $ h >"@AR¶h M [U S @g> J8[ >"@A D A ] S y ³ [q @A> D , @g> S w >"X L > ¡ E AP [ y|³~D @ AP PKX [ ~XY>"@ S D Pw D S > @> S M >qP D X DGSYM [U X P S D P DGS*ÆL @ > SED [ @ D @A 8[ µ P S > S [UEE Q [ L¯ yzD XGXn 8[ µ P S g> ³ , @( 8[ [E A S [ ³ P [ @ S E P S A D @ S @ J S < > E <¬ S S P8~@ D P1>"XA S > D X > E S @ [ S @ [ @< E M [UE h S D @ b @ S [U A> S > [ M-S Ò ¨ > Ö[ ³~S > D @ A M 8[ yZ g>" S |>"@A ~ @A D J E > > EE y A S g> SS > y [q @ S [ M X P S D P DGS*@ , A A M [U S g>" 8[ A P SED [ @h > S > S >"@A > S g>" S E > SEy @ S >"@A > S g>" D @P D @ > SED [ @ D Ø[ ³~S > D @ A M 8[ y S Ò Ö?> ³ X Z L/DGb , S D @ b @ S [U A> S > [ MS @g> S w >"X L > ¡ E AP [ y³~D @ AP PKX [ ~XY>"@ SD @ Q P @g> D [ $ h >"@AR¶h M [U S @g> J8[ >"@A D A S y ³ [q @A> D , ?> ³ X ZkjdE yzy > D E, S E,E X S z[ ³~S > D @ A D @ ?> ³ X ,Z ðÚ>"@A Z D @ [U A S [[ ³~S > D @ S A> S > M [U S @ L P [ @ b E D [ @ E P S [U D @ S \ S y
nkvwv o2qSrßts ^
nkvwv o2qSrßts ^
nkvwv o2qSrßts ^
H nkvwv o2qSrßts ^±ï Np¤ ¦¡p¤¡<D¡:<¤¡¢§ &£¡ EªF¤£¡Qq>ss3[t¬@ S D E P SED [ @ S 8[ P ,I A , P D SED [ @ [ M > S > S S E > SEy @ S ~XY>"@ S cíÅWdD E,E @ S AA< > EE y SED [ @ >"@A S M [U y XY> M [U S 9 J L P1>"XxP XY> SED [ @ [ MS Pw yzD P1>"X >"@A yzD E D [ @ S g> S > E g> S [ MÖS > S > S P [ y [ DGSED [ @Õ> E >"X 8[L/DGb @Ö D @ b @ S [U A> S > [ MS D ~XY>"@ SD @ Q P @g> D [ $ h >"@AǶè> E E,I @ S AD @> ³ X ØZ <o ,E A> S > E P [ XGX P S A M 8[ yèS > S > S S E > SEy @ SM >qP D X DGSY> S [UEE Q [ L¯ yzD XGXn M [ XGX [ D @ L > EE y SED [ @ >"@A DGy ~X D gP1> SED [ @ E zE A M [U S P1>"XxP XY> SED [ @ [ M J L [ MD @~ S >"@A [q S Sy > S D >"Xû [ FÚc¸)d S > S > P [ @ D A E Aò> >û D AP [ @ S > D @ D @ L P [ y [ @ @ S [ MWS y >"X J L c > S dÆ>"@A·Pw yzD P1>"X J Lc [U L >"@ D P y > SES kE E,E @ S A ³ Z ¼ ® >"@AUؼ ® h~ [ ~ [UE z c
td¨>"@A@ DGS 8[ L @
ctdEdih<c d S [ J L P [ @ S @ S [ M PKX >"@ > S >"@A @P [ @ S > yzD @g> S A·@ S D @ S D @ [ S , SEDGy > S AAWcOd 9 J L y|³ [ A D A D @ ³ D XxA D @ L >"@A S 9 J L @ , A A M [U
~XY>"@ Sy > D @ S @g>"@P > E] J~PKX A A M 8[ y S ] J L P1>"XxP XY> SED [ @ cHTd ] S y³ [q @A> [ M W D A > @> 8[q @A S ~XY>"@ S > S > S S g> S P [ y , M 8[ y S [&[ A > AAh S y [ ¡vy Pwg>"@ D P1>"X XG D @ L~XY>"@ S h´>"@Ag>" y > D @ L ~XY>"@ S g> > S y > S wEz[ M 0 Z ^ D S y > S wED A D ù E @ SM 8[ yS > b > L >"@~@ >"X @ bTD 8[ @ y @ S >"X S y > S wE c
