anatolia antiqua xiii

AnataZiaAntiqua XIII (2005), p. 119-144

* "'*Turan EFE and Murat TURKTEKI

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND POTTERY OF THE PERIOD TRANSITION ALINTO THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE AT KÜLLÜOBA

(SEYITGAZI, ESKIsEHIR)

i. INTRODUCTION

A clear understanding of the period in inlandAnatolia i transitional into the Middle Bronze Ageis crucial to our interpretion of the cultural/politicalsItuation in this region throughout the remainder ofthe second millennium. Nevertheless, this transi-tional phase stilI remains one of the periods aboutwhich we know very little. Elueidation of this peri-od would make It possible for us to follow the cul-tural/polItical developments uninterrupted from theEarly Bronze Age into the second millennium, i.e.into the HittIte period. Because the very few sItesexcavated have generally been explored onlythrough sondages very limIted in area, we have nooverall impression of the archItecture. Pottery rep-resenting this period corpes from a vast geographi-cal area covering much of inland Anatolia, from thebend of the Kizilirmak in the east to aline we can

draw in the west from Bozüyük - over Tavsanli -to Denizli2. W. Orthmann has distinguished twoseparate pottey zones within this region: 1) northand west Central Anatolia and 2) the region aroundAlisar and Kültepe3.

For long, Beycesultan was the only excavatedsIte in westem Anatolia that included material

(Phases IXNIII -VI) from this transitional phasealongside the local pottery4. Until recently therewas hardly any comparatiye material from inlandnorthwestem Anatolias. The first hints came to

light at Demircihüyük, but were only confirmed byour surface survey in the Bilecik, Kütahya andEskisehir provinces conducted between 1988 and1995. Pottery most characteristic of this periodappeared on large mounds such as Tavsanli, mostespecially from Bahçehisar (Kandilli) near thetown of Inönü, some 15 kms SW of Demireihüyükas the crow flies6.

At the Küllüoba Exacavations in the Eskisehirregion we have now finally encountered this mate-rial (a general assessment of which is providedhere) in stratified levels 7.

II. THE SITE OF KÜLLÜOBA

The large prehistoric mound of Küllüoba is anirregular oval same 250 x 150 m, rising nearly tenmeters above the plain level in the rolling cultivat-ed fields of the upper Sakarya (Sangarius) basinjust north of the Phrygian Highlands : 35 km SE ofEskisehir, 15 km NE of SeyItgazi and 1.3 km southof the yillage of Yenikent. Excavations at themound have been continuing annually since 19968.

*) Istanbul University, Department of Protohistory and Near Eastem Archaeology.1) This period in Central Anatolia is best known as the Übergangsperiode, as it was originally designated by W. Orthmann :

Orthmann 1963a, 9f.2) For the northwestem limit, see Efe, 1994 : map, fig. i.3) Orthmann, 1963b : 50.4) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1963 : 215ff.5) Orthmann first called attention to the possible existence of such materia1 in the Eskisehir region based on the scant evidence

of sherds from Aharköy Höyük (Bittel, 1939 : pi. II : 1-4) : Orthmann, 1963b : 50.6) Efe, 1994 : 5ff.7) The pottery drawings are the work of Deniz S.M. Ay Efe, and the architectural drawings (courtesy of the staff) have been inked

for publication by Sinem Ustün. The English text has been edited by Jean Carpenter Efe.8) The Küllüoba project has received funding from the Istanbul University Research Fund (Project nos. 1090/010598,

805/190496, 1258/050599, 1404/5052000,1587/30042001, 1127082002, 70/15052003, and 218/29042004), the Institute for AegeanPrehistory (INSTAP) and the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Turism (DÖSIM). My sincere thanks go to the authorities of these insti-tutions.

i

120 TURAN EFE and MURAT TÜRKTEKI

KULLÜOBA TOPOGRAFiK PLANI """. ".

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Fig. 1 : The topographical plan of Küllüoba with the excavated areas indicated in black.

The mound itself - on the northem slope of anancient streambed, now dry - represents an accu-mulation of prehistoric deposit; our nine excava-tion campaigns suggest that all phases of the EarlyBronze Age are represented, underlain by LateCha1colithic deposit. Stray finds from the MiddleCha1colithic period suggest that there are earlierstrata as well. We also suspect that there is a pre-historic cemetery in the fields immediately to theNW ofthe mound. Islamic burials represent the lat-est remains on the settlement mound, while the lat-est occupation levels date from the early secondmillennium, i.e. the period discussed here. In thegeneral vicinity, however there are later remains :Hellenistic (?), Roman and Byzantine.

The settlement levels at Küllüoba are num-bered from top down : Roman numerals representdeposits reflecting material homogeneity9and cap-ital letters, the individual phases within these.Accordingly, the period transitional into the MiddleBronze Age is represented by four phases : fromsurface downward IlA, IlB, IlC, and IlD. To date,this stratigraphy is best documented in Trench AA'1910.In the other areas thus far excavated, we haveonly bothroi, votive pits and one grave from thisperiod.

III. ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS FROMTHE TRANSlTiüNAL PERIOD IN

TRENCH AA 19

Duringthe 2003and 2004campaigns,investi-gations in Trench AA 19 just south of the summitof the mound revealed what appears to be an unin-terrupted stratigraphy from the end phases of theEB II through the period transitional into theMiddle Bronze Age (Übergangsperiode), as seenon the profiles in Fig. 2a and 2b). We opened thistrench in Grid AA 19 to explore the "comer"flanked by the EB II Complexes I (immediately tothe east) and II (immediately to the south). Here,EB II deposit contemporary with these complexeslies at a much lower level (4.5 m below the sur-face), demonstrating that this area remained open-free of structures and the resulting build-up of rub-ble. Neither did we find any building remains fromthe subsequent early EB III period. This situationexplains the relatively undisturbed preservation ofEB III strata in this grid (a phenomenon valid forthe open court before Complex I as well).

The uppermost EB II deposit has been reachedonly in the NW comer of the trench, where it is par-tially separated from EB III deposit above by a

9) Only Phase i represents an exception, denoting remains from all historical periods.10) Excavation in and around Trench AA 19-20has been carried out by the coauthor Murat Türkteki. M.A. who has alsa evalu-

ated here the stratigraphy and the architecture of this trench.

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND POTTERY AT KÜLLÜOBA

layer of gravel fill. A deposit of only 1.10-120 mcorresponds to the early EB III period here, shal-low due to the absence of architectural remains.Above this, a pale gray sterile stratum separatesthese early EB III levels from Phase IlD above, theearliest phase with pottery of the transitional peri-od (again barren of structural remains). Wares andforms diagnostic for this phase are attested in thesucceeding phases IlC, IlB and IlA, continuing tothe surface. Patches of floors serve to separate thephases from one another.

To tie the stratigraphy with that of the neigh-boring Complex II, we also opened a long narrownorth-south trench along the westem limit of GridAA 20 to the south (removing the balk between thetwo squares as well). A small segment of wall pos-sibly belonging to Complex II appeared on thesouth profile, but much more significant is that wecan trace the strata rising toward Complex II on thelong west profile of Trench AA 19 (Fig. 2a). it isnow obvious that the early EB III levels continueatop Complex II (more apparent on the west profileof Trench AA 20, not illustrated here).

Architectural remains from the transitional

period are briefly introduced below, from the deep-er levels upward.

A. Phase. IID

No architectural remains were uncovered inthis phase, comprised of soft' fill, pale yellowishbelow fading to a light gray above. Disturbancesinclude the shaft for a grave and four bothroiopened during the immediately succeeding phase(Fig. 3, Pl. la). Phase IlD represents a deposit some0.40-0.50 m deep, partially sealed by the floor ofthe succeeding Phase IlC (d. Fig. 2 a-b).

