ancient greece. balkan peninsula the geography of greece mainland is a peninsula. trading and...
TRANSCRIPT
Ancient Greece
Ancient Ancient GreeceGreece
Balkan Peninsula
The Geography of GreeceThe Geography of Greece
• Mainland is a peninsula.
• Trading and fishing
• Farming – wheat, barley, olives, and grapes
• Fiercely independent due to being divided by mts and seas
The MinoansThe Minoans
• Island of Crete
• Earned living by shipbuilding and trade
• Arthur Evans
• Knossos
• Collapsed about
1450 B.C.
• Theories
Palace at KnossosPalace at Knossos
Wall painting from KnossosWall painting from Knossos
The First Greek KingdomsThe First Greek Kingdoms
• Built by the Mycenaeans who were originally from central Asia
• Warriors became nobles who ruled the people they conquered.
What were Mycenaean What were Mycenaean Kingdoms like?Kingdoms like?
• Fortified palace on a hill --- centerpiece of each kingdom
• Large farms (estates) belonged to nobles
• Slaves and farmers lived on the estates
Power from Trade and WarPower from Trade and War
• Copied the ways Minoans– Work with bronze and shipbuilding– Learned how to use sun and stars at
sea– Started worshipping Mother Earth
(Minoans’ chief goddess)
• Replaced Minoans as a major power
• King Agamemnon --- Trojan War
What was the Dark Age?What was the Dark Age?
• 1200 B.C. – earthquakes and fighting among the kingdoms destroyed hilltop forts
• 1100 B.C. – Mycenaean civilization collapsed.
• 1100 – 750 B.C. were difficult for Greeks
• Trade slowed and poverty took hold
What was the Dark Age?What was the Dark Age?(Continued)(Continued)
• Stopped teaching how to write and craftwork
• Positive – population shift
• Dorians
• Peloponnesus
• Increase in trade brought new way of writing
• Greek alphabet
English words English words that came that came
from Greek:from Greek:
geometry, physics,
astronomy, star, galaxy, atom,
music, melody, chorus, drama, comedy, poet,
character, history,
metropolis, athlete, and
stadium
A Move to ColonizeA Move to Colonize
• Couldn’t grow enough food to feed everyone
• Colonies traded grains, metals, fish, timber, and enslaved people with the mainland in exchange for pottery, wine, and olive oil
• 600 B.C. – mint coins
• No more barter
The PolisThe Polis
• City-states known as polis
• Hill
• Acropolis
• Agora
• Varied in size and population
• Athens – nearly 300,000 people (500 B.C.)
AthensAthens
What was Greek What was Greek Citizenship?Citizenship?
• They ran the city-state.• 1st to develop this idea.• Only free native-born men who
owned land• Women and children might qualify
but were limited in their rights.• Rights: vote, hold office, own
property, and defend themselves in court
Citizens as SoldiersCitizens as Soldiers
• Hoplites– Took pride in their fighting for their
city-state
• Foot and armed: – Round shield (help to create a
protective wall)– Short sword– 9 foot spear
• Rows
ReviewReview
1. What made the Minoans wealthy?
2. How was a Greek city-state different form a city?
3. What changes occurred in Greece during the Dark Age?
4. Name 3 rights granted to Greek citizens that Americans have today.
5. Why did the use of money help trade grow?
Minoans Mycenaeans
Minoans Mycenaeans
•Lived on Crete•Built first civilization in Greece•Worked in bronze
•Lived on Greek mainland•First Greek kings•Built fortified palaces on hills•Borrowed ideas from Minoans
Earned wealth from trade
Sparta and Sparta and AthensAthens
Tyranny in the City-StatesTyranny in the City-States
• Nobles seized power from kings
• Tyrants – take power by force and rules with total authority– Building new marketplaces, temples,
and walls
• Oligarchy – Sparta
• Democracy - Athens
SpartaSparta
SpartaSparta
• Founded by Dorians
• Instead of setting colonies, they conquered and enslaved their neighbors.
• Helots
Why was the Military So Why was the Military So Important?Important?
• Fear of being taken over led to firm control and training for war
• 7 years old live in barracks
• 20 years – enter regular army
• 30 years – returned home
• Girls were trained in
sports.
• Women were freer
Sparta’s GovernmentSparta’s Government
• Oligarchy
• 2 kings headed a council of elders
• All men over 30
• Ephors
• Discouraged foreign visitors
AthensAthens
Life in AthensLife in Athens
• School
• Citizen at 18
• Girls
Building DemocracyBuilding Democracy
• Early Athens – landowning nobles – oligarchy
• Solon
• Peisistratus
• Cleisthenes
CleisthenesCleisthenes
• All male citizens• New powers• Council of 500
– Proposed laws– Dealt with foreign countries– Oversaw treasury– Members were chosen by lottery every year.
• Non-citizens were excluded.• Credited with making Athens a democracy
RiddleRiddle
• Men in Athens liked to go to fancy dinner parties where they told riddles.
• “When you look at me, I look at you. When you speak, I open my mouth and move my lips, but you cannot hear me and I cannot see you. What am I?”
• A Mirror
ReviewReview
1. Who were the helots?
2. Why did tyrants fall out favor with the Greeks?
3. Why did Athenians choose officials by lottery? Would there be drawbacks to this method?
4. How did the Greek nobles gain power?
5. Why was Solon popular among farmers and unpopular among others?
6. How did Athenian democracy keep one person from gaining too much power?
ReviewReview
Persia Persia Attacks the Attacks the
GreeksGreeks
The Persian WarsThe Persian Wars
Both Sparta and Athens played roles in defeating the Persians.