T0
0 Z di D y >"@ S g> SS V J L P [ @ S @ S [ MS > S > S h~A z S [ DGS > S P [ @ S @ S hD A D ù E @ S\M 8[ y ½ 8[ Ö S y >"X J L P [ @ S @ S cEthermal
wastewater
d [ M > S > S > P1>"XxP XY> S Aê> F
Ethermalwastewater = Q(1 − T
0
T − T0
ln(T
T0
))c Z < ¡ )d
EQ = mcp(T − T
0)
c Z < ¡ d¶ E h
QD S S y >"X @ L û [ [ M > S > S c D @ dih
mD S y > E û [ > S [ M > S > S c D @ L / dih>"@A cp D S [ P D gP > S P1>"g>qP DGS* [ M > S c D @a
/ L di S y > S wE P8g>"@ L =[ M > S > S @ DGS g> EE, S 8[q L S S E > SEy @ S~XY>"@ SD 9 y >"XGXn¬ S > > EE y A S g> S\S J L X [E A z > S J~P8g>"@ L ³ S , @ > S > S >"@AÑ [ S > S D D @ DGL @ D gP1>"@ S Õ¬@C>qA~A DGSED [ @h DGS > > E8 y A S g> SS d J L A y >"@A M [U > D D @ LCS > D S y > S wE D @ S ³ D XxA D @ L D >"X 8[D @ DGL @ D gP1>"@ S ¤¶ [ b h S > D D @ S ³ D XxA D @ L ¥[ MÖS S E > SEy @ S ~XY>"@ S P1>"@ ³ P [&[ X A·A [ @VA z S [ > S b >" [U > SED [ @ D y >"@ S g> SÆS S y >"X @ LM [U > SED @ L=S ³ D XxA D @ L P1>"@ ³ DGy [U S >"@ S h>"@A>"X 8[ h S W J L X [EE XY> S A S [
nkvwv o2qSrßts ^ S 8[ A P SED [ @h´A D S DG³ SED [ @C>"@A JPwg>"@ L ±[ MS y >"X @ L z E > E >"X 8[ J L X [EE, @ S S E > S A > S > S D kE X > E A D @ S [ S > S 0E,E b [ D ,E\ J L X [EE, E @ [ S P [ @ D A E A D @ S ] S A
f<¦ oNtu/ik¸s=kqtOurq_g]h±r/O!oKti> D >"@AÚ>"@ M \ Ò¤[ A>c¸ j d [ A S g> SS S >"@ ¡A> AòPw yzD P1>"X J L [ M [U L >"@ D P y > SES D @ > S > S P1>"@ ³ Q, SEDGy > S A ³c¶ XGX S y jj ð/dNF
Eorganic matter = 13.7 TOD [kJ/l]c Z < ¡ d
E TOD D S S :[UE SED P1>"X [ J TL @A y >"@A [ M > S > S ¨¶ XGX S y c¸ jj ð/d[ ³~S > D @ AÕ> b >"X z=[ M 1o a
/LM [U S Pw yzD P1>"X J L [ MÖS P8 yzD P1>"X [ J &L @
A y >"@Ac Z ¼ ® d y > SES h->"@A> b >"X zÆ[ M a/LzM [U S Pw yzD P1>"X J L [ MS
³~D [ P8 yzD P1>"X [ J &L @=A y >"@AÇcUؼ ® d y > SES P [ @ S DG³ SED [ @ [ MS A D X SED [ @ [ MZ ¼ ® >"@AÇUؼ ®èy > SES D @ S [ wE > S > @ [ S P [ @ D A E A M [U S P1>"XxP XY> SED [ @[ M´S J L [ M > S > S ¨ \ J L P [ @ S @ S [ M > S > S > P1>"XxP XY> S AP [ @ D A D @ L [ @~X S S y > S wE P [ @ S DG³ SED [ @h I, I ¾ Z < ¡
f<¦ oNtu/iÑk¸s|mgª&k"!mgª&kqtNRrq_pÕ_]tEk8uoK_ Ѭ S > > E8 y A S g> S >"XGXW@ DGS 8[ L @ J D S > > yzy [ @ D y c¶ +4