B. Phase II C

The earliest substantial architectural remains sofar discovered from this transitional period atKüllüoba appeared in Phase IlC, which comprisesa deposit of some 70-80 centimeters (Fig. 2a-b). Itis partially sealed from above by a beaten floor ofPhase IlB (Fig. 4 ; d. Fig. 5).

In this phase a diagonal wall crosses the trenchfrom the northem to the westem scarp (Fig. 4).

121

Built of mudbrick on stone foundations, it was cov-ered on both surfaces with a yellowish white plas-ter. At the north, on the westem (interior) face, theplaster curves inward to join a floor (d. Fig. 2b).Although this floor remained well preserved along-the wall, it was disturbed by burials from alaterlevel of this same phase as well as by a storage pitsunk from Phase IlB above.

In the grave lay an adult skeleton oriented E-W(head to the west) in the fetal position, with aninfant placed horizontally across it. A pot burialimmediately to the south of this grave revealedonly a skull.

At the south a partition wall joins at rightangles from the west, forming a second room,where the ground on which the building was con-structed suddenly rose by about 40 cm. The longdiagonal wall, however, slopes southward againbefore disappearing into the west profile. A secondpartition wall joins at right angles from the east,1.80 m to the south of the first (Pl. 1b). The stonesscattered in the NE comer of the trench might haverepresented another partiton wall that limited theeast room on the north.

The plastered floor of this room is compact,speckled with yellow, black and red. Similar floor-ing appeared as well in a small area south of theeastem partition wall. On the other hand, no floorwas encountered in the area south of the westempartiton wall, also disturbed by botroi from theupper phase. The low flat stone in the eastem par-tition wall might have been a threshold, suggestinga doorway here; a partially preserved pale yellowhard-packed floor came to light south of this possi-ble entrance. Remains in the southem part of thetrench were very poorly preserved due to the ero-sion on the slope. The walls, however, allow us tospeak of four different rooms in the excavated area.

Finds from these rooms include a stone "trinketmould"II , a chisel of bronze (?), and a large stonewith a flat surface (PIs. le and 2a, lower left cor-ner) all found in the NW comer of the northeastemroom. A polishing stone and apounding stone aswell as a metal pin and ring were unearthed in thesouth of the northwestem room.

Only after excavating over a wider area will wehave a better idea of the plan and possible functionof this building.

ll) The early examples of such moulds around this time, in a wide geographical area between Mesopotamia and WestemAnatoHa: Canby, 1965 : 42ff, Emre, 1971, Canby, 2003 : 17lff. ; lately, such a mould was also found in the excavations at TitrisHöyük, North of Drfa : Mattney et al., 1997: 68f., fig. 19-20.


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THE STRATIGRAPHY AND POTTERY AT KÜLLÜOBA 123

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C. Phase IIB

In Phase IlB the walIs of the earlier phase (IlC)continued in use without any change in the layout.A new floor of beaten earth, white in places, outfit-ted the northwestem room. The stone foundationsof the partition wall to the south were built higherdue to a rise in the floor level (PI. le).

In the north, the floors of this level were par-tially destroyed by a bothros and arecent distur-bance ; in the south by astarage pit sunk fromPhase IlA. A soft light-colared deposit was encoun-tered on the floor in the northeastem room. No

flooring, however, was encountered in the north-eastem room. A hard-packed pale yellowish floor,on the other hand, had been laid above the earlierone in the southeastem room. This was found

greatly disturbed by two bothroi opened from theuppermost phase. The southwestem room has onlybeen excavated in a small area along the west pro-file; we know nothing of its floaro Phase IlB, withsome 50-60 cm of deposit preserved in the west, isseparated from Phase IlA above by a fine stratum(Fig. 2a-b).

i

D. Phase IlA

This is the last phase of the transitional periodpreserved at the surface here. Nearly all the depositfrom this phase has been swept away by cultiva-tion, and two Islamic burials (one in the north andone in the south of the trench) represent still furtherdisturbance. In the better-preserved northem partof the trench a patch of floor was uncovered, and astone-lined starage bin 1.5 m deep remained to beexcavated. From this round bin filled with mud-

brick remnants came one nearly complete vessel(Fig. 6, PI. 2a).

In summary, the Iate st remains in this immedi-ate area near the summit of the Küllüoba mound

represent four phases dated by finds characteristicof the period transitional to the Middle BronzeAge. Here in Trench AA 19 no architectural rem-nants were encountered in the earliest of these

phases, IlD. A structure (of at least three rooms)with walls oriented NNE-SSW was erected here inthe succeeding phase, IlC. We are not yet in a posi-tion to say anything more definite about either thegeneral layout of this building nor its purpose -

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND POTTERY AT KULLUOBA

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Fig. 5 : The architectural remains fromPhase IIB in Trench AA 19.

even though a connection with metalworking isbrought to mind by the trinket mould, chisel,pounding stone and polishing stone, as well as thepin and ring of metal found on the floor in Phasenc. With certain renovations, the building contin-ued in use at least through Phase IIB. it remainsundear whether the heavily' disturbed Phase IlArepresents a continuation of the strocture. We lookforward to leaming more about the building as weenlarge Trench AA 19 in the seasons ahead.

LV.THE POTTERY

Most of the rich ceramic finds are handmade.

An exception here are the bowls, many of whichwere wheelmade. The brilliantly bumished RedCoated Ware of the earlier phases fades out and islast seen in Phase IID, which introduces the transi-tiona! pottery. Vessels are now better fired ; newfonns prevail to characterize the pottery assem-blage of this transitional period. The wheelthrownbowls are now often wheel-smoothed on both inte-rior and exterior surfaces. In general, however, adedine in the quality of the vessels is evident, withcoarse plain wares increasing in quantity.Alongside this locally made pottery, a small quan-titiy of the orange-slipped, often cursorily manu-factured ceramics typical of the regions to thesouth.

125

Fig. 6 : The remains from Phase IlA inTrench AA 19.

A. The Wares

The wares represented in the EB III pottery ofKüllüoba are the following :

i. Red Coated Ware

2. Red-Slipped Ware3. Pasty Red-Slipped Ware4. Orange-Slipped Ware5. Polatli Fluted Ware

6. Black-Slipped Bumished Ware7. Inegöl Gray Ware8. Plain Ware9. Cooking Warei. Red Coated Ware. This ware is a local vari-

ation of westem Anatolian Red Coated Ware. it has

a well-Ievigated paste. The slipped surfaces aregenerally reddish brown through purplish red topinkish red, brilliantly bumished. Vessels in thisware characteristically display rim-slip. Both hand-and wheelmade shapes occur in this ware, whichdisappears after Phase IID.

2. Red-Slipped Ware. This ware first appearsin phase IID, differing from the earlier Red CoatedWare through its more adhesive slip, more compactpaste and better-fired biscuit. The great majority ofbowls manufactured in this ware werewheelthrown.

3. Pasty Red-Slipped Ware. This ware differsfrom the second group only in the slip, which is


more pasty and tends to be red-orange in hue.Friab1e and poor1y adhesive, slip is often foundflaking from the surface. Vessels are generallywhee1made.

4. Orange-Slipped Ware. The densest distri-bution of this ware is in central inland westemAnatolia, today represented by the Provinces ofKütahya, Afyon, Usak, and Denizli. Whi1eit com-prises the principal ware at Beycesultan (Phasesxn- VIII), it may be considered an import to theEskisehir area, occurrlng only sparsely among theceramic inventories. At Küllüoba it has firstappeared in Phase no. The orange-slipped warefrom the bumt level at Seyitömer Höyük mostprobably reflects an ear1ier stage in the develop-ment of this ware. It is a hard-fired ware represent-ed by both hand- and wheelmade vessels, the for-mer often rather sloppy products. With its orangeslips often wash-like in character, it stands outamong the other wares at Küllüoba.

