47. Međunarodni kongres i izložba o KGH, Beograd, 30.11–2.12.201647th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition, Belgrade, Nov.30–Dec.2 2016

ANALYTICAL AND MEASURING TECHNICAL NEEDS FOR BIPV

STANDARDIZATION

STANDARDIZACIJA BIPV - POTREBE ANALITIČKE I MERNOTEHNIČKE

KARAKTERIZACIJEFellow-ASHRAE, Fellow REHVA, Fellow WAAS

Academy Of Engineering Sciences Of Serbia, Guest Professor, School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China,

Director vea-invi.ltd, Belgrade, Serbia

Early Photovoltaic (PV) HistoryThe term photovoltaic (PV) combines the Greek "phos” - "light” and "Volt”- Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), a pioneer in electricity study.

PV effect at first observed 1887 by Heinrich Hertz, followed series of names: J.J. Thomson (1856–1940), Charles Fritts the first solar cells made from selenium wafers (1883), Edward Weston 1st US patent for "solar cell" 1988,

Nikola Tesla for "method and apparatus for the utilization of, radiant energy" 190. Philipp Lenard (1862–1947) found that intensity of the incident light has no effect on the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons.

Einstein’s Nobel Award Later experiments did show that frequencies below a

certain cutoff value (threshold frequency), would not eject photoelectrons from the metal surface independently how bright the source is) – contra to the classical model of light. New science advance was necessary and it was reached by the world's most famous physicist Albert Einstein in 1905.

Einstein did recognize that Planck's contrivance was in fact a rational, description of reality. In 1905 he wrote “What we perceive as a continuous wave of electromagnetic radiation is in reality a stream of discrete particles.

Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 was given to Einstein “for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.

http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/dubai-tower/index.html#dubai-tower3

From BIPV To Building Component BIPV is PV material–layer used on building presenting/replacing traditional layer - building element of the envelope structure.Buildings Applied and Buildings Integrated PV, Thermal and Hybrid PV/T systems growth of construction and utilization Architecture and Engineering sciences/art maturityOperational and maintenance experience gainedPerformance and useful energy data collected Commercialization , industry and market in enormous growthDespite all mentioned BIPV still is not used on large scale in buildings and often are not considered at all by architect and designer as a further option in their projects.

BIPV vs PV: a non standard component

BIPV vs PV: a non standard component

BIPV vs PV: a non standard component

BIPV versus PV: a non standard component

Conventional or “standard” PV modulesWorldwide product: same in Switzerland, Italy, US or China decontextualized Built to produce electricity at low priceSame requirement worldwide (different climatesconditions or applications):

Standard Size (no building)–Easy to carry (but fragile)–All the same–Industrial mass production–Substructure optimized – forthe moduleCheap–

Swiss BIPV focusPlanning regulations against urban sprawlPV power plants prohibitedExclusive integration into built environmentBAPV: 75%, BIPV: 25%No PV power plants in SwitzerlandPV integrated only in buildingsArchitectural Design as innovationDemonstration of PV into various building envelope elements ZEB performance validation through measurementsBIM for modeling and planning

Comparison of 5-minute to 1-hour data for a PV system

11Source NUS Thesis Sheu Xu

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Temperature Difference Vs. Irradiance

12Source M.J. Jime ́nez et al. ENB 40 (2008) 157–167

Main Heat Transfer Processes

13M.J. Jime ́nez et al ENB 40 (2008) 157–167

14

Schematic section of calorimetric hot box system in SHGC measurement mode

LBL FLEXLAB Test-bed Measurement Energy & Daylighting Performance of BIPV Glazing Façade

Cooling and heating energy performance of a room with façade with Solaria BIPV (Test room) and compare with the room incorporating reference façade (Reference room);

Electrical energy production from a façade with Solaria BIPV;

Glare in Test and Reference rooms and compare;

illuminance at working height areas in Test and Reference room;

Metrics of success (measurable reduction in cooling load energy, electrical energy production that is consistent with manufacturer claims, measurable reduction in glare, and increase in lighting energy use that does not represent substantial portion of produced electrical energy).

