1) All of the following are true of olfactory pathways except which one?A) They project first to the occipital lobes and then to the thalamus. B) Neurons from the olfactory epithelium synapse in the olfactory bulb. C) Information flows to the olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system. D) They reach the forebrain without first synapsing in the thalamus. E) The limbic system-olfactory pathway connection means that there are close ties between experiences and memories with smell. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 17-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

2) Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate. They synapse on neurons in theA) medulla oblongata.B) medial geniculate.C) cerebral cortex.D) olfactory bulb.E) olfactory tract.Answer: DLearning Outcome: 17-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

3) Before an olfactory receptor can detect an odorant, it has toA) contact a basal cell. B) bind to receptors in olfactory cilia. C) open ion channels. D) respond to applied pressure. E) be transported to the olfactory bulbs. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 17-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

4) A normal, relaxed inhalation carries about ________ of the inhaled air to the olfactory organs. A) 50 percent B) 8 percent C) 2 percent D) 35 percent E) 10 percent Answer: CLearning Outcome: 17-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

5) Destruction to your left glossopharyngeal nerve would result in

A) inability to sense sweetness at the tip of your tongue.B) a reduction in ability to identify sour and bitter foods.C) anosmia, also called nose blindness.D) perceiving taste sensations where is no real stimulus.E) identifying all foods as too salty.Answer: BLearning Outcome: 17-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

6) A patient who experienced head trauma has lost the ability to taste spicy food. You should expect damage to cranial nerve A) VII.B) III.C) IX. D) V. E) XII.Answer: DLearning Outcome: 17-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

7) All of the following are true of the fibrous tunic of the eye except that it A) consists of the sclera, limbus, and cornea. B) provides mechanical support and some protection for the eye. C) produces aqueous humor. D) contributes substantial focusing power. E) is where extrinsic eye muscles insert. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 17-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

8) The function of gustatory receptors parallels that of A) light receptors in the eye. B) mechanoreceptors in the ear. C) olfactory receptors. D) lamellated corpuscles. E) Meissner corpuscles. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 17-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

9) The taste sensation that is triggered by the amino acid glutamate is known as A) sweet.B) umami.C) salty.D) peppery.

E) sour.Answer: BLearning Outcome: 17-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

10) The neural tunic of the eyeA) contains ganglion cells. B) contains the photoreceptor cells. C) contains bipolar cells. D) is the deepest layer of the eyeball. E) All of the answers are correct.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 17-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

11) A structure that is located at the medial canthus and contains glands that contribute to a gritty deposit is the A) palpebra. B) lacrimal caruncle. C) chalazion. D) Meibomian gland. E) conjunctiva. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 17-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

12) The ciliary muscle contracts to A) control the amount of light reaching the retina. B) adjust the shape of the lens for distant vision. C) adjust the shape of the lens for near vision. D) control the production of aqueous humor. E) adjust the shape of the cornea and vitreous. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 17-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

13) Which of the following is true concerning a sty?A) often caused by bacteriaB) is a blocked gland on the eyelidC) may involve a sebaceous glandD) may involve a tarsal glandE) All of the answers are correct. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 17-3

Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge47) A ray of light entering the eye will encounter the following structures in which order?A) conjunctiva → cornea → aqueous humor → lens → vitreous body → retina B) vitreous body → retina → choroids → aqueous humor → lens → conjunctiva → corneaC) cornea → aqueous humor → vitreous body → lens → conjunctiva → choroids → retinaD) conjunctiva → cornea → lens → aqueous humor → vitreous body → retina E) cornea → aqueous humor → conjunctiva → lens → vitreous body → retina → choroidAnswer: ALearning Outcome: 17-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

14) If your vision is 20/15, this means that you can seeA) 20-point type at 15 feet. B) objects at 20 feet that individuals with normal eyesight can see at 15 feet. C) objects at 15 feet that individuals with eye problems see at 20 feet. D) all 15 eye chart letters from 20 feet. E) objects that are 20 feet or less away. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 17-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

15) Why must accommodation occur to view objects closer than 20 feet from the eye? A) The light rays are convergent and must be bent more. B) It moves the retina into position to focus on the close object. C) The light rays are divergent instead of parallel and require more refraction. D) The iris is too dilated causing the light rays to be out of focus. E) None of the answers are correct. Accommodation occurs when looking at distant objects 20 feet or farther from the eye. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 17-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