5. Polatli Fluted Ware. This ware seems rela-tively sparse at Küllüoba, confined to phases IllAand no. It is the fluting that separates it from thelocal Red Coated ware. Early examples are hand-made. Those from Phase no are closer to the localRed-Slipped Ware (Fig. 7: 3) while fluted warefrom the Polatli region (with slips varying from redto brown) is more brilliantly bumished.

6. Black-Slipped Burnished Ware. This warepresents the same characteristics as does the black-slipped pottery of the Übergangsperiode in CentralAnatolia. it displays has a well levigated black ordark gray paste with a jet black slip brilliantly bur-nished. At Küllüoba is consistently wheelmade andoccurs only seldomly from Phase no onward (Fig.9a: 1, 9b: 11).

7. Inegöl Gray Ware. With a welllevigatedlight or dark gray paste and a dark gray slip, thisware at Küllüoba may be considered as an import.Thus far, it is represented by only a handful ofsherds (none illustrated here).

8. Plain Ware. This group includes allunslipped vessels, either handmade or wheelmade.it is upon occasion bumished.

9. Cooking Ware. Typified by the cooking pot,this is a generally coarse and micaceous ware.Vessels are handmade and typically display eitherhorseshoe-shaped lugs or vertical handles under therim (Fig. 9b: 13).

B. The Forms

1. Bowls

The most characteristic forms are those withincurving rims (Fig. 8a: 1-3, 9a: 2) and bead rims.The latter bowls are either hemispherical (Fig. 7: 1 ;8a: 5-7 ; 8b: 8,10 ; 9a: 3-4) or carinated (Fig. 8b:10). "Incipient" bead rims first appear in Phase n D(Fig. 7: 1-2). The flattened bead rim-which may beconsidered as one of the indicators of the beginningof the Middle Bronze Age-has not been found atKüllüoba. 'S' -profile bowls occur as well, someshallow (Fig. 7: 5, 8a: 4) and others are (Fig. 8b: 9,11-12 ; 9b: 7). One hemispherical bowl form withslightly outtuming lip (Fig. 9a: 1) is particular1ycharacteristic of the ceramic inventory during theTransitional Period. That illustrated in Fig. 8b: 11is rather cup-like with a vertical handIe on theshoulder. Vertical handles are typical on the bead-rim and 'S'-profile bowls (Fig. 8a: 5, 8b: 9, 9a: 3-4) as is the case in Central Anatolia and inlandwestem Anatolia (Beycesultan).

'S' -profile bowls sometimes have oval loophandles attached at the rim and shoulder (Fig. 8b:12). That shown in Fig. 9b: 7 proves that some ofthem boasted two such handles. These are apparentonlyamong vessels of Orange-Slipped Ware. Thusin ware and form such bowls are at home in thesouth.

High pedestal bowls are also represented (Fig.8b: 14, 9b: 5), but are likely to have appeared onlyin the latest phases on the mound at Küllüoba.Bowls on lower pedestals appear earlier, survivinginto the no (not illustrated). Two-handled bowlssuch as that illustrated in Fig. 9b: 7 might very wellhave sat on such low pedestals, thus resemblinggoblets typical of Beycesultan12.

Polatli fluted bowls found at Küllüoba are typ-ically hemispherical in form with two or three hor-izontal flutings under the rim on the exterior (Fig.7: 3). They occur sparingly in Phases IllA and no.

Small bowls with loop handles, a very charac-teristic form in this transitional period at Küllüoba,are either of the anti-slash type (Fig. 9b: 6), or car-inated with slightly outtuminig lips (not illustrat-ed) 13.

12) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : figs. P.47 : 24, 54 ; P.4S : 2.13) Such bowls are also known from Beycesultan: Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : fig. P.55 : 34 (Level VIII).

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2. Trojan plates

Theseplates or shallow flaring bowls occur sel-domlyin the lower two phases (IlD and IlC), afterwhich they seem to disappear. The one illustratedhere (Fig. 8b: 13), rather thick-walled, has a verycompact and hard-fired biscuit. The pronouncedwheelmarks differentiate it from those of the earli-er phases.

3. Biconical vessels with outturninig lips

Although the lack of complete profile s makesevaluation of form variants nearly impossible, onevariation is definitely that of the teapot typical ofthe transitional pottery (Übergangsperiode) (Fig.9b: io). A group of very shiny black-slippedsherds, most probably from a single vessel (Fig.9b: 9), and a red-slipped fragment with incised andimpressed decoration (Fig. 9b: 11) might alsobelong to the teapot form.

4. The depas amphikypellon

The depas gradually decreases in number andmay not have existed at all in the uppermost levels.Late examples are more capacious and conical. Thered-washed example in Fig. 7: 6 displays a string-cut base. A more complete form recovered in avotive (?) pit, is in Pasty Red-Slipped Ware withpronounced wheelmarks on the interior (Fig. 9b:8).

5. Conical cups with string-cut bases

This is one of the most characteristic forms ofthe Transitional Period. The cups are smail in size,produced only in plain ware. Wheelmarks are evi-dent on both surlaces, and the bases have concen-tric string marks. The form, occurring only sel-domly at Küllüoba, has first been recorded in PhaseIlD (Fig. 8a: 4).

6. Beak spouted jugs and the Schnabelkanne

Unfortunately, we cannot restore all the varia-tions of the beaks represented by the many frag-ments in the earlier phase (IID). That in Plate 5: 7is in Red Coated Ware and demonstrates an elon-gated beak, curving slightly downward at the tip.The Schnabel- configuration typical of the transi-tional period (Übergangsperiode) is first docu-mented in Phase IlC (not illustrated). The tworestorable Schnabelkannen display forms charac-teristic of the period (Fig. 9c: 14, 15). The latter,with a distinctive vertical handIe attached immedi-ate1y above the carination, might even be consid-ered a smail Pithosschnabelkanne. Sherd materialalso testifies to the existence of trefoil-mouthedJugs.

7. Cooking pots

We have only sherds representing the cookingpots. All seem to be handmade, and suggest wide-

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mouthed vessels, and many display horseshoe-shapedlugs or vertical handles applied below therim (Fig. 9b: 13).

8. Necked Vessels and Pithoi

Fragments of wide-mouthed pithoi and otherlarge necked vessels are well represented in thesephases at Küllüoba. Horizontal handles sat on theshoulders (not illustrated).

9. Miscellaneous

Unique to the inventory is one spout terminat-ing in an animal's head (Fig. 9b: 12). This piece,produced in Pasty Red Slipped Ware, must deriyefromthe latest phases at the site.

C.Handles

The most characteristic handles in the assem-

blage are the verticalloop or lug-handles that typi-fy all of inland Anatolia throughout the second mil-lennium. Theyare thickened at upper and lowerattachments, often flattened on the underside of theupper attachment and on the upper surface of thelower attachment. Those from Küllüoba do not yetdisplay the triangular sections typical of Middle-and Late Bronze Age examples. In the J:(üllüobainventory, this vertical handie seems to occur fromPhase IlC onward, appearing on bowls as well ason the bodie s of closed shapes (Fig. Sa: 5 ; Sb: 9,11 ; 9a: 3-4 ; 9c: 15).

Loop handles continue on bowl forms (Fig. 7:2, Sb: 12, 9b: 6), if not as popular as in the lower

14) See note 58 below.

levels. Band handles are now more typical (Fig. 7:2, Sb: 12).