What is the European Situation: IEC vs Construction Product Regulation BIPV is both a PV element and a construction componentPresently there is no harmonized standard specific for BIPV in EUInstead we have the Electro -technical framework and the Building construction frameworkSo far 99% of BIPV modules have no CE mark according to the Construction Product Regulation CPRSome countries have their own roles difficult to comply with (i.e. Germany with the DIBT)

What is the European Situation: IEC vs CPR

Building performances to be addressed (CPR 305/11):Mechanical 1. resistanceFire Safety2.Hygiene, health and 3.environmentSafety in use4.Noise5.Energy economy and 6.heat retentionSustainability7.

Palazzo Positivo, Chiasso

The EN 50583 Photovoltaics in buildingsThe standard introduces test on the whole system, like:• Wind resistance (uplift) and• Rain penetration test.• Snow resistance of the whole structure.

Mechanical test on roof systems at Swiss PV Module Test Centre (SUPSI)

What should be improved?There is almost no coordination between the the working groups

EN 50583 is approved and cover all possible installation but:

It does not provide any further test for BIPV module apartfor Rain penetration test and Uplift resistence test for PV tiles

Some EU Countries have more restriction for BIPV since it is not a «regulated» building product (I.E. Germany with the DiBT)

Semitransparent PV glazing

BIPV

Building EnvelopeIntegrated

Opaque PV

What is the European Situation: IEC vs Construction Product Regulation

BIPV is both a PV element and a construction component

Presently there is no harmonized standard specific for BIPV in EU

Instead we have the Electro-technical framework and the Building construction framework

So far 99% of BIPV modules have no CE mark according to the Construction Product Regulation CPR

Some countries have their own roles difficult to comply with (i.e. Germany with the DIBT)

What is the European Situation: IEC vs CPR Current IEC, UL, etc., qualification tests are performed on new or near-new modules - not repeated on weather-aged products. Therefore, their property retention characteristics are unknown.

Current IEC, UL, etc., qualification tests are primarily GO-NOGO tests for “infant mortality” and initial pass/fail reliability, and do not test or assure long-term durability or aging characteristics.

Design qualification and type approval of PV modules according to the electro-technical standards EN 61215 or EN 61646 cannot provide the required material resistance, because the included mechanical load test is carried our only once, testing only one Module and no ultimate load is determined which would lead to breakage.

2nd Façade PV Glazed & Primary Building Façades Configuration Cross Section

CFD & Building Total Performance Optimization via Co-simulation

ProposedDesign

StandardDesign

Simulateboth

designs

PD

BES – CFD coupling goals Energy simulation depends on air flow definition in

simulation Energy simulation depends on convective heat transfer

coefficient. CFD can provide exact heat transfer coefficient

on external and internal walls of building envelope Thermal comfort demand can be provided by detailed air

flow simulation in particular space

Internal couplingDomain integration is archieved by writing separated codes in BES software.

External couplingBES calls external software when is necessery

BES

CFD

BES

CFD

Full CFD-BES dynamic coupling (every step is calculated until convergence)

Source Olivera Ećim Đurić PHD Thesis

0

5

10

15

20

25

1005 1015 1025 1035 1045 1055

Hour [h]

Roo

m te

mpe

ratu

res

[ºC

]

BES simulation

Measured

BES-CFD simulation

Measured room air temperatures compared with BES only and BES-CFD Temperature calculated values.