16) During accommodation, the ciliary muscle ________ causing the ciliary body to move ________ and apply ________ tension on the lens. A) relaxes; forward; more B) contracts; forward; less C) contracts; back; more D) relaxes; inward; less E) contracts; back; less Answer: BLearning Outcome: 17-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye

Use Figure 17-1 to answer the following questions:

17) Identify the space labeled "1." A) posterior cavity B) posterior chamber C) pupil D) anterior chamberE) vitreous chamber Answer: DLearning Outcome: 17-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

18) Identify the structure labeled "7." A) choroid B) optic disc C) sclera D) retina E) cornea Answer: ELearning Outcome: 17-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

19) Identify the structure labeled "9." A) suspensory ligaments B) optic disc C) sclera D) fovea E) pupil Answer: ALearning Outcome: 17-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

20) In the light-adapted state, A) photoreceptors are much more sensitive to stimulation. B) photoreceptors are much less sensitive to stimulation. C) we can only see color, and not black and white. D) we would see better in the dark. E) colors are dull. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 17-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

21) The following steps occur in rods when they are excited by photons of light. What is the proper sequence for these steps? 1. Membrane sodium channels close.2. Increased phosphodiesterase breaks down cGMP.3. Retinal changes from the 11-cis form to the 11-trans form.4. The membrane hyperpolarizes and the rate of neurotransmitter release declines.5. Opsin activates transducin.6. Opsin activation occurs.A) 1, 6, 5, 2, 4, 3 B) 3, 6, 5, 2, 1, 4C) 6, 3, 5, 2, 1, 4 D) 3, 6, 5, 1, 2, 4 E) 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 2Answer: BLearning Outcome: 17-4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

22) Which of the following statements about the retina is true?A) Ganglion cells send axons to the brain as cranial nerve II.B) Axons carrying its output synapse in the thalamus.C) It has photoreceptors that do not respond to dim light.D) Cones and rods are not equally distributed across the retina.E) All of the answers are correct.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 17-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

23) Where are the visual pigments located in the rods and cones? A) in the inner segment of photoreceptors B) in mitochondria located in the outer segment C) inside membrane discs stacked in the outer segment D) inside a photosensitive nucleus E) sandwiched in the cell membrane of the photoreceptors Answer: CLearning Outcome: 17-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

24) A sound with a frequency of 12,000 hertz would A) be very loud. B) be barely audible. C) be high-pitched. D) be low-pitched. E) damage the tympanic membrane. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 17-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

25) The vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the A) auditory ossicles. B) cochlea. C) oval window. D) tensor tympani. E) stapedius muscle. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 17-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

26) Low frequency sounds stimulate hair cells on which part of the basilar membrane? A) area close to the round window B) the entire membrane C) the distal end D) the middle region E) area close to the oval window Answer: CLearning Outcome: 17-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

27) An infection that damages the vestibular nerve could result in a loss ofA) hearing and equilibrium.B) olfaction.C) visual acuity. D) hearing.E) equilibrium. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 17-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

Figure 17-2 The Ear

Use Figure 17-2 to answer the following questions:

28) Identify the structures labeled "8."

A) cochlea B) auditory ossicles C) auricle D) tympanic membrane E) vestibule Answer: BLearning Outcome: 17-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

29) Which structure contains the receptors for hearing? A) 6 B) 8 C) 9 D) 10 E) 11 Answer: ELearning Outcome: 17-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

30) Which structure is known as the vestibule? A) 6 B) 8 C) 9 D) 10 E) 11 Answer: ALearning Outcome: 17-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

31) Identify the structure that is called the pinna or auricle. A) 1 B) 5 C) 6 D) 8 E) 9 Answer: ALearning Outcome: 17-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

32) Which of the following statements about smell is true?A) Basal cells are the supporting cells for the receptors cells of the olfactory receptor.B) Olfactory epithelium covers the surface of the maxillary bone.C) Olfactory glands produce saliva.D) A high concentration of odorant molecules is required to stimulate olfactory cells.E) None of the statements are true.Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 17-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

