ANALYSIS,PRESENTATION,

INTERPRETATION

OF DATA

- Process of breaking up the whole study into constituent parts of categories.

- To focus the essential features of the study

ANALYSISof data

-Having the same quality or kind

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QUALITATIVE

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QUANTITATIVE

-Grouped according to their quantity

-example: grouped into ages of 10-14, 15-19, etc.

{ }

GEOGRAPHICAL

-Classified according to their location

-example: schools may be groupedby their district or division

{ }

CHRONOLOGICAL

- Classified according to the order of their occurrence

-example: classified according toschool years ‘01-’02, ‘02-’03, etc.

{ }

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Descriptive Statistics:- Measures of central tendency, measures

of variability- Frequency distribution

Inferential Statistics:-Probability, hypothesis testing, statistical

significance

- organizing data into logical, sequential and meaningful categories for study and interpretation.

- Intelligible and interpretable

PRESENTATIONof data

TEXTUALTABULARGRAPHI

CAL

Uses statements with numerals or number to describe data.

Focus to important data

TEXTUAL

Supplement tabular presentation

DISADVATAGES:o Boring to read,

especially if long

oReader may skip statements

Systematic arrangement of related data.

Rows and columns present the relationship of numerical facts

TABULAR

Facilitate study and interpretation

AdvantagesoConciseo easily read and

compared

Important Parts of Tables and Graphs:1. Table/Graph Number

- Used for reference purposes, preferably in Arabic2. Title

- The subject matter that the table deals with3. Prefatory note

- Explains unclear items in the table3.Footnote

-Explain, clarifies or qualifies some items in the table4. Source note

- The origin or source. Not necessary if the sources of the data are the respondents to a questionnaire or interview.

A chart representing the quantitative changes of a variable. May be in comparison with other variables

Most attractive and appealing way to present data

GRAPHICAL

May be in pictorial or diagrammatic form.

Advantages:o Attracts more

attention, less likely to be overlooked

o Comprehensive view of quantitative data

o Grasp essential facts quickly.

Disadvantages:o Not as accurate as

tableso Require more skill

and time

1. Bar Graphsa. Single Vertical Bar Graphb. Single Horizontal c. Grouped bar Graphd. Duo-directionale. Component Bar Graphf. Histogram

TYPES OF GRAPHS

2. Linear Graphsa. Time Series or Chronological line chartb. Composite Line Chartc. Frequency Polygond. Ogivee. Band Chart

TYPES OF GRAPHS

3. Hundred percent Graphs or chartsa. Subdivided barb. Circle or Pie Graph

4. Pictograms

TYPES OF GRAPHS

a. Single Vertical Bar Graph

Bars are constructed vertically Bars portray the magnitudes of the

categories Usually used to depict time series

data

BAR GRAPHS

a. Single Vertical Bar Graph

BAR GRAPHS

1985-1986

1986-1987

1987-1988

1988-1989

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

No. of students

No. of students

b. Single Horizontal Bar Graph

Bars are constructed Horizontally

Usually used to compare magnitudes of different categories

BAR GRAPHS

b. Single Horizontal Bar Graph

BAR GRAPHS

IV

III

III

I

0 50 100 150 200 250

Series 1

Series 1

c. Grouped Bar Graph Used to compare two or more

categories of a variable during a specific period of time

Subgroups of the categories have common attributes

BAR GRAPHS

c. Grouped Bar Graph

BAR GRAPHS

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3

d. Bilateral Bar Graph

Present data in forms of assets, profits and positive numbers, liabilities,

losses and negative numbers

Presence of positive and negative values

BAR GRAPHS

d. Bi-lateral Bar Graph

BAR GRAPHS

e. Component Bar Graph

Shows variation or changes of the components parts of a whole and the whole itself