Vertical handles are attached under the rims ofthe wide-mouthed vessels (not illustrated), fromthe shoulder to the rim of the beak-spoutedjugs/Scnabelkannen (Fig. Sb: 15, 9c: 14) and on theshoulders of the biconical vessels, as restored onthe teapots in Fig. 9b: io.

Horseshoe-shaped lugs are attached under therims of cooking-pots (Fig. 9b: 13).

Horizontal handles appear on bowls and uponthe shoulders of necked vessels (not illustrated).

D. Decoration

Omament is not popular. When it does occur, itreflects only motifs and style s characteristic of theÜbergangsperiode. Incised and impressed decorrepresent the most common omament. Incision,very fine, forms chevrons (Fig. Sb: 15), zigzags(Fig. 9b: 9), and straight lines, sometimes limitingfields of impressed decor (Fig. 9b: 11). Fine linesof impression appear horizontally under the rims ofthe bowls (Fig. 9a: 1) and on the shoulders of thevessels.

Relief decoration, such as the mustache motif(Fig. Sa: 3, 9a: 2) and miniture imitations of horse-shoe-shaped lugs under the rims of bowls (notillustrated), appears as well14, as do knobs, whichoften appear on vessel shoulders (not illustrated).

Radial burnishing on interior of bowls might bementioned here as well (Fig. 7: 5).


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v. COMPARISONS AND DATING

Phase IID represents the beginning of a newtrend in the development of pottery at Küllüoba.Certain element s characteristic of the potteryassemblage of the so-called Übergangsperiode(period transitional into the Middle Bronze Age)begin to appear alongside the earlier EB III pottery.As excavation continues, more stratified materialfrom Phase IID should give us a much elearer pic-ture of this transition.

Among the most characteristic new pottery ele-ments critical for dating this transitional horizon,

red-slipped bowls with either incurving or outtum-ing lips are the first to appear (Fig. 7: 1-2; 8a: 1-3,5-7 ; 8b: 8-10 ; 9a: 1-4). There is as of now, how-ever, no concrete evidence that they boasted verti-cal handles in this first phase. Some reflect earlyforms, such as incipient bead-rims; such bowls,generally wheelmade, are horizontally smoothedon both surfaces. The second analytical vesselform-occurring only seldomly-is the conical cupwith a string-cut base (Fig. 7: 4). More capaciousand conical depas form s have appeared from thisphase onward (Figs. 7: 6, 9b: 8). In the sequencesof Polatli, Gordion and Beycesultan as well, the

ii


horizons in which most of these characteristics first

appear alongside the local pottery assemblages areelear. By the next phase at Küllüoba (IlC), the pot-tery has completely assumed the characteristics ofthe Transitional Period. The absence of fine, thin-walled red-slipped bowls indicates that the follow-ing phases predate the Middle Bronze Age materi-al found at Demireihüyük (Phase 1)15.

A. The Polatli Area

The Gordion PN-3, Level 7, pottery assem-blage16 reflects the same general characteristics asthat of Küllüoba Phase IID. The most conspiciousattributes inelude are bowls with incurving rims(cf. Fig. 8a: 1-3, 9a: 2)17, 'S'-profile bowls (cf. Fig.8b: 9)18,bowls with outtuming lips-possible proto-types of bead-rim bowls (cf. Fig. 7: 2)19, conicalcups with string cut bases (cf. Fig. 7: 4fo, and hor-izontal lines of impression below bowl rims (cf.Fig. 9a: 1)21. The first registered appearance ofbead-rim bowls and conical cups with string cutbases in Phase 1i at the neigboring mound ofPolatli22 would seem to confirin the contemporein-ity of the Gordion PN-3, Level 7 assemblage withthat of Polatli 11. A fluted bowl fragment fromKüllüoba IlD (Fig. 7: 3) finds nearly exact equiva-lents in just those phases at both Polatli23 andGordion24 that represent the final appearance offluted vessels.

On the other hand, the seldom occurrence ofwheelmade pottery in these assemblages furthereast25 would suggest that the wheel was introducedthere much later than in upper Sakarya Plains

where Küllüoba is situated. Complicating the situ-ation, however, is an apparent hiatus at Gordion, awhere no material corresponding to the earlier Sassemblages of Küllüoba phases IlC-A has been efound-while the evidence from contemporary lev- 1els at Polatli is unfortunately not reliable. ii

Although the excavations at Asarcik/Ilica seem tJto verify the sequences from Gordion and Polatli26, J'little material from the Transitional Period has been ]<published27.Among the latter, however, we may foeite one bowl forin28nearly identical to our Fig. 7: ti2 from Küllüoba Phase IlD. s

SB. Bogazköyand Kültepe i

ti

The pottery repertories of this transitional peri- iod at Küllüoba (Phases IlC-IlA) and Bogazköy](NW-Hang 9-8c) are nearly identical when one dis-counts the Orange-Slipped Ware at Küllüoba and tthe Cappodoeian Ware at Bogazköy as local trends. jBowls with incurving rims, either plain (Fig. 9: 1- t3, 9a: 2)29or with bead-rims, appear at both sites)(Fig. 7: 1, 8a: 6-7, 8b: 9, with the last finding a inearly counterpart at Bogazköy)3O,as are the 'S'- jprofile bowls that often display vertical handles s(Fig. 8b: 9)31.The cup-like bowl with a vertical fhandie on the shoulder (Fig. 8b: 11) is analogouswith certain cups from Bogazköy32,and the fine (horizontal lines of impression on bowl exteriors ](Fig.9a: 1)33,miniature lug-handles34and the mus- ]tache motif (Fig. 8a: 3, 9a: 2) represent other com- imon characteristics35.Pedestal bowls (Fig. 8b: 14, i9b: 5)36are known at Bogazköy as welL. ]

t

15) Kull, 1988 : 127f. (WareI), pl. I : 7-8,11,15. Similar bow1sare a1soknown from the large mound of Bahçehisar near the townof Inönü: Efe, 1994 : 8 with table 1, figs. 14-16.

16) Gunter, 1991 : llff, figs. 1 : 14-18,2-4.17) Gunter, 1991: figs. 1 : 9,17-18; 2: 19,34-35; 3 : 45.18) Gunter, 1991 : fig. 2 : 21-2419) Gunter, 1991 : fig. 2 : 24, 25, 31-32.20) Gunter, 1991 : figs. 4 : 53 and 14 : 53.21) Gunter, 1991 : fig. 2 : 31-32.22) Lloyd-Gökçe, chart, fig. 5.23) Lloyd-Gökçe, fig. 11 : 9-14 ; Gunter, 1991 : fig. 2 : 28.24) Gunter, 1991 : Fig. 2 : 28, PUl: 28.25) Gunter, 1991 : 12.26) Orthmann, 1966 : 27ff.27) Ortlimann, 1966 : fig. 9.28) Ortlimann, 1966 : fig. 9 : 4.29) Orthmann, 1963b : p1s.1 : 6-9 ; 2 : 77-78, 97 ; 11 : 79-81.30) Orthmann, 1963b : pl. 21 : 191.31) Orthmann, 1963b: pl. 1 : 27, 8: 24, 17: 28.32) Ortlimann, 1963b : pl. 1 : 29.33) Ortlimann, 1963b : pl. 8 : 15.34) Orthmann, 1963b : p1s.21 : 198,22: 199-200.35) Orthmann, 1963b : p1s.8 : 20-21, 12: 98,31 : 290.36) Ortlimann, 1963b : p1s.12: 105-106; 19: 107.

i


Cups with string-cut bases (cf. Fig. 7: 4) arealso typical at Bogazköy37, where theSchnabelkanne is seen from Level 9 onwards. Theexample from Küllüoba we have described as aPithosschnabelkanne (Fig. 9c: 15) formwise findsIts c10sestparalel at Bogazköy38. The occurrence ofthis forni from the lowest level of the period on theNW Hang at Bogazköy (9) postdates this 1evel toKüllüoba IID and Gordion PN-3 7, both of whichrepresent earlier elements of the transitional pot-tery.Their omament (the fine incisions and impres-sIons) is characteristic of the period. SimilarSchnabelkannen are found in the graves atBalibagi39 some 20 kms east of Çankiri. Theteapots characteristic of the Übergangsperiode atBogazköy appear at Küllüoba as well (Fig. 9b: 9-10)40.