33) The membrane structures that respond to chemical stimuli to produce sweet, bitter, and umami sensations are called A) gustatory hairs.B) chemically-gated ion channels.C) voltage-regulated ion channels.D) G proteins.E) papillae.Answer: DLearning Outcome: 17-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

34) ________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. A) Hormones B) Neuropeptides C) Neurotransmitters D) Humoral antibodies E) Antigens Answer: ALearning Outcome: 18-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

35) A kinase is an enzyme that performs A) phosphorylation. B) as a membrane channel. C) active transport. D) protein synthesis. E) as an antibody. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 18-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

36) Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein A) calcitonin. B) calcitriol. C) calmodulin. D) calcium-binding globulin. E) calcitropin. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 18-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

37) Membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?

A) catecholamines B) peptide hormonesC) eicosanoidsD) thyroidE) catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoidsAnswer: ELearning Outcome: 18-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

38) The most complex endocrine responses involve the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) suprarenal glands. D) hypothalamus. E) thymus gland. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 18-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

39) Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors?A) insulinB) epinephrineC) cortisolD) calcitriolE) insulin and epinephrineAnswer: ELearning Outcome: 18-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

40) Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which of the following results?A) loss of ADH secretionB) loss of GH secretionC) loss of melatonin secretionD) loss of emotional responseE) loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion Answer: ALearning Outcome: 18-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

41) The main action of antidiuretic hormone isA) increased water conservation by kidneys.

B) to stimulate kidney cells to secrete renin.C) increase urine output to remove excess fluid. D) increased blood pressure by increased Na+ reabsorption.E) inhibition of aldosterone. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 18-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

43) Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?A) cortisolB) parathyroid hormoneC) insulinD) growth hormoneE) epinephrine Answer: DLearning Outcome: 18-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets

Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:

44) Identify the hormone labeled "4." A) thyroid-releasing hormone B) thyroid-stimulating hormone C) thyroxin D) thyrotropin E) calcitonin Answer: BLearning Outcome: 18-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

45) Identify the hormone labeled "1." A) mineralocorticoid B) cortisol C) dopamine D) ACTHE) aldosterone Answer: DLearning Outcome: 18-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

46) A deficiency of which hormone can lead to diabetes insipidus? A) 3 B) 7 C) 2 D) 8 E) 14 Answer: ELearning Outcome: 18-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

47) Identify the hormone labeled "5." A) thyroid-releasing hormone B) thyroid-stimulating hormone C) thyroxine D) thyrotropin E) parathyroid hormone (PTH) Answer: CLearning Outcome: 18-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

48) Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?A) in lysosomes

B) in rough endoplasmic reticulumC) in the lumen of the thyroid follicleD) in pinocytotic vesiclesE) in apical microvilliAnswer: CLearning Outcome: 18-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

83) Which of the following is not an action of TSH?A) stimulates T3 and T4 secretionB) stimulates iodide trapping by thyroid follicle cellsC) inhibits T3 and T4 secretionD) stimulates pinocytosis of colloid by thyroid follicle cellsE) increases cyclic AMP concentration within thyroid follicle cellsAnswer: CLearning Outcome: 18-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

49) Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except A) stimulate osteoclast activity. B) inhibit osteoblast activity. C) build up bone. D) stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. E) enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 18-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

50) Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in A) the loss of axillary and pubic hair. B) increased volume of urine formation. C) decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood. D) decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose. E) increased water retention. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 18-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

51) If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry? A) increase of insulin B) decrease of insulinC) increase of blood glucoseD) decrease of blood glucose

E) both an increase in insulin and an increase in glucose Answer: CLearning Outcome: 18-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

52) Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system?A) cortisolB) parathyroid hormoneC) insulinD) growth hormoneE) acetylcholineAnswer: ALearning Outcome: 18-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

53) Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action?A) thyroglobulins B) mineralocorticoids C) pancreatic hormones D) antidiuretic hormones E) glucocorticoids Answer: ELearning Outcome: 18-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

54) The condition known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be caused byA) increased levels of melanin. B) increased levels of melatonin. C) increased levels of melanocyte-stimulating hormone. D) increased levels of gonadotrophins. E) decreased levels of testosterone.Answer: BLearning Outcome: 18-7Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

55) If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injectingA) glucagon.B) GHIH.C) thyroid hormone.D) aldosterone.E) antidiuretic hormone. Answer: A

