anatomy of section 1: the nervous systemforebrain - diencephalon forebrain is divided into 2 parts...
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Section 1: Anatomy of the Nervous
System Alexis Franklin
[email protected]: Tuesday 9-10am in CSB 114
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COGS 17: Summer I 2019Section 7/3, Week 1
Professor Boyle [email protected] Tues/Wed 6-7pm CSB 130
Tania [email protected] TBD TBD
Lexi [email protected] Tuesday, 9-10 am CSB 114
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Directions and Views
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Directions and Views ● Directions
○ Dorsal and Ventral: top/bottom
○ Rostral and Caudal: front/back
○ Anterior and Posterior: front/back
○ Lateral and Medial: side/middle
● Sections
○ Coronal
○ Horizontal
○ Sagittal
● Connections
○ Ipsilateral: same side
○ Contralateral: opposite side
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Overview of Important Structures
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Overview of Important Structures
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Nervous System
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System
Motor PNSSensory PNSSpinal CordBrain
Autonomic MotorGeneral SensationsSpecial Sensations Somatic Motor
Sympathetic NS Parasympathetic NS
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Divisions of the Nervous System ● Central Nervous System
○ Spinal cord and the Brain
○ Encased in bone and meninges
● Peripheral Nervous System ○ Nerves outside of the CNS
○ Sensory PNS:
■ Special Sensations: taste, olfaction, auditory, vision, equilibrium balance
■ General Sensations:
● Somatic: skin, touch, pain, temperature, locomotor system, and proprioception
● Visceral: dull pain, distention
○ Motor PNS:
■ Somatic Motor: voluntary control
■ Autonomic Motor: involuntary control
● Sympathetic NS: “Fight or Flight”
● Parasympathetic NS: “Rest and Digest”
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Support Structures
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Support Structures
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Support Structures ● Meninges
○ Pia Mater: flexible inner layer that conforms to the brain and spinal surfaces
○ Arachnoid Space: spongy layer filled with CSF
○ Dura Mater: thick outer layer
● Ventricles○ Hollow inter-connected cavities○ Produces CSF○ 2 lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral
aqueduct, and fourth ventricle ○ Cushions and supports the brain ○ Hydrocephalus
● Blood Vessels ○ Web of incoming arteries and outgoing
veins
○ Cleanses brain○ Uses A LOT of blood relative to its weight
● Blood-Brain Barrier○ Strict control over chemicals in the brain ○ Protects the brain from infection○ What it protects: brain, spinal cord, and
peripheral nerves○ What is allowed in: water, O2, CO2, lipids,
glucose, amino acids ○ What is not allowed in: large and highly
polarized molecules
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Side Note: Capillaries● Blood Vessels in the Body:
○ artery -> arteriole -> capillary -> venule -> vein
● Types of Capillaries in the Body○ Continuous/ Tight: no gap between endothelial cells○ Fenestrated: pores in the endothelial cells○ Sinusoidal: bigger gaps between the cells
● Capillaries in the Brain○ Continuous endothelial cells ○ Tight junctions
■ Location chosen by astrocytes
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Hindbrain
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Hindbrain
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Hindbrain● Medulla
○ Vital reflexes
● Pons○ Relay between cortex & cerebellum and brain & spinal cord
○ Includes reticular formation (arousal) and raphe system (sleep)
● Cerebellum○ “Little Brain”
○ Motor programs with real-time sensory coordination
○ Critical for timing actions
○ Guides movement
● Cranial Nerves○ Most enter/exit through the Medulla and Pons
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Midbrain
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Midbrain
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Midbrain● Tectum
○ Part of sensory pathways
○ Superior Colliculus: detects visual motion
○ Inferior Colliculus: detects auditory motion
● Tegmentum○ Contains major motor pathways and some cranial nerves
○ Includes Red Nucleus and Substantia Nigra
■ Contains dopaminergic neurons that degenerate in Parkinson’s disease
○ Contains cranial nerves to control eye movements
○ Part of the the reticular formation for arousal
● “Tectum to detect ‘em, Tegmentum for momentum”
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Forebrain - Diencephalon
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Forebrain - Diencephalon
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Forebrain - Diencephalon● Forebrain is divided into 2 parts
○ Diencephalon: brain stem
○ Telencephalon: the rest
● Thalamus○ Primary source of input to cortex
○ Nuclei of many sensory and motor systems
○ Involved in cortical arousal
● Hypothalamus○ Controls the “4 F’s”
○ Regulates temperature and internal clock
○ Controls the endocrine system via the Pituitary Gland
■ Anterior pituitary: receives “releasing hormones” via veins
■ Posterior pituitary: receives other hormones (ex: NTs) via axons and then releases into
bloodstream
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Forebrain - TelencephalonLimbic System
What are the two other structures in the Telencephalon?
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Forebrain - Telencephalon
What are the two other structures in the Telencephalon?
1. Basal Ganglia2. Basal Forebrain
Limbic System
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Forebrain - Telencephalon● Limbic System
○ Motivation and emotions
○ Hippocampus: formation of new memories and spatial mapping
○ Amygdala: emotional expression
○ Cingulate Gyrus: “Re-entrant” system to assess good/bad
○ Olfactory Bulb: exchanges olfactory information with the rest of the limbic system
● Basal Ganglia○ Includes caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus
○ Another “Re-entrant” system
○ Control of movement
● Basal Forebrain○ Important for attention and cortical arousal
○ Main source of ACh and GABA
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Cerebral Cortex - 4 Lobes of the Brain
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Cerebral Cortex - 4 Lobes of the BrainCentral Sulcus
Lateral Sulcus
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Cerebral Cortex - 4 Lobes of the Brain● Parietal Lobe
○ Higher visual and somatosensory processing○ Spatial mapping
○ Contains the dorsal pathway
● Frontal Lobe○ Important for motor movements, language
production, and strategy○ Precentral gyrus: motor cortex○ Premotor areas
■ Prepares for action, planning■ Include Mirror cells and Broca’s Area
○ Prefrontal cortex■ Planning, self control, impulse control
● Occipital Lobe○ Visual processing○ Contains V1
○ Receives projections from the LGN of the thalamus
○ Separate pathways for details projects to other lobes
● Temporal Lobe○ Contains higher visual, audition, emotion,
and language comprehension ○ Contains auditory areas (including
Wernicke’s Area)○ Inferior Temporal (IT): ventral, “who/what”
pathway○ Medial Temporal (MT): dorsal “where/how”
pathway
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Major Visual Pathways
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Corpus Callosum● Made up of axons that connect the two
hemispheres of the brain
● Part of the “white matter” of the brain○ White matter
■ Axons■ Use a Weigart stain
○ Grey matter: ■ cell bodies ■ Use a Nissl stain
● Brain is 66% white matter by volume
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Quiz Time!
● No talking, signaling, or communicating of any kind.● Put away your books, notes, computers, phones, etc.● Pen or pencil is okay (just make sure it’s a black pen and
you press hard with a pencil).● Write your name in the “Name” box, write and circle in your
PID, and sign the academic integrity agreement. ● Bubble in this section ● Please have your student ID out when you turn in your
quiz!