The chevron motif in Fig. 9b: 9 if similar to thethose found at Bogazköy41 and Alaca Höyük42.Among the pottery of the Übergangsperiode regis-tered as stray finds in the Ankara region of CentralAnatolia (e.g. from Ahlatlibel, Karaoglan andEtiyokusU)43,there is one 'S'-profile bowl fromAhlatlibel44with the same fine incised diagonalslashes on the handIe as seen in the Küllüobaexample in Fig. 9a: 4).

The emergence of pottery with sharper profile s(certain fornis in particular) in Level8b on the NWHang, correlates the inventory there with that ofKarum ii45. It should follow immediately upon thelatestfinds from the mound of .Küllüoba and thepotteryof LevelV at Beycesultan and of the TrojanFifthSettlement.The carinated bowl with a flat-tenedbead rim at present appears the most diag-nostic criterion46.

133

The pottery of Kültepe (Karum IV and ID) hasnot yet been adequately published. To judge fromthe pottery profiles, Karum IV is most probablysubsequent to NW-Hang Level 9 at Bogazköy(Levels 8 d-e)47.This would appear logical due tothe location of Kültepe on the periphery of theearly distribution of Transitional pottery. Cerarnicsfrom the Transitional Period have recently come tolight at Karnan-Kalehöyük (Level IV, with fivebuilding !evels), where the earliest phase displaysonly few wheelmade sherds ; all early pottery,according to the excavator, are handmade48.Thisreflects more or less the situation at Gordion,where very few wheelmade sherds were found inthe PN-3 7 assemblage (see note 24).

c. Beycesultan

Although there are certain conspicuous differ-ences between the pottery inventories of the EB IDsequences of Beycesultan and Küllüoba, similarceramic innovations can be detected. Prototypes ofthe bead-rim bowl (Fig. 7: 1-2)49as well as conicalcups with string-cut bases (Fig. 7-4)50first appearat Beycesultan in Phases IXNIII. As at Küllüoba,only later do verticallugs on bowls (Fig. 8a: 5 ; 8b:9, 11 ; 9a: 3-4)51and Schnabelkannen (Fig. 9c: 14-15) appear (from Phase VII on) at Beycesultan52.The teapot is also present at both sItes (Fig. 9b: 9-10)53.

The red-orange-slipped pottery that constitutesthe typical ware of southwestem Anatolia at thisjuncture-as well as its characteristic goblet form-isscantily represented at Küllüoba. One parallel wor-thy of mention is the bowl with two opposing high

37) Orthmann, 1963b : pl. 1 : 1-4.38) Orthmann, 1963b : pls. 5: 43, 29 : 312.39) Süel, 1991 : III. 5 ; Süel 1992, Ills. 11-12.40) Orthmann : 1963b, pl. 1 : 30, 33.41) Orthmann : 1963b, pl. 1 : 33.42) KosaylAkok, 1966: p1. 55 : f 35, a teapot found as a bunal gift together with Schnabelkannen and cups with string-cut bases.43) Orthmann,1963a : pls. 20 : 4/6, 4/7 (Karaoglan) ; 27 : 5/72, 5/73 (Ahlatlibel) ; 32 : 6/41, 6/42 (Etiyokusu).44) Orthmann, 1963a : p1. 27 : 5/72.45) Orthmann, 1963b : 47ff.46) Orthmann, 1963b : pls. 30 : 281, 31 : 295.47) Emre, 1989 : fig. All: 20-31.48) Omura, 2000 : 28ff, figs : 65-69; Omura, 2001 : 30-31, figs. 71-78.49) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : figs. P. 52 : 15; P. 55 : 15-24.50) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : fig. P. 58 : 9 (level VII). A few fragments of such cups were also found in Phase VIII (see p. 223).

One string-cut base is illustrated from this phase : fig. P. 61 : 10. These cups are reported from Phase ix onward, p. 262.51) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : fig. P. 59 : 2.52) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : P. 59 : 26.53) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : fig. P.59 : 29 (Phase VII).


strap handles and a pronouncedly flat base (Fig.9b: 7)54.Volute decoration55and red-cross bowls56,however, have not so far been attested in phasesIIA-D at Küllüoba.

Other parallels to be mentioned include themustache motif (Fig. 8a: 3, 9a: 2)57,minature imi-tations of the horseshoe-shaped lug on bowls (notillustrated)58,horizontal lines of impressed decora-tion (Fig. 9a: 1)59,some very fine (9b: 9, 11)60.Most of the Schnabelkannen from Küllüoba maybe attributed to the end phases of the transitionalperiod at the site, as is true at Beycesultan as well,where most have been reported from Phase Vla61.The absence of carinated bowls with flattenedbead-rims at Küllüoba clearly predates the transi-tional phases at the site to those of Beycesultan V62.

D. TroIa

Küllüoba IID and Troia IV both represent junc-tures demonstrating definite alteration in ceramicinventory. Although the changes in these regionsfar from one other reflect local phenomena, someinnovations are proper to both areas. One of theseis the introduction of the hemispherical bowl withan incipient bead rim63.Other forms fade away :the depas decreases abruptly in frequencyand takeson a more conical formM,and the Trojan A2 platesfall back in number65.

Radial bumishing nowappears on bowl interi-ors (Fig. 7: 5)66.A new configuration seen in theneck of a small beak-spouted jug can be stylistical-ly compared to asimilar piece from the TrojanFourth Settlement67.The appearance of imitationSyrian bottles68 and incipient volute feet in the

foregoing phases (the Third Settlement at Troy69and Phase IllA at Küllüoba) reinforces the syn-chronization. Such a correlation is attested by the i

pottery sequence at Beycesultan as well, where the i

early form of volute decoration is first attested inPhase X7o, with the more developed spirals7!appearing-along with the early red- cross bowls-inPhase Viin, which we synchronize with the earlyKüllüoba transitional phases.

The end phase of Küllüoba (IlA) should ante-date the Trojan Fifth Settlement, marked by theappearance of the carinated bowl with flattenedbead-rim characteristic of the beginning of theMiddle Bronze Age throughout westem Anatolia73.The form is, however, well represented on the sur-face of Katirkulesi mound only about 12 kms southof Küllüoba74.

VI. CONCLUSION

The pottery of the period transitional into theMiddle Bronze Age at Küllüoba thus seems to rep-resent a further development of the earlier localinland Northwestem Anatolian EB III repertoryenhanced by marked novelties. While in Phase IIDcertain innovative (early) elements within the IateEB III repertory distinguish a transitional phase,the fully developed bead-rim bowls with sturdyvertical handles and the classic Schnabelkanne donot yet seem to have made an appearance at thesite. It was in the succeeding phase, IlC, that theearly EB III assemblage gaye way nearly com-pletely to pottery of the transitional period.