Learning Outcome: 18-8Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

56) Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin? A) glycosuriaB) ketoacidosis C) high blood glucose D) low blood glucose E) polyuria Answer: DLearning Outcome: 18-8Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension119) Which of the following statements is true about the pancreas?A) The pancreas lies over the top of the stomach.B) The sole function of the pancreas is to produce hormones.C) The pituitary gland produces stimulating hormones that control the pancreas.D) The islets contain a variety of different cells producing different hormones.E) The pancreas stores glucose, which can be released into the blood.Answer: DLearning Outcome: 18-8Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

57) Which of the following statements is true about the pancreas?A) The pancreas is tucked into the curvature of the small intestine, underneath the stomach.B) The pancreas produces enzymes for breakdown of foods.C) The main hormonal function of the pancreas is control of blood sugar.D) The pancreas affect's the functions of the liver.E) All of the answers are correct.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 18-8Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

58) Increased aggressive and assertive behavior is associated with an increase in which of the following hormones? A) somatostatin B) thyroxineC) growth hormoneD) sex hormones E) insulin Answer: DLearning Outcome: 18-10Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

59) You have just become the nurse manager of a nursing home and you are reminding yourself about what problems your nursing home population might have by studying your

old pathophysiology books from nursing school. Many of the residents are tired and have problems with blood glucose levels. Which hormones might be related?A) insulinB) cortisolC) GHD) thyroid hormonesE) All of the answers are correct.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 18-10Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

60) Receptors for ________, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are found in the cell membranes of target cells.A) catecholaminesB) carbohydratesC) kinasesD) genesE) acetylcholineAnswer: ALearning Outcome: 18-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

61) Cells that respond to a hormone are called ________ cells.A) stem B) pluripotent C) germ D) target E) peripheral Answer: DLearning Outcome: 18-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

62) Hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called A) tropic hormones.B) androgens.C) somatotropins.D) immunogens.E) gonadotropins.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 18-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

63) The specific target cells of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine are A) the cells of the parathyroid glands.

B) the cells of the pituitary gland.C) all cells of the body.D) the cells of the ovaries and testes.E) the cells of the thymus gland.Answer: CLearning Outcome: 18-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

64) Adipocytes produce a peptide hormone called ________ that acts on the hypothalamus. A) leptinB) grehlinC) lipaseD) glucagonE) adipocinAnswer: ALearning Outcome: 18-9Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

65) Two hormones that have opposing effects are called A) antagonists.B) agonists.C) resistors.D) synergists.E) adjuvants.Answer: ALearning Outcome: 18-10Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

66) The hormone that dominates the alarm phase of the stress response is A) epinephrine.B) acetylcholine.C) steroids.D) androgen.E) glucagon.Answer: ALearning Outcome: 18-10Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

67) Which of the following is a function of the blood? A) transport of nutrients and wastes B) transport of body heat C) transport of gases D) defense against toxins and pathogens E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer: ELearning Outcome: 19-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

68) Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood?A) 55 percentB) 30 percentC) 60 percentD) 45 percentE) 20 percentAnswer: DLearning Outcome: 19-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

69) Consider the following results from a blood lab test. Which value is most likely abnormal?A) RBCs—5.2 million/µlB) platelets—280,000/µlC) leukocytes—8600/µlD) hemoglobin—10.7 g/100 mlE) hematocrit—44 percentAnswer: DLearning Outcome: 19-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

70) A typical adult hematocrit is A) 85. B) 75. C) 65. D) 45. E) 25. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 19-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

71) You are caring for an adult patient who weighs 48 kg. What would her approximate blood volume be? A) 6.6 L B) 6.0 L C) 5.6 L D) 4.8 L E) 3.8 L Answer: ELearning Outcome: 19-1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

72) Transferrin is an example of which kind of plasma protein? A) metalloprotein B) steroid-binding protein C) hormone-binding protein D) apolipoprotein E) transport albuminAnswer: ALearning Outcome: 19-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

73) Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins? A) pancreas B) heart C) kidney D) brain E) liver Answer: ELearning Outcome: 19-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

74) Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the A) albumins. B) fibrinogens. C) immunoglobulins. D) metalloproteins. E) lipoproteins. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 19-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

