analysis of waste management in local area
TRANSCRIPT
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Submitted By: Supervisors:
1. Avnish Kumar 10CC17A19011 Dr. Thallada Bhaskar
2. Bijoy Biswas 10CC17A19003 Dr. Thallada Bhaskar
3. Jyoti Gahtori 10CC17A19002 Dr. Ankur Bordoloi
4. Neha Sharma 10CC17A19006 Dr. Anjan Ray
5. Sonu Bhandari 10CC17A19007 Dr. Rajaram Bal
Analysis of waste management
in local area
PROJECT REPORT
As a part of the requirement for the partial fulfillment of the course work
of
CSIR-Harnessing Appropriate Rural Interventions and Technologies
(HARIT)
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Table of contents
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………3-4
2. Composition and characteristics of solid waste……………………………………..5
3. Waste generation and collection in KV IIP………………………………………...6
4. Waste generation and collection in Garh Vihar Phase2……………………………..7
5. Overall assessment of generated waste……………………………………………...8-9
5.1 Locality
5.2 Comparative assessment of the common waste generated in KV and Colony
6. Segregation…………………………………………………………………………..9-11
7. Collection…………………………………………………………………………….11
8. Inferences made from the data generated……………………………………………11-12
8.1 KV-IIP
8.2 Garh Vihar Phase2
9. Waste minimization methods…………………………………………………………12-17
9.1 Biological treatment
9.1.1 Aerobic composting
9.1.2 Anaerobic composting
9.2 Thermal treatment
9.2.1 Gasification
9.2.2 Pyrolysis
9.2.3 Torrefication
9.2.4 Hydrothermal treatment
10. Conclusions and Recommendations………………………………………………..18-19
References…………………………………………………………………………….19-20
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1. Introduction:
Waste is mainly a by-product of consumer-based lifestyles that drive much of the world’s
economies. In most cities, the quickest way to reduce waste volumes is to reduce economic
activity—not generally an attractive option. However different types of waste can be
categorised and can be managed in different ways as shown in the mind map below:
Solid waste is the most visible and pernicious by-product of a resource-intensive, consumer-
based economic lifestyle. Greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution and endocrine
disruptors are similar by-products to our urban lifestyles. The long term sustainability of
today’s global economic structure is beyond the scope of this paper. However, solid waste
Mind Map
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managers need to appreciate the global context of solid waste and its interconnections to
economies and local and global pollution.
Solid waste is inevitably linked to urbanization and economic development. As countries
urbanize, their economic wealth increases. As standards of living and disposable incomes
increase, consumption of goods and services increases, which results in a corresponding
increase in the amount of waste generated. In the present scenario, generally Solid waste is
considered as an ‘urban’ issue. Waste generation rates tend to be much lower in rural areas
since, on average, residents are usually poorer, purchase fewer store-bought items (which
results in less packaging), and have higher levels of reuse and recycling. Today, more than 50
percent of the world’s population lives in cities, and the rate of urbanization is increasing
quickly. By 2050, as many people will live in cities as the population of the whole world in
2000. This will add challenges to waste disposal. Citizens and corporations will likely need to
assume more responsibility for waste generation and disposal, specifically, product design
and waste separation. Also likely to emerge will be a greater emphasis on ‘urban mining’ as
the largest source of materials like metal and paper may be found in cities.
The main objective of this Report is to provide current waste (mainly solid waste) generation,
composition, collection, and disposal data by locality. The long term sustainability of today’s
global economic structure is beyond the scope of this report. However, solid waste managers
need to appreciate the global context of solid waste and its interconnections to economies and
local and global pollution.
The present work is mainly focused on analysis of solid waste generated in a local area (KV-
IIP, Garh Vihar phase 2) & the technique employed for seggregation of generated waste.