The Battle of MarathonThe Battle of Marathon
• 490 B.C. – Persians landed on Marathon
• 20,000 soldiers – 10,000 Athenian soldiers
• Athenian victory
Statute of Pheidippiedes along Marathon Road
Another Persian StrikeAnother Persian Strike
• Darius’ son, Xerxes
• 480 B.C. – revenge
• Greece unites
ThermopylaeThermopylae
• Narrow pass through the mts that was easy to defend
• 7,000 Greek soldiers held them off for 2 days
• Traitor
• Persian victory
SalamisSalamis
• Strait
• Greek ships - smaller, faster, and easier to steer
• Greeks destroyed almost the entire Persian fleet
PlataeaPlataea
• Greeks crushed the Persian army here.
• Turning point
• Saved Greece from invasion
Ancient Greek warships --- Ancient Greek warships --- triremestriremes
ScythiansScythians
• Grassland north of the Black Sea
• Hit-and-run tactics
Fall of Persian EmpireFall of Persian Empire
• Greek defeat weakened it.
• Internal problems
• Remained intact for 150 more yrs
• Alexander the Great – 334 B.C.
ReviewReview
1. Why was Cyrus considered a fair ruler?
2. The Persians wanted revenge against the Greeks. Describe an event in your own life or on the news where revenge was involved. What was the outcome?
BattleBattle ActionAction
Marathon
Thermopylae
Salamis
Plataea
BattleBattle ActionAction
Marathon
Thermopylae
Salamis
Plataea
Greeks overwhelmed Persians.
Greeks were betrayed. Persians won.
Greek ships defeated Persians in the strait.
Greeks crushed Persians.
The Age of The Age of PericlesPericles
Athenian EmpireAthenian Empire
• Under Pericles, Athens became very powerful and more democratic.
• Delian League– Defend members from Persians– Drive Persia out of Greek territories
(Asia Minor)– Freed almost all of Greek cities under
Persia’s control
• Delos
Democracy in AthensDemocracy in Athens
• Direct democracy– Athenian Assembly – passed all laws,
elected officials, and made decisions on war and foreign affairs
– 10 officials (generals) carried out the assembly’s laws and policies.
• Representative democracy
Ancient Ancient Athenian Athenian
AgoraAgora
The Achievements The Achievements of Periclesof Pericles
• Helped Athens dominate the Delian League• Made Athens more democratic• Allowed lower-class male citizens to run for
office• Paid officeholders• Culture blossomed• Period of tremendous creativity and
learning• Rebuilt Athens after Persian Wars• Supported artists, architects, writers, and
philosophers
Daily Life in AthensDaily Life in Athens
• Population– 285,000 residents in all– 150,000 were citizens– 43,000 of the 150,000 were men with
political rights– ~35,000 were foreigners– ~100,000 enslaved people
• Slavery
Athenian EconomyAthenian Economy
• Farming – Raised sheep and goats for wool, milk,
and cheese– Grew grains, veggies, fruit (local use)– Grew grapes, and olives to make wine
and olive oil to sell abroad
• Imported grain
• Trading center of the Greek empire (400s B.C.)
• Merchants
Roles of Men and Roles of Men and WomenWomen
Men• Worked in
morning• Exercised or
attended mtgs of assembly
• Evenings: enjoyed all male gatherings
Women• Life revolved around home
and family• Married at 14/15yrs
– Expected to have children and take care of household duties
• Poor women• Upper-class: stayed home
and supervised household chores
• Rarely went out (except to funerals or festivals)
• Could not attend school
WomenWomen
• Compare to present day as well as early American women
• An Athenian woman’s childhood ended when she married. The day before the wedding, she took her toys to the Temple of Artemis (goddess of the hunt, protector of women in childbirth). After the wedding, the husband would carry her over the threshold.
AspasiaAspasia• Moved more freely in society
• Not a native Athenian (gave
her special status)
• Well-educated
• Taught public speaking to many Athenians
• Her writings did not survive
• Plato
• Pericles often consulted her
• Became influential in politics even though she could not vote
The The Peloponnesian Peloponnesian
War War
Difference in the Difference in the Greek city-statesGreek city-states
• Athenian empire – grew richer and powerful
• Suspicious – other city-states joined with Sparta against Athens.
• Sparta and Athens – built 2 different kinds of societies (neither understood or trusted the other)
• War broke out in 431 B.C.
Pericles’ Pericles’ Funeral OrationFuneral Oration
• 1st winter of war – public funeral
• Pericles’
speech
Athens’ DefeatAthens’ Defeat
• Both – confident
• Spartan’s ability in open battles
• 2nd year – deadly disease
• Pericles dies.
• Standoff continues for 25 years
• Spartan deal with Persians
• Spartan navy defeats Athens
• Athens surrenders.
Results:Results:
• Weakened all major Greek city-states
• Many died in fighting
• Farms were destroyed.
• 1000s left jobless
• Impossible for unity
in Greece
AftermathAftermath
• Sparta tried ruling all of Greece for 30 yrs.
• City-states rebelled
• Sparta fought Persia
• Failing to notice that Macedonia (to the North) was growing in power and cost them their freedom
ReviewReview
1. What caused the Peloponnesian War?
2. According to Pericles, what duties did the Athenian citizens have?
3. What caused the lack of trust between Sparta and Athens?
4. How did the direct democracy of Athens differ from the democracy we have in the United States?
Government
Economy
Culture
Wars
Government
Economy
Culture
Wars
democracy
Farming and trade
Great creativity, major rebuilding program
Peloponnesian War, Athens defeated