d¤>"@A>"XGXÖ~ [ ~ [UE z > ~ [ ~g> S D [ @ c¶¼42− diz S >"@A> AÕPw yzD P1>"X J L [ M > yzy [ @ D y D G a
/y [ X >"@A M [U ¶¥¼
42− D
1"HzG a/y [ X c QT½ > L S S >"Xn j / di
f<¦ oNtu/i kEsÑhNªoN]Oh8rqjüi [ y > D @ P8 yzD P1>"X >"@A [ @ > J D X D > y > S D >"X±> E SED X D E A·> S¥S íÅWa´ > E S X DGy c Z >¼¥dÆ>"@A S Ô c S ¬ >"X ¡yzD @ D y > X
2c Q ¼
4d −3
Jc¸KH ¡ 1dÖ¶2¼ >"@Aoeð S ¬ D 8[ @Ç> ²
2c Q ¼
4d3J j ¶
2¼¥dih
>"@A S ¥[U L >"@ D P| [ X &y E h E, P SEDGb X P8 yzD P1>"X J L/D ,[ M?S ,E P8 yzDl¡P1>"X E P [ XGX P S A M 8[ y QT½ > L S S >"Xnc¸ j / di¼ L >"@ D P¥ [ X &y E > E S* D P1>"XGX PKXY> E D A> X [ @ Lq¡ P8g> D @ [U L >"@ D P y [ X P X , DGS y [ X P XY> DGL S ³ S , @V< 4 >"@AÕ< 10 ¨ \ J L P [ @ S @ S [ M [U L >"@ D PÆ [ X ¡y E D DGL ~X P [UJE XY> S A S [ S > y [q @ S [ M [ J &L @hT@ DGS 8[ L @(>"@A E XG~ w D @ S y [ X P X , QT½ > L S S >"Xnc¸ j / d L > b S b >"X z,[ M S >"@A> A=P8 yzD P1>"X J L¤M [UE b >"X [U L >"@ D P¤P [ y [q @A Ö¬@ S D 0 S A h S P8 yzD P1>"X J L/D ,W[ M´S ¤[U L >"@ D P [ X Ty E E], SEDGy > S A S [ ³ S > y cH a / L [ X &y di
f<¦ oNtu/ik¸sNjü~p1uo,Õ > EE y A S g> SS E y [ b AC~ [ ~ [UE z D E P D DGS > S A DGS Z > 2+ [U X 3+ >"@A S E y > D @ D @ L P8 yzD P1>"X M [U y A 8[ J D A , >"@AÕP1> ³ [ @ ¡> S , P8 yzD P1>"X J L/D ,[ MWS ,E P8 yzD P1>"X E P1>"XxP XY> S A M 8[ y QT½ > L S S >"XnÆc¸ j / di M [ XGX [ D @ L P8 yzD P1>"X J L/D , EÕ[ ³~S > D @ AF a / LÑM [UZ >
3c¼
4d2h< a
/L(M [U Xx¼
4h<< a
/LM [U|Z > Z ¼
3h< a
/L(M [U X!cv¼¶¤d
3h
nkvwv o2qSrßts ^>"@AÇH a
/LzM [U ² cv¼¶¥d
3
Ö[U L >"@ D P y > SES D @ X A L > > EE y A S [ ³ E,E @ S > P XGX X [I c Z 12¶
24¼
12d
[U > P XGX SED IE z c Z5¶
7¥¼
2d=c¶ XGX S y jj ð/diz P8 yzD P1>"X J L [ M P XGX ¡
X [E D eð a / L c QT½ > L S S >"Xn\ j / dih D X S g> S [ M P XGX SED EE z D /o a / Lc¶ XGX S y jj ð/di?> ³ X =Z < L/DGb , S D @ b @ S [U A> S > [ M<S > S > S S E > SEy @ S ~XY>"@ SD @ Q P ¡@g> D [ $ h >"@AR¶h M [U S @g> J8[ >"@A D A S y ³ [q @A> D ,
nkvwv o2qSrßts ^ ð