Co-simulation External coupling CFD-BPS

Source Olivera Ećim Đurić PHD Thesis

II dan poredjenje

99

1010

1111

1212

1313

1414

1515

TPO-CFD

TPO

Sat [h]

Temperatura u prostoriji [ºC]

82.9857299671

88.8433781939

83.8968481375

66.7431631287

90.5488958991

59.4635152879

91.3830745342

59.1694230062

87.9191860465

61.6875489779

84.8780487805

65.5259120355

80.0240963855

72.9991204925

I dan poredjenje

99

1010

1111

1212

1313

1414

1515

TPO-CFD

TPO

Sat [h]

Temperatura u prostoriji [ºC]

89.1363389462

88.043998087

90.35

73.6543909348

92.2

70.2247191011

86.2604938272

75.2788104089

85.632183908

80.1843317972

84.5698924731

85.5565777369

85.8974358974

89.8617511521

II dan

99

1010

1111

1212

1313

1414

1515

Mereno

Računato

Sat [h]

Temperatura u prostoriji [ºC]

15.1833333333

12.6

11.6333333333

10.27

10.5666666667

9.83

10.7333333333

9.87

11.4666666667

10.0814

12.3

10.44

13.8333333333

11.07

Chart2

10401040

10411041

10421042

10431043

10441044

10451045

10461046

Mereno

Računato

15.1833333333

12.6

11.6333333333

10.27

10.5666666667

9.83

10.7333333333

9.87

11.4666666667

10.0814

12.3

10.44

13.8333333333

11.07

spojeno

10161040104010161016

10171041104110171017

1017.791042104210181018

1018.681043104310191019

10201044104410201020

10211045104510211021

10221046104610221022

1023

1024

1025

1026

1027

1028

1029

1030

1031

1032.12

1033

1034.32

1035

1036

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1039

1040.08

1041

1042

1043

1044

1045

1046

1047

1048

1049.17

1050

1051

1052

1053

1054

1055

BES simulation

Measured

BES-CFD simulation

Hour [h]

Room temperatures [ºC]

20.91

15.1833333333

12.6

18.41

16.41

21.18

11.6333333333

10.27

15.6

14.0946

21.36

10.5666666667

9.83

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13.83

21.52

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9.87

16.2

13.9742

21.7

11.4666666667

10.0814

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14.9

21.74

12.3

10.44

18.6

15.73

21.7

13.8333333333

11.07

19.5

16.75

21.55

21.23

20.73

20.18

18.59

16.79

15.05

14.74

14.52

14.39

14.56

14.78

14.96

15.25

15.44

16.06

16.6

17.09

17.43

17.77

18.14

18.5883

18.7712

18.95

19.05

18.94

18.64

18.39

17.73

16.32

13.77

13.05

12.64

Chart4

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Mereno

Računato

18.41

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17.4

14.9

18.6

15.73

19.5

16.75

I dan

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1111

1212

1313

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1515

Mereno

Računato

Sat [h]

Temperatura u prostoriji [ºC]

18.41

16.41

15.6

14.0946

15

13.83

16.2

13.9742

17.4

14.9

18.6

15.73

19.5

16.75

TRNSYS

TIMElabel

[HR]

101620.9120.416.419101618.4116.41918.4116.4189.1420.9188.0

101721.1815.614.094610101715.614.09461015.614.094690.3521.1873.7

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102915.051412.310.4484.8818.771265.5

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103114.52

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104719.05

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105413.05

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105812.8068

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25.00

27.00

29.00

31.00

33.00

35.00

37.00

3965.00 3966.00 3967.00 3968.00 3969.00 3970.00

Sat [h]

Tem

pera

tura

u p

rost

oriji

[°C]

TPO simulacijaTPO-CFD simulacija - I modelTPO-CFD simulacija - II modelTPO-CFD simulacija - III model

Room temperatures in base and improved models – summer conditions

30

Residential Building Mixed Ventilation Optimal ControlPV Powered

4

5.5

7

8.5

10

11.5

13

14.5

16

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Air changes [h-1]

Open

ing

heig

ht [m

] 11.522.533.544.55

Vw [m/s]

Low pressure difference sensor

Model of the CFD BIPV & Indoor Space Study

Building CFD modeling for external air flow

simulation

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIILLLLLLLLLLL

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIILLLLLLLLLL

Outdoor & Indoor CFDAnalysis

Integrating BIPV and CFD can provide an architectural modeling and energy efficiency optimization framework.

CFD analysis is generally restricted to the building’s environment flows and designer must supply boundary conditions.