The same phenomenon is apparent in the neig-boring Polatli region. Further eastward into Central

54) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : fig. 63 : 43.55) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962: P. 61 : 1-6.56) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : figs. P. 64 : 23,26 and P. 65 : 2-3 (Phase VIa).57) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : P. 55 : 18 (Phase VTII),58 : 31 (Phase VII), P. 65 : 18-21 (Phase VIa).58) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : P. 63 : 1-2, 4-5. Similar decoration on a bowl from Küllüoba is illustrated in Efe/Ay Efe, 2001 :

fig. 29 (lower right).59) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : P. 66 : io, 68 : 6.60) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962: figs. P. 69 : 10-11, P.70 : 5-6 (Phase VIa).61) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : 233, 263 and fig. P. 68.62) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1965 : fig. P.1 : 1-2,6, io, 14-15.63) BIegen et al., 1951 : fig. 183: 8-11.64) BIegen et al., 1951 : fig. 160: 37.878.65) BIegen et al., 1951 : 122.A decrease in Trojan plates can indeed be traced throughout westem Anatolia.66) BIegen et al., 1951 : e.g. fig. 157 : 32.9967) BIegen et al., 1951 : fig. 161 : F 8-9.149.68) BIegen et al., 1951 : 27, fig. 70 : 34.750 (shape B 5). Complete forms appeared during Schliemarin's excavations :

Schliemann 1881, nOs 411, 1122, 1124.

69) BIegen et al., 1951 : fig. 78 : 33.201 and TII-20.70) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : fig. P. 56 : 4 (Phase X).71) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962: fig. P. 61 : 1-7.72) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962: fig. P. 57 : 26, 31.73) BIegen et al., 1951,242 : fig. 241 : 36.720 (bowl form A 23).74) Koppenhöfer, 2002 : chart pp.390-39i.


Anatolia, however, it remains unclear whether thisearly phase of transition is represented. The potteryof Bogazköy NW-Hang 9 corresponds only to thatof the uppermost phases of Küllüoba-and althoughits neigboring site ofAlaca Höyük comprises whatis now probably the most complete (uninterrupted)sequence of the Early Bronze Age uninterrupted,the established stratigraphy is unfortunately unreli-able. Granted that Level 4 is roughly contemporarywith the levels NW-Hang 9, 8d-a75,there is no indi-cation whether the earlier EB II pottery inventoryof Level 5 developed suddenIyor gradually intothat of the Übergangsperiode. At Kaman-Kalehöyük we have hints that it might have been asudden development (where no wheelmade potterypreceded this horizon ; see note 48 above).

At Beycesultan, features of this transitionalperiod appear to have be been absorbed gradually,accompanied by continuation of the traditional EBID wares and certain forms proper to the area.Influences from the Aegean coastline as well iso-lated the Denizli area from the nuclear formationzone of the new transitional pottery even thoughelements typical of this transitional period arefound at the site. In spite of certain parallels inceramic development, the same holds true for thecoastal areas themselves76, as well as for the plainsof Iznik and Ingöl, which also remained on thefringes of the main impact of this new pottery. Thisshould come as no surprise, considering that InegölGray Ware is, for example, so far represented atKüllüoba by only a few sherds. AIso worthy of notein this represent, is that almost no pottery charac-teristic of this transitional period is found amongthe material published from the Konya Plainn.

The traditional pottery at Küllüoba andBogazköy is very nearly identical save for tworegional wares : Orange-Slipped Ware at Küllüobaand Cappodocian Ware at Bogazköy. BecauseCappodocian Ware is sparsely represented atBogazköy78, it might represent only an intrusionfrom mare southem areas (the region of Alisar andKü1tepe),just as Orange-Slipped Ware represents aminimal southem influence at Küllüoba. Both sites

135

lie, in a sense, on the peripheries of the formationzone. According to Orthmann, the area reachingfrom inland westem Anatoha into northem CentralAnatoha demonstrates striking ceramic similaritiesand can be considered a separate pottery zone with-in the Transitional Period79.

Wheelmade pottery was well represented in thewest of this region, even in the foregoing horizon(often termed "early EB III in the west" and "IateEB II" in the east). The spread of the earlier RedCoated Ware, along with the eventual introductionof the potter's wheel from the Eskisehir Plain east-ward into the region of Polatli, demonstrate a west-em influence upon Central Anatohan territory inthe early EB III periodso. Subsequently, in the hori-zon of Küllüoba IlD/Gordion PN-3 7/polatli Level11, the early inventory of transitional potteryappeared. This might have been the juncture whenthis assemblage first spread eastward as far asPolatli, introducing the potter's wheel there as well.

Certain stylistic elements on the other hand,including the lustrous Black-Shpped Ware and theso-called "Hittite handIe" found vertically attachedto bowls and Schnabelkannen, may be consideredan eastem influence on the transitional assemblageas known in inland Northwestem Anatolia.

Within the early distribution area of the transi-tional pottery we can now distinguish five differentpottery zones in the foregoing periods. These are-from west to east-Demircihüyük, the UpperSakarya basin, Polatli, Ankara, and the northemarea within the bend of the Halys. The critical ques-tion lies here: what underlying factor led to thegradual emergence of homogenity within these par-ticular pottery zones situated within the vast geo-graphical region of inland westem Anatolia? Couldpolitical restructuring in northem Central Anatoliapossibly explain the emergence and spread of thisearly transitional assemblage, clearly the forerun-ner of Hittite ceramics. Might we not at least sur-mise that-considering the above evaluation-inlandnorthwestem Anatolia (reaching as far eastward asthe Polatli area, home of the so-called "LocalWare") represents the homeland of dominant ele-

75) Orthmann, 1963b : 47ff.76) Günel, 1999: 49ff, figs. io-11.77) Orthmann reports a few sherds from Konya-Karahüyük which can be assigned to the Transitional Period: Ortlimann, 1963a :

78. Perhaps not all characteristics of this pottery were represented in the plain.78) Orthmann, 1963b : 46 with accompanying charto79) Orthmann, 1963a : 78. See also Note 3 above.80) Red Coated Ware first appears in Level 6 of the Polatli sequence : Lloyd-Gökçe, 1951 : 45 with chart fig. 5, and fig. 9 :

group 13.


ments eharaeterizing both the pottery of the Über-gangperiode and eventually that of the early Hittiteperiod.

Although we cannot yet make the same c1aimfor the arehiteeture of the Iate EB IIljtransitionalperiod due to the limited area so far explored, exea-vation at Küllüoba has revealed the first sequeneec1arifying the pottery development of the earlyphases transitional to the Middle Bronze Age ininland northwestem Anatolia. The loeal eeramieinventory exibits important parallels with the pot-tery assemblages of sites as distant as Beycesultan

in the southwest and Bogazköy in the east. Figure ii Opresents a new ehronological ehart based on the ieorrelations diseussed above. As more stratifiedmaterial from this period eomes to light atKüllüoba, there is little doubt that the site will havesubstantially eontributed not only to a refinementof the Early Bronze Age ehronology of westemAnatolia, but to our sorely needed knowledge of ithe period transitional into the Middle Bronze Age. s

,T.E. and M.r.

Fig. 10 : Chronological chart.

CATALOGUE

TRENCH AA 19

Figure 7 : Pottery from Phase IID.

i. AA 19.60 (cf. PI. II, b)Bowl with an incipient bead rim. Red-S1ippedware.

Fine buff paste with a pale reddish brown slip.Horizontal smoothing on both surfaces. Well bumished.Wheelmade.

2. AA 19.212 (cf. PI. II, a)'S' -profile bowl with a band handle. Orange-

Slipped Ware of SW Anatolia. Fine buff biscuit, hard-fired and compact. Slipped on both surfaees ; exteriorburnished and interior mat with brush-strokes apparent.Wheelmade.