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2. Composition and characteristics of the solid waste:The present report makes projections
for Solid waste generation in 2018-19, based on expected population and economic growth
rates in Mohkampur, Dehradun. The whole survey was done in two areas (KV-IIP and Garh
Vihar phase2). According to the survey following observations were made: 1) KV-IIP: The
visit was made by our team and according to the observations made on field trials. The solid
waste generated in Kendriya Vidyalaya consists of different types which are categorised in
the table below:
Types of waste in School Techniques : Already employed for waste
minimization
1. Paper Separate dustbin
2. Plastic Banned in the campus
3. Thermocols Coverted to Glue by chemical reactions at lab
scale
4. Aluminium sheet Converted to Alum/Al2(SO4)3 (by reacting with
Sulfuric acid)
5. Chemical waste Not generated much (as their usage is very less)
6. Leaves and peeled off eatables They are using them as compost
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3. Waste generation and collection in KV:
Fig1: Waste generated in KV
The above pie charts show the percentage of different types of waste generated per person in
15days. There is total number of 1200-1300 peoples in KV-IIP and per person biodegradable
waste generated are paper (10g), leaves and peels (500g) and non-biodegradable waste
generated plastics (0.3 to 0.5g), metals (0.5 to 0.8g) and waste thermocol generation is very
less. Accordingly the data of fifteen days was calculated and converted into percentage which
is shown in fig1. The above data clearly shows the large amount of paper waste generated
which indirectly meant the
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4. Waste generation and collection in Garh Vihar phase2
Fig2: Waste generated in Garh Vihar phase2
The above pie charts show the percentage of different types of waste generated per person in
15days in Garh Vihar phase2. There are total number of 85-95 peoples residing in that area
and per day biodegradable waste generated paper (50-80g), leaves and peels (500g),kitchen
waste (3-5Kg) , Cow dung (6-7Kg) and non-biodegradable waste generated plastics (0.3 to
0.5g) , metals (0.5 to 0.8g). Accordingly the data of fifteen days was calculated and converted
into percentage which is shown in fig2.
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5. Overall assessment of generated waste.
5.1 Locality
The observations made in local area can be visualised clearly indicating worse
management conditions of generated waste as shown in fig3 below.
Fig3: Disposal of waste (a) in open area (b) in field (c) house holding (d) in sewage
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
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5.2 Comparative assessment of the common waste generated in KV and
Garh Vihar colony
There are four types of common waste generated in both the areas and their comparison is
indicating that the metal based waste generated is higher in colony i.e 24.2% in colony
whereas it is about 10.8% in KV. The plastic based waste in colony is about 16.2% and 4.2%
in KV. However the leaves based waste in both these areas is almost same 7.5% and the
paper based waste is 13.5% in colony whereas the same is 12% in KV.
6. Seggregation:
Although the generation of waste with rising globalisation is very high but its segregation
itself is challenging problem which really need to be looked upon for its minimization . This
will indirectly help in reducing the environmental pollution which leads to several health
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issues and ecological disbalances. In this context everybody need to put their individual and
team efforts to rise the awareness and hence contributing in overcoming environmental
issues. Our CSIR-HARIT team looked deeply on this issue at local level and did the survey in
nearby areas (KV and Garh Vihar phase2) and collected some data which is indicated in the
pie chart (fig4) shown the segregation percentage of generated waste in KV and colony i.e
66.67% and 33.3% in KV and colony respectively.
Fig4: Segregation of waste in KV and Garh Vihar colony
Separation of different types of waste according to their class (biodegradable or non
biodedradable. According to the data collected from both areas (KV and Garh Vihar) , it was
found that the awareness of the educational firm is better than the residential area. The KV
people follow proper seggregation management with 100% segregation of the generated
waste whereas colony people need to be more responsive towards this issue.
(a
)
(b) (a)
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Fig5: Segregation of (a) Biodegradable waste (b) Non-bio degradable waste
The segregation of biodegradable and non biodegradable waste generated in KV is shown in
fig5 above that indicates well mannered seperation of generated waste.
7. Collection:
There are 18household in garh Vihar phase 2 and every house has kept single dustbins for
waste disposal . Out of 18 only 2 are active in collection of different categories of waste in
different dustbins which accounts only 11.1% of the segregation from this area. The School
consist of 12classes having 1200 students and about 50 staff members and their management
of collection of different waste need not to be questioned! As they have already have well
equipped supervision.
8. Inferences made from the data generated
8.1 KV-IIP:
According to the observation table, we came to the conclusion that the school is generating
two types of waste i.e, degradable (Paper, Leaves and peeled off eatables) and no
biodegradable (Plastics , Metals, Thermocol). As per discussion with Principal of the school,
they already have maintained an excellent and admirable culture of waste segregation.
Furthermore, they are also recycling and reusing some of the waste i.e;
a. Conversion of waste aluminium to alum by using sulfuric acid and
b. Conversion of thermocols to glue by high temperature reaction with petroleum products)
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8.2 Garh Vihar Phase2:
The colony people are less aware about the waste management techniques and it was found
that overall only 33.3% of segregation , recycle and reuse is being done by people residing in
that area. Special measures need to be followed by the society for best management.