This study dynamically describes the boundary conditions and applies the BIPV via integrated CFD and BPS modeling to optimize indoor environment quality and building’s energy efficiency of one residential building block.

In the case of natural and mixed ventilation, presents a fundamental problem as the outdoor and indoor boundary conditions are dynamic and interactive via building’s architecture and in addition are dependent on weather conditions and indoor environment control.

BIPV, CFD and BES co-simulation comments

Conclusion BIPV an ISO - IEC Standard Need as Integral Building Component

BIPV - the electricity producing modules are both a functional unit of the finished building, and yet also a construction element of the building skin, replacing conventional materials. This affects new builds, as well as the economically significant retrofit segment and energy refurbishmentThe potential to become an industry - leading, reliable, renewable EnergyPlus cost-effective energy source” Most investors, planners, architects, and builders still find the practical implementation of available BIPV solutions difficult, and there is often both a considerable lack of awareness and a persistent resistance among stakeholders towards this matter.

TC 6.7 Solar Energy Utilization Forum ASHRAE Winter Conference, Orlando, 2016

BIPV as Cutting -edge technology needs relevant Working Group & Plan for preparation of an International BIPV Standard globally acceptable concerning BIPV technologies technical requirements of both buildings construction industries and of the electronics industries.

It is to be developed as scientifically-technically sound document with all relevant data and measuring-technical specifications necessary for globally reliable BIPV design, construction, testing/commissioning and operation.

ASHRAE TC’s encompass all relevant fields and could have crucial role in international BIPV standardization.

Forum Organizer and Sponsors Track: Standards, Guidelines and CodesTechnical Committees:01.09 Electric Systems06.07 Solar Energy UtilizationCo-Sponsoring Committees:

07.01 Integrated Building Design and 07.04 Exergy Analysis for Sustainable Buildings

Other Sponsoring Committees:4.1 Load Calculation Data & Procedures4.4 Building Materials and Building Envelope PerformanceFenestrationEnergy Calculations

Thank You for Your kind Attention

Questions?

Marija S. Todorovicvea@eunet.rs

������ANALYTICAL AND MEASURING �TECHNICAL NEEDS FOR BIPV STANDARDIZATION��STANDARDIZACIJA BIPV - POTREBE ANALITIČKE I MERNOTEHNIČKE KARAKTERIZACIJE��Fellow-ASHRAE, Fellow REHVA, Fellow WAAS�Academy Of Engineering Sciences Of Serbia, Guest Professor, School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China, �Director vea-invi.ltd, Belgrade, Serbia�� Early Photovoltaic (PV) HistoryEinstein’s Nobel AwardSlide Number 4From BIPV To Building Component �BIPV vs PV: a non standard componentBIPV vs PV: a non standard componentBIPV vs PV: a non standard componentBIPV versus PV: a non standard �componentSlide Number 10Comparison of 5-minute to 1-hour data for a PV system �Temperature Difference Vs. Irradiance �Main Heat Transfer Processes Schematic section of calorimetric hot box system in SHGC measurement modeLBL FLEXLAB Test-bed Measurement �Energy & Daylighting Performance of BIPV Glazing Façade�What is the European Situation: �IEC vs Construction Product Regulation What is the European Situation: �IEC vs CPR The EN 50583 Photovoltaics in buildingsWhat should be improved?Slide Number 20Slide Number 21What is the European Situation: �IEC vs Construction Product Regulation What is the European Situation: IEC vs CPR 2nd Façade PV Glazed & Primary �Building Façades Configuration Cross Section� CFD & Building Total Performance Optimization via Co-simulationSlide Number 26Slide Number 27Slide Number 28Slide Number 29Slide Number 30Model of the CFD BIPV & Indoor Space StudySlide Number 32Slide Number 33Conclusion BIPV an ISO - IEC �Standard Need as Integral Building ComponentTC 6.7 Solar Energy Utilization Forum �ASHRAE Winter Conference, Orlando, 2016�Slide Number 36Slide Number 37