75) The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if A) the diet is deficient in iron. B) there is insufficient heme in the hemoglobin. C) a gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal. D) red blood cells bind too much oxygen. E) hemolysis is prevented by a mutated gene. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 19-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

76) Surgical removal of the stomach could cause

A) hemophilia. B) pernicious anemia. C) thrombocytopenia. D) leukocytosis. E) jaundice. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 19-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

77) An obstruction in blood flow to the kidneys would ultimately result inA) pernicious anemia. B) renal anemia. C) increased erythropoiesis. D) decreased erythropoiesis. E) increased sensitivity to vitamin K. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 19-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

78) Eileen is a strict vegan and therefore eats no animal products. She develops an anemia that her doctor thinks is caused by a nutritional deficiency. Which of the following is the likeliest candidate? A) aplastic anemiaB) vitamin B12 deficiency C) lack of intrinsic factorD) vitamin K deficiencyE) vitamin B6 deficiencyAnswer: BLearning Outcome: 19-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

79) In which of the following situations would you expect the blood level of bilirubin to be elevated? A) during coagulation B) an alcoholic with a damaged liver C) iron-deficient dietD) low hematocritE) low blood volume Answer: BLearning Outcome: 19-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

80) Which of the following would you expect to see in increased numbers in a peripheral blood sample after donating a unit of blood?

A) fibrocytes B) platelets C) reticulocytes D) lymphocytes E) neutrophils Answer: CLearning Outcome: 19-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

81) A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because A) hemoglobin has leaked from the blood into the injury and hemoglobin has a green color. B) the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin. C) bilirubin from iron recycling has built-up in the bruise. D) red blood cells are green when they leave circulation. E) dead white blood cells accumulate at the site of injury. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 19-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

63) Which of the following blood count values would be a sign of anemia? A) 10,000 WBC B) 3.5 million RBC C) 400,000 platelets D) 5.5 million RBC E) A and D taken togetherAnswer: BLearning Outcome: 19-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

82) People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions becauseA) their blood cells lack A and B antigens.B) their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.C) their blood is plentiful in A and B agglutinins.D) they usually have very strong immune systems.E) they are usually Rh negative.Answer: BLearning Outcome: 19-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

83) Type AB blood has which of the following characteristics?A) RBCs have the Rh positive antigens and the anti-D plasma antibodies. B) RBCs have no surface antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

C) RBCs have both the A & B surface antigens and no ABO plasma antibodies. D) RBCs have the A and the B surface antigens and the plasma has anti-A and anti-B antibodies. E) RBCs have the A antigen and the plasma has the anti-B antibody. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 19-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

84) Antigens of the surface of red blood cells are also called ________ and antibodies in the blood plasma are also called ________. A) agglutinins; agglutinogens B) agglutinogens; agglutinins C) T-cells; B-cells D) erythrogens; antibiotics E) serum; plasma Answer: BLearning Outcome: 19-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

85) Which of these descriptions best matches the term T lymphocytes?A) adhere to collagen beneath endotheliumB) are involved in cell mediated immunity C) produce antibodies in response to antigensD) kill bacteria using hydrogen peroxideE) often elevated in allergic individualsAnswer: BLearning Outcome: 19-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

86) During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of A) neutrophils. B) eosinophils. C) basophils. D) reticulocytes. E) thrombocytes. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 19-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

87) Non-specific immunity, such as phagocytosis, is a function of which blood cells? A) basophils and eosinophils B) neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

C) lymphocytes and monocytes D) platelets E) lymphocytes Answer: BLearning Outcome: 19-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

88) A patient has an infected puncture wound to her foot. Which type of white blood cell would you expect to be elevated in a differential white cell count? A) neutrophils B) eosinophils C) basophils D) lymphocytes E) monocytes Answer: ALearning Outcome: 19-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

Figure 19-1 The Origins and Differentiation of Formed Elements

Use Figure 19-1 to answer the following questions:

89) Identify the cell labeled "5." A) erythrocyte B) lymphocyte C) eosinophil D) basophil E) monocyte Answer: ELearning Outcome: 19-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

90) Identify the cell labeled "6." A) erythrocyte

B) lymphocyte C) eosinophil D) basophil E) monocyte Answer: BLearning Outcome: 19-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