/ nkvwv o2qSrßts ^±ïïNp¤ ¦¡< G¤ &¡:<¤¡¢§ &£¡ EªF¤£¡q>s 3[t¬@ S D E P SED [ @>= 8[ P ,E A , P D SED [ @ [ MS > S g>" S E > SEy @ S ~XY>"@ SØD E S E,E @ S AAÖ @h S D @ b @ S [U A> S > M [U S D ~XY>"@ SD @ Q P @g> D [ $ h >"@A¶ > EL/DGb @ D @ê> ³ X Z / > S g>" S E > SEy @ S ~XY>"@ S cÅÖWd´P [ @ D S ?[ M 8[U SED @ L >"@A ³ >"X , E,E D @ L[ MS > S g>" P [ XGX P S A M 8[ y S [q zE [ XxA D @· 8[ @A DGy ±> S g>" hA X DGb E A ³þL > ³ > L S E P m h D A y A [ @ S SED ~ D @ L û [&[U[ MÆS S [U > L ³ D XxA D @ L E >"@ @ [ @ ¡ g>" DGS yD WE y [ b AA¤ @h S > S g>" D E @ SS [ > y > L @ SED P E g> > SED [ @h>"@Aj@g>"XGX h S [ > y >"@ >"X P E, @ D @ L ± X P S D P DGS*A y >"@A M [U S D ~XY>"@ SD 0E ~~X D A ³S @g> S w >"X L > ¡ E A( [ ~XY>"@ S X [ P1> S A> S [UEE Q [ L¯ yzD XGX¨c E, ~ @A D J Z di?> ³ X =Z / L/DGb , S D @ b @ S [U A> S > [ MS > S g>" S E > SEy @ S ~XY>"@ SØD @ Q P ¡@g> D [ $ h >"@AR¶h M [U S @g> J8[ >"@A D A S y ³ [q @A> D ,
nkvwv o2qSrßts ^ j
j nkvwv o2qSrßts ^±ï~¢N §dG£NF<F G¤ªp¤ ¦¡c.£N<.£^&,¤¡¢F£H Eª)¤£¡QqT|rs¡Æ[t¬@ S D kE P SED [ @h>| 8[ P ,E A , P D SED [ @ [ M´S y @ D P D g>"X > S D @P D @ > SED [ @R~XY>"@ SD E,E @ S AAê D @ b @ S [U A> S > M [U S D ~XY>"@ S=D @ Q P @g> D [ $ h >"@AѶ > E>"X 8[ L/DGb @ D @> ³ X Z M >qP D X DGS* [ My @ D P D g>"X > S D @P D @ > SED [ @(P [ @ D S ¨[ M^S E,VI P SED [ @ FP [ y|³ z ¡SED [ @h S y >"X @ L E P [ b >"@Aû z L > S E > SEy @ S P [ y³ z SED [ @ E P SED [ @g> S E, g> >"XGX X¨X D @ , h >qPw DGS >(P1>"g>qP DGS* [ M S [ @~@ [q w ¼@ X D @ D M [U D @P D @ > SED [ @ [ M > S g>" h D X S ¤[ S S [ > E M [U y > E P [ y³ z SED [ @[ M¥M [T[ A > S >"@A [ S [q zE [ XxA >"@A D @A z S D >"X > S , P [ y³ z SED [ @E P SED [ @ M [U > S g>" D Pwg> >qP S D E A ³ > y [ ³~D X L > S P [ @ D SED @ L [ M > E ¡ D ,[ M >"X S @g> S ~J AC>"@A y [ ³~D X ³ > E E S > S g>" M z X @A L [m,P [ y³ z SED [ @ L > S D P [&[ X A ³ > S D @P S X [ > SED @ LVb >"X zR[ M > S g>" D DGL S g>"@ S g> S [ MÖS yzD J A > S , c¸)ð b BÚa / L di M w @g>qP D A DGb&D A A D @ S E, ½ [ @ , F S M , A D @ L½ [ @ h S P @ S >"X ½ [ @ c EP [ y³ z SED [ @ S > , ~XY>qP dih?