[

'"

3. AA 19.75 (ef. PI. II b)Polatli fluted bowl with outturning 1ip.Red-slipped

ware. Fine brown biseuit with a well-burnished reddishbrown slip. Horizontal fluting on exterior. Wheelmade. ]

4. AA 19.257 (ef. PIs. II b, V a)Cup with a string-eut base. Plain ware, unburnished.

Fine reddish brown biseuit grayish brown at the sur-faees. Wheelmade.

5. AA 19.100Shallow fluted bowl with radial burnishing on inte- .

rior. Red-slipped ware. Fine brown biseuit with a buffslip, well burnished. Wheelmade (?).

6. AA 19.208 (PI. IIb).

Depas with a string-eut base. Red washed ware,unburnished. Fine buff biseuit with seattered stone

PERIODS TROIA BEYCESULTAN DEMIRCIHÖYÜK KÜLLÜOBA POLATLI GORDION BOGAZKÖY

8a

MBA II ?V V

iunsettled

1800B.C. 8bi

VI IlA 8c2000 B.C.

VII IIB hiatus 8d

EBA Ille IV hiatus IlC 15 9VIII i

iX IID12 PN-3 711

IIIC 10 PN-3 7

EBA IIIb X IIIB 9III XII-XI hiatus IllA

2300 B.C. 8


inclusions. Fine horizontal incision on exterior.Pronouncedwheel marks on interior.

Figure8a : Potteryfrom Phases IlD-A

i. AA 19.170,Phase IIB.Bowl with incurving rim. Fine red-slipped ware.

Fine, slightly micaceous brown biscuit wIth scatteredstone inclusions. Surfaces horizontally smoothed.Wheelmade.

2. AA 19.22, Phase IIB.

Bowl with incurving rim. Plain ware. Fine, slightlymicaceous brown biscuit.

Dnslipped surfaces : buff exterior, pinkishbuff/brown interior. Exterior horizontally smoothed andlightly bumished. Handmade (?).

3.AA 19.21,Phase IIB (cf. PI. LVb).Bowl with incurving rim. Orange-Slipped Ware of

SW Anatolia. Rather coarse biscuIt with stone inclu-sions.Matt surfaces slipped pinkish red. Plastic mus-tacheemotifpartially preserved on exterior. Wheelmade(?).

4. AA 19.179,Phase IlA.Bowl with slightly outtuming lip. Orange-Slipped

Ware.Finereddish orange biscuit wIth a thick gray core.Bumished.Wheelmade.

5.AA 19.178,Phase IlC. .Bowlfragment with a bead rim and vertical handle.

Red-slippedware. Micaceous brown biscuit with a thickdarkgraycore; stone inclusions. Horizontally smoothedsurfaces, slipped reddish brown and bumished.Wheelmade.

6.AA 19.31,Phase IlE.Bowl with bead rim. Red-slipped ware. Slightly

micaceousbrown biscuit with stone inclusions, darkgray at the core. Red-slipped bumished surface.Wheelmade.

7. AA 19. 189.Phase IlC (cf. PI. III b).Bowl with incipient bead rim. Red-slipped ware.

Finelightbrown biscuit with horizontally smoothed sur-faces slipped reddish brown and well bumished.Wheelmade.

Figure8b : Potteryfrom Phases IlD-A(exceptno. 9)

8.AA 19. 8. Phase IlC (cf. PI. III b).Bowl with bead rim. Red-slipped ware. Slightly

137

micaceous brown biscuIt with stone inclusions, darkgray at the core. Red slipped surfaces, bumished.Wheelmade.

9. AC 20.85 (cf. PI. iVa).'S' -profile bowl fragment with a vertical handle.

Red-slipped ware. Fine buff paste with a thick dark graycore, slipped reddish brown and well bumished. Mostprobably wheelmade.

10. AA 19.41 (Phase IlC).Carinated bowl wIth bead rim. Red-slipped ware.

Fine, slightly micaceous brown biscuit. Exterior surfaceand rim slipped reddish brown (rim-slip); bumished onexterior. Wheelmade.

lL. AA 19.33, Phase IIB (cf. PI. IV a).Fragment of a smaIl cup with outtuming rim and a

vertical handle. Pasty red-slipped ware. Fine micaceousbrown biscuit with smaIl stone inclusions. Rim-slip,bumished on exterior. Wheelmade.

12.AA 19.162, Phase IlA (cf. PI. III b).Fragment of an 'S' -profile bowl with a loop handIe

(or possibly a goblet). Orange- Slipped Ware. Finebrown biscuit with occasional stone inclusions. Red-orange red wash-like slip. The unbumished surface ispoorly smoothed. Handmade.

13. AA 19.176, Phase IIB (PI. Va).Trojan plate (Shape A2). Plain ware. Fine, compact,

grayish brown biscuit with scattered stone inclusions,brown to reddish brown at the surface. Pronouncedwheelmarks.

14. AA 19.176, Phase IIB.Pedestal base of red-slipped ware. Fine, micaceous

buff biscuit gray at the core. Surfaces slipped red andbumished. Wheelmade (?).

15. AA 19.176, Phase IIB (cf. PI. V c).Vertical handIe from a closed shape. Red-slipped

ware. Fine buff biscuIt, gray at the core. Red-slippedexterior well bumished. Chevron pattem in fine inci-sion. Wheelmade.

OTHER FINDSPOTS

Figure 9a : A selection of transitional pottery fromother trenches.

i. AC 19.39.

Bowl with an outtuming lip and impressed decora-

i


tion. Black bumished ware with a fine dark gray paste.Unslipped surface well bumished. Wheel-made (?).

2. Surface find (cf. Pl. LVb).Bowl with a plastic mustache motif on exterior.

Orange-Slipped Ware with a coarse, slightly micaceouspaste. Exterior slipped red-orange and lightly bumished.Handmade.

3. AD 19.340 (cf. Pl. iVa).Bowl fragment with a bead rim and a vertical han-

dIe. Red-slipped ware. Fine, slightly micaceous brownbiscuit slipped reddish brown and well bumished.Horizontal smoothed on both surfaces. Most probablywheelmade.

4. AC 19.139 (cf. Pl. iVa).Bowl fragment with a bead rim and vertical handIe.

Red-slipped ware with a slightly micaceous biscuit withsome stone indusions. Reddish-brown slip, well bur-nished on the exterior. Horizontal smoothing on bothsurfaces. Most probably wheelmade.

Figure 9b : Selected transitional potteryfrom other trenches.

5. AB 16.20.Pedestal base of red-slipped ware. Fine buff biscuit

with scattered stone indusions, dark gray at the core.Well-bumished pinkish brown sIip. Handmade.

6. AH 18.112.Small carinated bowl with a loop handIe. Orange

red-slipped ware with a fine biscuit. Slipped and bur-nished on exterior only. Handmade.

7.AC 19.211.Bowl with double loop handles. Orange red-slipped

ware. Fine biscuit with stone indusions and some strawtemper. Reddish brown slip, unbumished. Exterior par-tially smoked. Handmade.

8. AE 18.190 (cf. Pl. V b).A conical depas of pasty red-slipped ware. Fine buff

paste. The lightly bumished red slip on the exterior spillsover the rim to forming a wide band of rim-slip.Pronounced wheelmarks on interior.

.

9. AC 19.43 (cf. Pl. IV b).Teapot (?) with fine impressed and incised oma-

ment. Black-slipped bumished ware with a fine, slightmicaceous gray biscuit. Well bumished on exterior ; noslip or bumish on interior. Wheelmade.

io. AC 20.32 (cf. Pl. iVa).Teapot of red-slipped ware. Fine, micaceous brown

biscuit gray at the core, rim-slipped in red and bumishedon the exterior. Wheelmade.