91) Identify the cell labeled "4." A) neutrophil B) lymphocyte C) platelet D) basophil E) monocyte Answer: DLearning Outcome: 19-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

92) Identify the cell labeled "3." A) eosinophil B) lymphocyte C) erythrocyte D) basophil E) monocyte Answer: ALearning Outcome: 19-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

93) Identify the cell labeled "2." A) lymphocyte B) eosinophil C) basophil D) neutrophil E) monocyte Answer: DLearning Outcome: 19-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

94) ________ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. A) Vascular spasm B) The platelet phase C) Retraction D) Coagulation E) Fibrinolysis Answer: DLearning Outcome: 19-7Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

95) The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the A) sticking of platelets to damaged tissue. B) activation of Factor VII exposed to collagen. C) release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium. D) release of heparin from the liver. E) conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 19-7Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

96) A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to A) cause clots to form faster. B) cause clot dissolution to proceed faster.

C) initiate clot formation.D) mimic heparin.E) recruit neutrophils to an infection. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 19-7Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

97) Areas in a vessel wall where large quantities of lipid accumulate are called A) thrombi. B) emboli. C) plaques. D) clots. E) occlusions. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 19-7Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

98) Which of the following are common sources of vitamin K? A) green vegetables B) organ meats C) whole grains D) intestinal bacteria E) All of answers are correct.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 19-7Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

99) A digestive disorder that impairs a person's ability to absorb vitamin K will result in A) low levels of prothrombin. B) low levels of Factor X. C) low levels of thromboplastin.D) prolonged bleeding. E) All of the answers are correct.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 19-7Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

100) Plasma extenders are used toA) maintain the normal osmotic pressure of blood.B) carry oxygen to the tissues.C) maintain the normal blood pH.D) keep blood volume normal.

E) keep blood volume normal and maintain osmotic pressure.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 19-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

101) Tetanic muscle contractions don't occur in a normal cardiac muscle because A) cardiac muscle tissue contracts on its own. B) neural stimulation is lacking. C) the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes. D) the refractory period ends before the muscle reaches peak tension. E) potassium channels outnumber sodium channels. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 20-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

102) Which of the following descriptions matches the term near the left fifth intercostal space?A) pericardial cavityB) visceral pericardiumC) apex of heartD) aortaE) right atriumAnswer: CLearning Outcome: 20-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

103) The interventricular sulci and coronary sulcusA) contain fat. B) contain arteries. C) contain veins. D) are grooves on the surface of the heart.E) All of the answers are correct.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 20-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

104) Cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells differ in a few ways. Which of the following is not one of them?A) Cardiac muscle cells are smaller in size. B) Cardiac muscle cells have a single, centered nucleus. C) Cardiac muscle cells branch. D) Skeletal muscle cells lack intercalated discs. E) Cardiac muscle cells lack transverse tubules. Answer: E

Learning Outcome: 20-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

105) Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of A) cardiac muscle cells.B) chondrocytes.C) epitheliocytes.D) fibrocytes.E) smooth muscle cells.Answer: ALearning Outcome: 20-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

106) In order to perform a coronary artery bypass graft, a cardiac surgeon mustA) open the pericardial sac.B) open the myocardium to see the AV valves. C) visualize the pulmonary valve. D) visualize the carotid arteries. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 20-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

107) When the left ventricle contracts, the distance from the apex to the base A) increases. B) decreases. C) remains unchanged. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 20-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

108) Cardiac cells damaged by infarction will show which of the following?A) switch to anaerobic metabolismB) release of enzymes into the circulationC) release of troponin T and I into the circulationD) release of CK-MB into the circulationE) All of the answers are correct.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 20-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

109) When the semilunar valves close, the AV valves then A) close.