>"@A S @g>"X ½ [ @ c E S > , > E A D P1> A Agdi¬@ S P [ y|³ z SED [ @ ½ [ @ S >"X S @g> S y [ b y @ S [ M³ > E >"XGX [ S [ g> b > L [&[ AyzD J D @ L [ M > S S g> SÆD ] J [E A S [ û> y >qA D > SED [ @ L > S D D @PKX D @ A ³< o D @ [U A S [ @ E wE >P [ @ SED @ [q z y [ b y @ S [ M¨S > S ¤ P [ y³ z SED [ @ 8[ P ,E D P [ @ S 8[ XGX A ³(S > D @ LD @ S [ >qP:P [q @ S F S S > y y > E û [ h S |[ J TL @>"@A(P1> ³ [ @ y [ @ [ J D A P [ @P @ S > SED [ @ D @ S û z L > h S P [ y|³ z SED [ @ S y > ¡S wE >"@Aû> y X @ L/S [ b S L > S < û z L > >qP D A S E > SEy @ SWD A [ @ ³ >E yzD A P E ³~³ h D PwÕP [ @ D S [ M > M > ³ D P7X S M [UWE y [ b&D @ L û > , >"@A> I X P SEDGb P1> S >"X &SED P E A P SED [ @ @ DGSWM [UVE y [ b >"X [ M @ DGS 8[ L @ [ J D A , >"@A [U L >"@ D PyzD P 8[ ¡ [ XGX S >"@ S P E ³~³ ¥ zI, >X DGy 8[ X SED [ @ D @ > S S g> S¥D > AP [q @ S P wJE @ S X DGS [ S û z L > > S D S [ S >"XGX òb >" [U D I AAh D P8y >"@ S g> S @ [ > S x z @ SS E > SEy @ SD @ P ,I > ?> ³ X Z L/DGb , S D @ b @ S [U A> S > [ M¨S y @ D P D g>"X > S D @P D @ > SED [ @·~XY>"@ SD @ Q P @g> D [ $ h >"@AR¶h M [U S @g> J8[ >"@A D A ] S y ³ [q @A> D ,
nkvwv o2qSrßts ^ j
j nkvwv o2qSrßts ^±ï£ N>¡:¤£N ,¡¤¡¢F£ä£^<¡Ip¢qJt¬@ S D E P SED [ @ S A D S >"@P , M [U S S >"@ [U S > SED [ @ [ M g>" >"@A > S g>" > E E,E @ S AA¨ D @ b @ S [U A> S > [ MS S >"@ [U S > SED [ @ D @ Q P @g> D [ $ h >"@A¶> E L/DGb @ D @R?> ³ X =Z 1o¬ S > > E8 y A S g> S¥S P [ @ L w > SED [ @ [ MS >"@ [U S > SED [ @·@ S [UE D S > y D @ >qPw P @g> D [ > S g>" Ww[q w P ]8[U SED @ L [ M<S > S g>" > > EE y A[ @~X D @ S P1> Iz[ M > S g>" E P PKX D @ L h>"@AÕ@ [ SÆD @ S P1> E±[ M > S g>" D @P D @ > SED [ @¼@ ¡ DGS S [UEE Q [ L¯ yzD XGXc@g> J8[ S yè³ [q @A> dih> S >"@ [U S A D S >"@P [ M o~ y S [ @~@ @ D @ S g>" 8[ A P A > > EE y AAV² [U S D A S y ³ [q @A> h S S >"@ [U S > SED [ @@ S [UE$ S > S @ S @ D @ S g>" D S >"@ [U S A M 8[ y S [UE8 Q [ L¯ yzD XGX S [ 8[ @A DGy \ M [ XGX [ D @ L S D @ S S >"@ [U S > SED [ @ê@ S [UE E P [ @ D A E AF
W² 8[ y [UE8 Q [ L¯ yzD XGX S [ 8[ @A DGy h S S >"@ [U S A D S >"@P D y h~X z y y S* E S w @\ D S >"@ [U SØD A [ @ DGS A D ,E X S E P m[ M > S [ @~@ , P1>"g>qP DGSY
W² 8[ y÷S P [ XGX P SED [ @Ñ [ D @ S PKX [E S [ S [q zI [ XxA D @Ñ 8[ @A DGy S [ S > S g>" S E > SEy @ S ~XY>"@ S cÅÖWd D @ÚB XG z h S S >"@ [U S A D S >"@P D y h¨~X z y y S* E S w @ D S >"@ [U SzD A [ @ ³CL > ³ > L S E P o DGS ê>(< S [ @~@ , P1>"g>qP DGS*
oW² 8[ y S P [ XGX P SED [ @ [ D @ S¨S [ S y @ D P D g>"X > S g>" D @P D @ > SED [ @~XY>"@ ScBŬ\dih S S >"@ [U S A D S >"@P D < y h"~X z < y y SY E S w @ D S >"@ [U SD A [ @ ³ A D ,E X S E P m[ M > S [ @RP1>"g>qP DGS*