9. Waste minimization methods
Waste can be minimized by common person if they are concern about below
1. Take reusable bags to the grocery store to avoid using their wasteful paper or plastic
options.
2. Avoid individually wrapped items at the store.
3. Consider composting your scraps and food waste rather than throwing it away.
4. When possible, buy items packaged in recyclable materials.
5. Reduce the amount of packaging for products.
6. Eliminate the use of water bottles within your facility.
7. Consider going paperless
8. Start a company-wide recycling program that includes composting.
According to the survey done in colony, we found that few families are really concerned
about this problem and they are recycling and reusing the generated waste e.g Cow dung,
vegetable waste and sewage for low scale farming which is shown in fig6 below:
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Fig6: (a) preparation of compost from cow dung (b) utilization of compost and sewage in
field (c, d) to grow of vegetation
Moreover, the increasing amount of wastes has resulted in a shortage of areas available for
waste disposal, resulting in a non-sustainable waste management. Hence produce waste can
be converted to energy and valuable chemicals. These conversions can be performed using
either biological (e.g., anaerobic digestion) or thermochemical processes (e.g., pyrolysis) and
have been illustrated below.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
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9.1 Biological treatment
It involves the use of microorganisms to convert the waste into wealth. This can be achieved
by various microbial processes for the production of liquid and gaseous fuels. The yield of
these products varies with the composition and source of the waste. It was found that the
waste which consists of high composition of food and vegetable waste are easily degradable
leading to high yield of product. The valuable chemicals can be obtained by the
decomposition of complex polymeric molecules (such as cellulose and proteins) into simpler
ones (such as sugars and amino acids)
9.1.1 Aerobic composting:
The organic matter present in the solid waste is biologically converted into compost under
aerobic conditions [1]. The process can be carried out either intensively or mechanically and
humus is the end product which has high nutrient value. The extent of digestion can be varied
with local conditions until the percentage of degradable solids is reduced to between 20% to
10%.Organic waste such as food, cardboard and horticultural waste is processed into soil
improver or biomass fuel. Organic matter is rapidly consumed by bacteria which convert it
into carbon dioxide, water and a several lower molecular weight organic compounds.
9.1.2 Anaerobic digestion:
Biomethanation process is anaerobic decomposition of biodegradable part of municipal
waste. It is a sustainable technique which is generally opted under subtropical climatic
conditions because they are rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals [1]. The process
leads to energy generation via conversion of organic matter in absence of oxygen with
liberation of biogas. Biogas is a composition of 55-60% methane so it works as a fuel.
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9.2 Thermal treatment
MSW can be converted into valuable fuels/chemicals by the thermochemical conversion
technologies mainly include gasification, pyrolysis torrefaction and hydrothermal treatment.
These methods are characterized by a high temperature and higher conversion rate in
comparison with biochemical processes. All the methods such as gasification, pyrolysis,
hydrothermal treatment and torrefaction are performed without oxygen presence or very less
amount oxygen presence for complete combustion [2]. The reaction operating circumstances
(e.g., temperature, reaction heating rate, reaction holding time and oxygen supply) and the
products (gas, oil/condensable, and char/solid residue) varies between different methods
used. The using of thermochemical methods for MSW over traditional MSW incineration, it’s
increased the energy efficiency, formation of value-added fuels/chemicals, and can also
decreased the environment pollutions [3]. Hence the products obtained from thermochemical
conversion may be appropriate for an extensive range of applications, fuels to fine chemicals.
9.2.1 Gasification:
Gasification is a partial oxidation at high temperature with the presence of lower oxygen in
compression to combustion [2]. The temperature using for the gasification is generally within
the range of 700-1200°C, depending on the reactor type as well as the feedstock (MSW)
composition. The gasification (partial oxidation) can be performed by using different gases
presences (air, oxygen, steam, carbon dioxide), or a mixture of these gases. Gasification
mainly produce syngas, it is a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide,
methane, and other light hydrocarbons. MSW contains the electronic plastic waste, other
metal containing waste; so gasification also produces of undesired components such as alkali
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metals, chlorine, and sulfide. Gasification, a thermochemical conversion process of MSW is
advantageous over incineration of MSW primarily because of producing syngas and that can
be used for fuels/chemicals production, in a conventional burner or coupled to a boiler or a
steam turbine.
9.2.2 Pyrolysis:
Pyrolysis process conducted under inert or in absence of oxygen conditions. The operating
temperature of the pyrolysis method generally using ranging between 300°C and 650°C [4].