B) open. C) make the third heart sound. D) contract. E) prolapse. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 20-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

110) The right pulmonary veins carry ________ blood to the ________. A) deoxygenated; left atrium B) oxygenated; right lung C) deoxygenated; superior vena cava D) deoxygenated; right atrium E) oxygenated; left atrium Answer: ELearning Outcome: 20-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

111) The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in theA) right atrium.B) left atrium.C) right ventricle.D) left ventricle.E) interatrial septum.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 20-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

Figure 20-1 The Heart

Use Figure 20-1 to answer the following questions:

112) Identify the structure labeled "19." A) tricuspid valve B) pulmonary semilunar valve C) aortic semilunar valve D) bicuspid valve E) ligamentum arteriosum Answer: BLearning Outcome: 20-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

113) Identify the structure(s) labeled "8." A) moderator band B) pectinate muscles C) papillary muscles D) trabeculae carneae E) chordae tendineae Answer: CLearning Outcome: 20-1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

114) Identify the structure labeled "6." A) cusp of tricuspid valve B) pulmonary semilunar valve C) aortic semilunar valve D) bicuspid valve E) ligamentum arteriosum Answer: ALearning Outcome: 20-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

115) Which chamber receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit? A) 5 B) 10 C) 16 D) 13 E) both 5 and 16 Answer: CLearning Outcome: 20-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

116) Identify the structure labeled "21." A) bicuspid valve B) pulmonary semilunar valve C) aortic semilunar valve D) ligamentum arteriosum E) tricuspid valve Answer: DLearning Outcome: 20-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

117) As a result of the long refractory period in the cardiac action potential, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit A) tonus. B) treppe. C) tetany. D) recruitment. E) fatigue. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 20-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

118) Pacemaker cells in the SA nodeA) have a well-defined resting potential.

B) can spontaneously depolarize.C) also contract with the rest of the cells in the heart wall.D) are special neurons that convey signals from the brain to the heart.E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 20-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

119) ________ is to slow heart rate as ________ is to fast heart rate. A) Tachycardia; bradycardia B) Bradycardia; cardiomyopathy C) Bradycardia; tachycardia D) Cardiac tamponade; bradycardia E) Angina; infarction Answer: CLearning Outcome: 20-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

120) The phase in the cardiac cycle when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open is theA) atrial systole.B) early diastolic filling phase.C) late diastolic filling phase.D) systolic ejection phase.E) dicrotic phase.Answer: DLearning Outcome: 20-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

121) During ventricular systole, the A) atria are contracting. B) blood is entering the ventricles. C) AV valves are closed. D) pressure in the ventricles remains constant. E) pressure in the aorta remains constant. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 20-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

Figure 20-2 Cardiac Cycle

Use Figure 20-2 to answer the following questions:

122) What occurs at the area labeled "D" on the graph? A) AV valve opens. B) Semilunar valve opens. C) Diastolic filling begins.D) AV valve opens and filling of ventricles begins. E) Ventricle contracts. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 20-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

123) What volume is labeled "G" on the graph? A) cardiac output B) stroke volume C) end-systolic volume D) end-diastolic volume E) ejection fraction Answer: CLearning Outcome: 20-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

124) What occurs at "A" on the graph? A) Semilunar valve opens. B) Semilunar valve closes. C) AV valve opens. D) AV valve closes. E) end systolic volume Answer: ALearning Outcome: 20-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

125) What volume is labeled "E" on the graph? A) cardiac output B) stroke volume C) end-diastolic volume D) end-systolic volume E) total cardiac volume Answer: BLearning Outcome: 20-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

126) Cardiac output can be increased by all of the following except A) decreasing ejection fraction.B) decreasing end systolic volume.C) increasing stroke volume.D) increasing ejection fraction.E) increasing heart rate.Answer: ALearning Outcome: 20-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

127) Heart rate is controlled by neurons of the cardiovascular center located in theA) pons.B) thalamus.C) medulla oblongata.D) hypothalamus.

E) higher centers.Answer: CLearning Outcome: 20-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

128) End-systolic volume is defined as theA) amount of blood a ventricle ejects per cycle. B) amount of blood which backflows into a ventricle. C) amount of blood remaining in an atrium after atrial systole. D) amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction. E) stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 20-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

129) Calculate cardiac output if the heart rate is 125 beats/minute, the end-diastolic volume is 130 ml, and the end-systolic volume is 40 ml. A) 21,250 ml / min B) 16,250 ml / min C) 11,250 ml / min D) 195 ml / min E) 200 ml / min Answer: CLearning Outcome: 20-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

130) ________ is the symptom generally brought on by coronary ischemia. A) Angina pectorisB) Shortness of breathC) A rashD) HematuriaE) Fluid in the lungsAnswer: ALearning Outcome: 20-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension