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GlobalAdap,veGovernanceandNetworksThecuriouscaseofthePirateFishers

AndrewMerrieStockholmResilienceCentre

SERSDMastersProgramme03March2016

SowhoamIthen?

•  NewZealanderwithabackgroundinPoli,calScienceandInterna,onalBusiness•  EGGAlumni,classof2011(EGGiscoolerthanSERSDright?)•  Master’sThesiswithPerOlssonandVictorGalazontheemergenceandspreadofMarine

Spa,alPlanningasatoolforecosystemmanagement•  NowdoingaPhdwithHenrikÖsterblom,PerOlssonandVictorGalazonGlobalGovernance

ofMarineResourcesaspartoftheNereusProgram(Predic,ngtheFutureOcean)

•  PhDfocusingonunderstandingtheadap,venessofexis,nggovernanceins,tu,ons,theemergenceofnewformsofgovernanceandcontribu,ngtothegenera,onofplausiblescenariosoffuturegovernanceofmarineresources.

GlobalNetworksandFisheries–WhatdowemeanbyaGlobalNetwork?

DefinedAs:“Globallyspanninginforma,onsharingandcollabora,onpa_ernsbetweenorganiza,ons,includinggovernmentaland/ornongovernmentalactors.Eachindividualpar,cipa,ngorganiza,onisnotnecessarilyglobal,butthenetworkasawholeaimstoaffectglobalprocesses.”

(Galazetal2013,p.3)

Spatial Expansion of Fisheries– Genuinely Global Spa2alExpansionofEUandnonEUFishingFleetsintotheGlobalOcean1950totoday:

UBCFisheriesandWWFNetherlands

ARefresher:NetworksandPolycentricity(ElinorOstrominGalazetal2011)

ThreeProposi,onsonPolycentricity:•  Prop1-Polycentricityisama_erofdegree,ranging

fromweakcoordina,ontostrongpolycentricorder.

•  Prop2-Degreesofpolycentricorderaredefinedbyfeaturessuchascommunica,ondynamics,degreeofformaliza,on,andnetworkstructuralpa_erns.

•  Prop3-Externalandinternaltensionsaffecttheabilityofactorstomaintainacertaindegreeofpolycentricorder.

AGlobalNetworkEmergenceCaseStudyPirateFishingandtheIMCSNetwork

Piratefishingisanentertaininglynamedbutactuallyterriblescourgeoftheoceans.

WhatexactlyisIUU?PiratefishingvesselsarelegallyclassifiedasIllegal,Unreported,andUnregulated(IUU)vessels:•  Illegal–vesselsoperateinviola,onofregionallaws,i.e.,fishing

outofseason,catchingwrongspecies,usingwronggear,catchingmorethantheirquota,nothavingtheproperlicense.

•  Unreported–eithernotrepor,ngormisrepor,ngsizeofcatch.

•  Unregulated–vesselsthathavenona,onalregistra,on,flyingwrongflag,orfishwheretherearenoconserva,onmeasuresinplace.

GlobalIUU–BythenumbersNotaTrivialProblem–(Agnew2009)

Photo:Ma_,asKlum

IUU;Sophis,cated,Adap,veandInnova,ve–Amateursneednotapply

Adap,veGovernanceforfigh,ngillegalfishingintheSouthernOceans

Österblom&Folke,EcologyandSociety,2013

Photo:AustralianCustomsService

•  Adiversenetworkofactorsandins,tu,onshavemanagedtodrama,callyreduceillegalfishingintheSouthernOcean

•  Informalandformalnetworkshavebeeninstrumentaltothesuccessfuloutcomes

•  Thenetworkincludedna,onalgovernments,civilsocietyandthefishingindustryallworkingincollabora,onovermanyyears

AGlobalFrameworkforAc,ononIUUNetworkedinunexpectedwaysthroughindividualsandorganisa,ons

(shadownetworksopera,nginthespacesbetweenestablishedgovernanceins,tu,ons)

•  UNconven,ononthelawoftheseas(UNCLOS)1974

•  UNFishStocksAgreement(partofUNCLOS)2001

•  Interna,onalPlanofAc,ontocombatIUU(IPOA-IUU),2001

•  IMCSNetwork(2002)

•  HighSeastaskforce(2003-2006)

•  PortStateMeasuresAgreement(2010)

•  GlobalOceanCommission(2013)

•  ChathamhouseIUUIni,a,ve

•  StopIllegalFising–UKGovtIni,a,ve

Fromregionalini,a,vetoglobalnetwork–IntheBeginningtherewastalk•  CCAMLRandbeyond…

•  Hey,IknowyoufromthatToothfishthing!

•  Acoreinformalgroup:USA,Australia,Chile,Peru,Canada,Norway…

•  Couldweenvisionan‘interpol’forfisheries?

•  DiscussionsinFAOcommi_eeonFisheries

•  BirthoftheIMCSNetwork

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IndividualActorswithSharedInterestschatinformally

Emergenceofaninformalcommunica,ons&knowledgesharingnetwork

Incrementalmovestowardstheestablishmentofaaformalnetworkstructure

Aformalisedorganisa,onalstructureisputinplace–IMCSisins,tu,onalised

TheHistoryoftheInterna,onalMonitoring,ControlandSurveillanceNetwork(IMCS)•  Scopingmee,nginSan,ago,Chile1999

•  Responsiblefishingdeclara,ondraqed

•  Foundingmee,ngKeyLargo,USA,2000•  Establishmentoftermsofreference•  EstablishmentofWebsiteimcsnet.org

•  Secretariatestablishedin2008focusedonimprovingfisheriesMCSthrough:•  Enhancedcoopera,on•  Coordina,on•  Informa,oncollec,on&exchange•  CapacityBuilding(GFETW)

•  RightNow:49membercountries,6Observers,NGOaccessindevelopment

BigDiverseData–Essen,alfordealingeffec,velywithsavvypiratefishersMCSInforma,on&IntlDatabases

Equasis(MerchantShippingDatabase)

RFMOFVLists

Na,onalDatabases

PortStateInspec,ons

Prosecu,onDatabases

Black,White&GrayLists

Regionalandsub-regionalFVdatabases

AuthorizedandUnauthorizedFVlists LloydsShippingRegister

Bus,ngFishPiratesacrossscales

NovelTechnologyPlasorms–EnablersofAdap,veGovernance?

Rapidtechnologydevelopmentunintendedconsequences

Thepoten,alofinformalgovernancenetworkstogenerateimpact

InterpolandIUU

Somemorethinkingonthepoten,alofglobalnetworks•  Globalnetworksimprovecapacitytocoordinatethroughmobiliza,onofdiversecapaci,es•  Emergeinspecificcontextsoqentosolvespecificchallenges•  Differentdegreesofsocialorganiza,on(changeableover,meandnotnecessarilyalinear

progression)•  Eachnetworkfacesdifferentsetsofchallengesi.e.Legi,macy,fundingetc.•  But...Itisclearthatglobalnetworksareemergingtoaddressglobalchallenges(although

notallnetworksarebenignofcourse,thinkabouttheIUUcase)

Aconclusionofsorts–BringingittogetherCoreArgument:Ifformalinterna,onalins,tu,onsaretoofragmentedorslowtoaddressrapidandnon-lineardynamics,globalnetworksmaycontributetoincreasingtheadap,vecapacityofglobalgovernanceof“,ppingpoints”

Networksofferanelegantdescriptorforsomeoftheemerginggovernancedynamicsthatareoccurringattheglobalscale.

•  Fourfeaturesofglobalnetworks(evidentfromIUUIMCScasestudy):•  Informa,onprocessingandearlywarnings•  Mul,-levelandmul,-networkresponses•  Abilitytodevelopandmaintaindiverseresponsecapacity•  Balancinglegi,macyandefficiencygoals

Canbedifficulttoanalyzeandstudyastheyareconstantlyshiqingandarequiteephemeral,althoughcanbeaveryrewardingareaofstudy.

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Thankyouforlistening!AndrewMerrie

PhDCandidateinSustainabilityScienceStockholmResilienceCentre

Ques,onsforDiscussion–SelectandRotate

1.  Considertheemergenceofglobalscaleenvironmentalcrime,howmightthisalterourabilitytogovernecosystems?Isitrighttocharacterizethisas‘organizedcrime’andwhymightthatbeproblema,c?

2.  Donon-stateactorsandinformalnetworksreallyma_er,areweoversta,ngthecase?

Willna,on-statesremainparamountfordeterminingthefutureofecosystems?

3.  Forwhatenvironmentalgovernancechallengesmightnetworksbeillsuited?Whatarethedisadvantagesofrelyingonemergenceofnetworkstoaddresschallengesattheglobalscale?

4.  Infisheries,orinanotherareaof‘governanceofecosystems’withwhichyouarefamiliar,

howmighttechnologyimpactgovernancechallengesthatseemintractable?Whatunintendedconsequencesmayariseduetotheuseofanewtechnology?