The products produce by the pyrolysis are solid char, liquid/condensable gases and a lower
amount of non-condensable gases. Pyrolysis is a very promising and simple process that can
be used for every waste conversion. It has been extensively used to produce char and liquid
products from biomass and coal [2,5,6]. The pyrolytic liquid can be utilized as a fuel product
(bio-oil) and further bio-oil can upgrading for the synthesis of fine chemicals. The char
produces by the pyrolysis method may be used for energy production, as soil amendment, and
for long-term carbon sequestration as well as the in a number of potential applications. The
products yields and compounds of the products depend on; feedstock properties
(compositions), temperature, and reaction heating rate. Pyrolysis is classified as a slow and
fast pyrolysis on the basis of the reaction heating rate. In fast pyrolysis, mainly produce liquid
and gas product by applying short reaction residence time whereas in slow pyrolysis, mainly
produce solid char product and lower amount of liquid product by applying long reaction
residence time [2].
9.2.3 Torrefication:
Torrefaction is a mild and slow pyrolysis, for this method the temperature range between
200°C and 350°C [7]. The process is operated at atmospheric pressure with an inert or
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without presence of oxygen [8]. The reaction residence time use for this method varies from a
minutes to several hours. In torrefication the feedstock firstly evaporation of moisture,
followed by decompositions. In this process char is the major product which is higher energy
density compare to the feed stock [9]. Torrefaction has advantages as the increase in energy
density, enhanced grindability, decreased the water/ moisture content, and decreased
susceptibility to biological treatment. The torrefication char may be use as high-quality fuel
in various applications including cofiring in power plants, entrained flow gasification, water
purification adsorbent and small-scale combustion facilities [10,2].
9.8 Hydrothermal treatment:
For the gasification, pyrolysis and torrefication, the feedstock/MSW need to be dry to remove
moisture present in the feedstocks which is energy challenging. Hence, we need a method
that can be converting the wet feedstock/MSW to useful product or energy. Thermochemical
technique, such as hydrothermal treatment (HT) is a promising that can convert the wet
feedstock to value-added products. HT is carry out in the existence of subcritical water.
Hence, there is no need for pre-treatment to remove water/moisture from the feedstock/MSW.
Hydrothermal treatment (HT), which is performed in the absence of oxygen or inert
atmosphere [11]. The process involves mixer of feedstock and water together in the reactor at
a temperature range of 150-350°C in a pressure vessel [11]. The product produces from the
HT are liquid and solid char by a series of reactions involves in the reactor including
hydrolysis, dehydration, decarboxylation, and condensation [12]. The liquid in-situ upgraded
in the HT reactor as water present in the reactor act as a catalyst by giving H+ and OH- and
produce high quality liquid compare to the pyrolysis. HT chars can be use as an adsorbent for
organic pollutants, catalyst, in land/soil improvement.
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10. Conclusions and recommendations:
Main component of municipal solid waste (MSW) comprises the biomass material such as
food, paper, wood waste, clothes rage, rubber, plastics and other daily used discarded
materials. Our studies on waste management show that about 58.2% municipal solid waste is
disposed of unscientifically and unmannered way in open dump places which create problems
to public health, the environmental problems and distort the surround aesthetic beauty.
KV and phase-2 produces 10-12Kg of municipal solid waste per day. In comparison to the
KV, phase2 generated much higher amount of waste (65%) while it is 35% in KV. Wastes
generation of KV ranges 0.4 to 0.6 kg whereas waste generation from Garh Vihar phase2 is 2
to 3kg per person per day.
The increasing amount of MSW presents a great challenge for their handling to minimize
their environmental impact. Traditional methods of waste management such as landfills and
burning have a negative environmental impact, and societies are trying to minimize their use.
Novel approaches that turn waste to a valuable product or energy are gaining ground as
methods for waste management. These methods involve both biological and thermochemical
conversions that can be resulted in improved yields of product or energy formation together
with decreased environmental impact. Biological methods include the production of fuels
(e.g., ethanol, biogas, hydrogen, and butanol), biopesticides, oils from microalgae, and
enzymes (such as amylases, carbohydrases, pectinases, and lipases). Thermochemical
methods of MSW utilization involve gasification, pyrolysis, hydrothermal treatment and
torrefaction is a very promising result for the production of valuable chemicals/fuels.
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Recommendations: Citizens and corporations will likely need to pay more attention towards
waste generation and disposal, specifically, product design and waste separation at individual
level.
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