® > S > [ @ S £E,8[q w P zE >"@A yzD E D [ @ E XY> S A S [ S S >"@ [U S @ S [UE ³y >"@ ±[ My A D y¡ DG½ AòA D ,E X S E P m c S [ @d E S > @ M 8[ y U , c di > S [U PKXY> DGy A S g> SS > y [q @ S [ M J L @ S|D @ E P8 S E P m D oG1"HBÚaA D ,E X J L L [ M g>" =[U > S g>" = y÷S >"@ [U S A D S >"@P cU ,W di\ P8 yzD P1>"X J L [ M<S A D ,E X M z X DGS Ú>"@ê> EE y A > SED [[ M¶/Z j h¼ / Z go h>"@A Q / Z go HTðmh > P1>"XxP XY> S Aê> c [ S > j dNF
nkvwv o2qSrßts ^ j
Echemdiesel = LHVdieselψ + 9417S [kJ/kg diesel]
c Z 1 ¡ )d
E
ψ = 1.0401 + 0.1728H
C+ 0.0432
O
C+ 0.2169
S
C(1 − 2.0629
H
C) [−]
c Z 1 ¡ d
>"@ALHVdiesel = 42.7 [kJ/kg diesel]
c Z 1 ¡ d M [ XGX [ D @ L X DlM ¡ P PKX yzD E D [ @ M [U[ @ =Ò aA D ,E X J L E P1>"XxP XY> S A ³U , c dNF L P1> ³ [ @ÑA D [ J D A hoGKH L A 8[ P1> ³ [ @ h~"H/H L @ DGS 8[ L @y [ @ [ J D A hoo ð L P1> ³ [ @ y [ @ [ J D A hwo~/ L g> SED P XY> S y > SES E cU ,9 di® > S > [ @ D @ S @g>"XP [ y|³ z SED [ @ @ L/D @ J L P [ @ b E D [ @ ÓP D @P , SEDGy > S ES > @ M 8[ y¤' E, c di ¬@ S D [UE h¥>"@ J L P [ @ b E D [ @ ÓP D @P [ M ~O¬ > P1>"XxP XY> S A M [U > M z X ¡ > D H ¡ P PKX S E P @ L/D @ S g> S=D [ > S AC> S > , A [ M y >"@AÇ>"@R> b > L P [ y E,E D [ @ > SED [[ M < ÓP D @P b >"X z > ¥[ ³~S > D @ A> MS \E ³~S >qP SED [ @ [ M¨D @ S @g>"X @ L/D @ M D P SED [ @ÕX [EE, h S >"@ yzD E D [ @X [EI, h S @g>"X S*=M [U b > D > ³ X X [ >qA D @ S [ ¡ S > S w ³ >"@A DGb&D @ L h&>"@A S X [EE,D @ S 8[ A P A ³ X DGL SED @ L h > SED @ L >"@AR> D P [ @A DGSED [ @ D @ L ?> ³ X ¥Z 1 L/DGb , S D @ b @ S [U A> S > [ M´S S >"@ [U S > SED [ @Ç@ S [UE D @ Q P @g> D [$ h >"@AǶh M [U S @g> J8[ >"@A D A ³ [q @A> D ,
j H nkvwv o2qSrßts ^
nkvwv o2qSrßts¥ j ujvwvTxyzw|W¦ §¨xL¨x<¥EzyU |Ox?|^yjw,xz |[y¨x¥¥Ezx3vSvTx©z?|[y©¥vOpx" [ @ S g>"XG >"@A @ S 8[ P8g>"@ L , M [U > S ³ S , @ S S > S , D @ S g>" , S >"@A S > D @ > S [ S g>" V , S E w M >qP hg> E
∆H = ∆sorH + ∆vapH +
∫ Tair
Tp
C in airp,H2O dT
c ®¡ )d>"@A
∆S = −∆sorH
Tp− R
MH2Oln(Θ(w, Tp)) +
∆vapH
Tp
− R
MH2Oln
(
pin airH2O
p∗
)
+
∫ Tair
Tp
C in airp,H2O
TdT. (D − 2)
\8[U SED [ @ @ S g>"XG [ M X Dx¾ D A > S S [ g>" D
∆sorH = −R∂lnΘ(w, Tp)
∂(1/Tp).