BAR GRAPHS

f. Histogram Bars placed side by side, heights

indicate the magnitudes of their classes

For grouped or class frequency distributions

BAR GRAPHS

f. Histogram

BAR GRAPHS

A. Time series linear chart

Depict variations of a variable over a period of time

LINE GRAPHS

B. Time series composite charts

comparisons made between or among two or more categories

LINE GRAPHS

B. Time series composite charts

LINE GRAPHS

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

Num

ber o

f clin

ician

s

Clinic 1

Clinic 2

Clinic 3

C. Frequency Polygon

Graph class or grouped frequency distribution

Counterpart of histogram Connecting the midpoints of the

classes

LINE GRAPHS

C. Frequency Polygon

LINE GRAPHS

D. Ogive

Graph of the cumulative frequencies

Either upward or downward

LINE GRAPHS

D. Ogive

LINE GRAPHS

E. Band Chart

Proportional variations of the component parts of a whole over a period of time

LINE GRAPHS

a. 100% bar graph or rectangular chart

Division of a 100% graph where the parts are divided per segment

Largest segment at the bottom

ONE HUNDRED PER CENT GRAPHS

b. Pie chart or Circle Graph Equated to 100% 1% of the graph is equated

to 3.6 degrees

ONE HUNDRED PER CENT GRAPHS

b. Pie chart or Circle Graph

ONE HUNDRED PER CENT GRAPHS

Develops skills & talents56%Finds it interesting

31%

Parents chose for them3%

Their friends are there8%

High GIFT grade3%

Factors why 4th year students enrolled in their GIFT

Portray data by means of pictures or symbols.

Vivid comparison of magnitude

PICTOGRAMS

PICTOGRAMS

USE THE RIGHT TYPE OF GRAPHIC!!BAR GRAPH

- Comparison-Categories of

data

Vertical Portray magnitudeHorizontal Compare magnitudeGrouped Compare categoriesBilateral Positive negative values

Component Proportions of a wholeHistogram Frequency distribution

LINE GRAPH

- Display trends over time

Time series Time periodComposite line Different categories

Frequency polygon Frequency distributionOgive Cumulative frequency

Band Chart Components of a whole

100% GRAPHS- Show percentages

and proportion

Rectangular bar graph Proportions of a 100%

Pie Graph Proportion of a 100%

PICTOGRAMS Pictorial display of data

- Discuss the summary of the implications of the findings

- Possible meaning, probable causes and effects, suggestions to a situation or condition from the findings.

INTERPRETATIONof data

-Adding meaning to information by making connections and comparisons

Condition or situation

Probable cause

Probable effect

Suggestion or recommendatio

n

Entity or area affected

Are there any outliers or discrepancies in the data?

A significant finding discovered in the research

May be favorable or unfavorable

A generalization formed from the findings

EXISTENCE OF A CONDITION

- A logical and valid relationship between the condition and the cause.

- Causes may be inferred from other researches and studies

PROBABLE CAUSE OF

CONDITION

- Logical and valid relationship between the condition and its possible effects

- May be good or bad

PROBABLE EFFECT OF

CONDITION

• Possible solutions to remedy the unsatisfactory condition.

• Suggest to continue practice and to strengthen it.

SUGGESTION OR RECOMMENDATION

- Who or what will be affected by the possible effects brought by the conditions / situations in the findings of the study?

AREA OR ENTITY

AFFECTED

Develops skills & talents

56%

Finds it interest-

ing31%

Parents chose for them

3%

Their friends are there

8%

High GIFT grade3%

Factors why 4th year students enrolled in their GIFT

1. CONDITION- 56% of the sample select their GIFT class to develop their talents and skill

2. CAUSES-The students were given enough orientation about the program- Students intend to develop their skills

3. EFFECTS- By the end of the program, the students would have enhanced their skills

4. SUGGESTION- Continue the implementation of the program

5. AFFECTED-SPCP students who are enrolled in GIFT

GROUP ACTIVITY!!1. What are the 3 general ways of presenting

data? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

2. Construct a graph for this data:Enrolment of High School Student, 1990-1991

Year Level Boys GirlsI 124 141II 115 139III 109 128IV 98 115

3. Why did you choose to use this graph

4. What are the similarities and differences of the ff: frequency polygon, histogram and ogives?

5. Give a 3-7 sentence interpretation of the data from # 2