11.AC 19.7 (cf. Pl. IV b).Biconical vessel with an outtumig Iip. Red-slipped

ware with a fine, micaceous buff biscuit. Reddish brownrim slip, bumished on the exterior. Fine impressed andincised decoration.

12. AA 20.27 (cf. Pl. V d).Vessel spout terminating in the shape of a bull or

ram's head. Pasty red-slipped ware with a fine, mica-ceous buff biscuit. Red bumished slip on exterior.

13.AC 19.21.Fragment of a large vessel with a horseshoe-shaped

lug handIe. Cooking ware, coarse and highly micaceous.'Unslipped exterior smoked. Handmade.

Figure 9c : Two Schnabelkannenfrom a pit in Trench AB 16.

14. AB 16.20 b (cf. Pl. VI). i

Beaked jug (Schnabelkanne). Red-slipped ware.1

Fine, brown biscuIt with scattered stone indusions. Red. fsIipped and bumished exterior. Wheelmade. i

15.AB 16.17. i

Large beaked jug (Schnabelkanne). Red-slippedware. Fine, compact buff biscuit. Brown to buff bin-nished slip above the carination and over the rimhalfway down the interior of the neck. Flat-cut Iip.Handmade.

Plate 5 : 7 : (Phase II D).

AA 19. 270.Neck fragment from a small beak-spouted jug. Red

coated ware with a very fine buffbiscuit. Reddish brow~rim-slip,wellbumished. i


a. Trench AA 19 from the south.

139

PLATE i

b. Trench AA 19 from the north, showing thecontinuation of the diagonal wall to the southas well as the partition walls. The sounding in

the foreground reached early EB iiiievels.

c. Trench AA 19 from the north. Foundation stones of the mudbrick wall cross the trench diagonally.

i

140

PLATE II

i

TURAN EFE and MURAT TÜRKTEKI

a. Trench AA 19 from the north. The diagonal mudbrick wall and the stone-linedstorage bin belong to Phase IlA.

b. Pottery from Phase IID.


~..-----

gr. !rii ii

nFI~ ~ ~ ~

ii:i

iiro

=ili

iii

l!/iIiii

- r , [.

141

PLATEIII

/iiii .i-

ii' ii .

~

'iiLi

~

'.;;i~ici ;;111l

...;

..

a. A bowl from Phase IID.

ii

rJ 1

'7""""1

m.i-

~ i!..

oI,1.~~"

. "" ,""" !!Ir.D'

iiii

,..

i),.i\

LJb. Bead-rim bowls and an 'S'-profile bowl with a band handIe.


PLATEIV

a. Bowls with vertical handles.

b. Sherds with relief omament, incision, and impressed decoration.

[


a. Cup with a string-cut base and afragment of a Trojan plate (shape A2).

c. Handie fragment with finelyincised ornament.

143

PLATE V

b. A conical depas.

d. A spout terminating inan animal head.


PLATE VI

J->,

il II\.~":'~

iii

t;:CC

"

~.~."

"'~

'" ~,,~' -;;

/,so .. "

~ .'11j!j~

" i~'~... ." '."~i;i. ,l

"'" . .~ ~- '<~ -_Iiit

-"

~

A Schnabelkanne. .BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bittel, K. and Otto, H., 1939 : Demirci-Hüyük. Einevorgeschichtliche Siedlung an der Phrygisch-bi!hynis-chen Grenze, Berlin.

Blegen, c.w., Caskey, lL. and Rawson, M., 1951 :Troy II. The Third, Fourth, and Fifth Settlements,Princeton.

Canby, J.v., 1965 : "Early Bronze Trinket Moulds",Iraq 27 : 42-61.

- 2003 : "A Figurine from Urkesh : A Darling fromTroy to Mesopotamia", Iraq 65: 171-173.

Efe, T., 1994 : "Early Bronze Age III Pottery fromBahçehisar: The Significance of the Pre-HittiteSequence in the Eskisehir Plain, NorthwestemAnatolia", American Journal of Archaelogy 98 : 5-34.

Efe, T. and Ay Efe, D.S.M., 2001 : "Küllüoba : IçKuzeybati Anadolu'da bir Ilk Tunç çagi Kenti. 1996-2000 Yillari Arasinda Yapilan Kazi ÇalismalarininGenelDegerlendirmesi",TÜBA-AR401 : 43-78.

Emre, K., 1971 : Anatolian Lead Figurines andTheir Stone Moulds, Ankara.

-

- 1989 : "Pottery of Levels III and LVat the Karumof Kanesh," in : Anatolia and the Ancient Near East,Studies in Honor of Tahsin Özgüç, Eds. K. Emre, MMellink, B. Hrouda, N. Özgüç, Ankara: 111-128.

Gunter, A.c., 1991 : The Bronze Age. GordionExcavations Final Reports III, Philadelphia.

Günel, S., 1999 : "Vorbericht über die mittel-undspatbronzezeitliche Keramik von Liman Tepe",Istanbuler Mitteilungen 49: 41-82.

Koppenhöfer, D., 2002 : "Die Bronzezitliche TroiaVI-Kultur und Ihre Beziehung zu den Nachbarkulturen",Studia Troica 12: 281-395.

Kosay, H.Z. and Akok, M., 1966 : Alaca HöyükKazisi, Ankara.

Kulakoglu, E, 1999 : "Some Animal Represen.tations on Kültepe Pottery of the Assyrian TradingColony Period", in : Essays on AncIent Anatolia, Ed,H.I.H. Prince T. Mikasa, Wiesbaden : 149-165.

Kull, B., 1988: Die MittlerebronzezeitlicheSiedlung. Demircihüyük V : Die Ergebnisse der i

Ausgrabungen 1975-78, Ed. M. Korfmann, Mainz amRhein.

Lloyd, S. and Gökçe, N., 1951: "Excavations atPolatli", Anatolian Studies 1 : 21-76.

Lloyd, S. and Mellaart, J., 1962: Beycesultan I: TheChalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Levels, London.

Mattney, T., Algaze, G. and Pittman, H., 1997 :"Excavations at Titris Höyük in Southeastem Turkey: APreliminary Report of the 1996 Season", Anatolica 23 :61-84.

Omura,S., 2000 : "PreliminaryReporton the 14thExcavation at Kaman-Kalehöyük (1999)", Kaman. i

Kalehöyük 9, Tokyo: 1-36. .- 2001 : "Preliminary Report on the ISth

Excavation at Kaman-Kalehöyük (2000)", Kaman.

iKalehöyük 10, Tokyo: 1-36.Orthmann, W., 1963a : Die Keramik der Früheni

Bronezei! aus Inneranatolien, Berlin. i- 1963b : Frühe Keramik von Bogazköy; aus deni

Ausgrabungen am Nordwesthang von Büyükkkale, iWissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der DeutSChen

j

Orient-Geselschaft 74, Berlin.- 1966 : "Untersuchungen auf dem Asarcik Hüyük

bei Ilica", Istanbuler Mitteilungen 16: 22-88.Schliemann, H., 1881: Ilios the City and the

Country of the Trojans, New York.ISüel, M., 1990 : "Balibagi/1989 Kurtarma Kazisi",

i. Müze Kurtarma Kazilari Semineri, Ankara: 205-214,- 1991 : "Balibagi/1990 Kurtarma Kazisi," II. Müze

Kurtarma Kazilari Semineri, Ankara: 129-145.

anatolia antiqua xiii

Documents

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