c ®¡ d
A ,8[U SED [ @ D 8[ S y [ M g>" c >"~X¨ j d D
Θ(w, Tp) =p∗pp∗
= exp(β1Tp − β2),c ®¡ HTd
E β1>"@A
β2 E A S yzD @ A ³ > X Ew[ @>"@A Q [ D @ D @ @Vc¸ j d
β1 = exp(−15.03w − 1.37√w − 3.14),
c ®¡ d
β2 = exp(−13.53w − 2.90√w + 2.9).
c ®¡ dë D @ L Z XY> z D z ¡ Z XY>" 8[ @ ¯ E XY> SED [ @h S \ b >" [U > SED [ @ @ S g>"XG RD
∆vapH = −R∂ln(p∗/p)
∂(1/Tp),
c ®¡ ð/d
E S ] ¾ D X DG³ D y b >" [q w E,IE wE > L/DGb @ ³ ?> [ E D S >"Xn´c¸ jj )dW>
j n;vwv o2qSrßts¥
p∗(Tp) = 0.133 × 103 exp(18.303 − 3816.44
Tp − 46.13).
c ®¡ d
> S P1>"g>qP DGS* [ M g>" D S > @Ú>
Cp,p = Cp,dry−p + wCp,H2O,c ®¡ j d
E Cp,dry−pD S [ P D gP > S P1>"g>qP DGSY [ M A g>" Æ D XG X y E8[ @ S >"Xn
c¸ jj HTd 8 L/L , S A S g> SØS > S P1>"g>qP DGS* [ M @ D @ SD /za / L
nkvwv o2qSrßtsª j ðujvwvTxyzw|W¬«D]§¨x¨x ?OUy:+xLExw®g |xy^O :xz |y ¨xÞ¥Ezx3vSvTx©z?|[y©¥vOpx" > SS >"@ M P [ ÓP D @ S ³ S , @(P X D @A >"@Azg>" E P1>"XxP XY> S A DGS > E XY> SED [ @ L/DGb @ ³ ; [ A D z >"@A Ò¤[ SES P8 D @ L c¸ j ð j d
hcyl−p = 1556.6w + 52.87.cI ¡ )d
> SWS >"@ M P [ ÓP D @ S ³ S , @ S g>" , S >"@AÇ> D E P1>"XxP XY> S AM 8[ y S M [ XGX [ D @ L E XY> SED [ @ L/DGb @ ³ ¬!@P 8[ >Ú>"@A· DGSES c¸ j diÇ @ S g>" , SØD X [ P1> S A ³ S , @ S [ P X D @A E h S > SØS >"@ M P [m ÓP D @ SD
hp−air =κ
Dcyl
0.3 +0.62Re
1/2D Pr1/3
[
1 +(
0.4Pr
)2/3]1/4
[
1 +
(ReD
282000
)5/8]4/5
.cI ¡ d
@ S g>" , SWD D @RP [ @ S >qP S DGS P X D @A h S > SØS >"@ M P [m ÓP D @ SD
hp−air =κ
l
(
0.664Re1/2l Pr1/3
) cI ¡ d
@ Rel < ×105 h>"@A DGSWD
hp−air =κ
lPr1/3
(
0.037Re4/5l − 871
) cI ¡ HTd
@ Rel > 5 × 105 ; @ [ XxA >"@A >"@A S X´@ y|³ E E A S yzD @ A ³
ReD =v Dcyl
νRel =
v l
νPr =
Cpµ
κ.
cI ¡ d
XGX^~ D P1>"X 8[ SED ,Ø[ MS L > ~g> I cCphκhµ>"@A
νd> E P1>"XxP XY> S A> SWS
X y S y > S wE cO> b > L |[ MTair
>"@ATpdi
