Major Animal Diseases in Mashonaland Central

Wilmot Chikurunhe Provincial Veterinary Officer

Mashonaland Central

0772521332wchikuru@yahoo.com

Assumed KnowledgeDefinition of diseaseImmunityDisease vs ImmunityDisease presentation

General signs of diseaseDisease Diagnosis

Case report and historyClinical examinationsPost mortems

Assumed Knowledge (continued)Clinical and subclinical diseaseTreatment

When to treat on farmWhen to call the vet

Stock RemediesStock Remedies Kit

What to keep on farm

Assumed Knowledge (Continued)Disease prevention

Good farming practices: the stockman’s calendar Vaccination Deworming Vector control eg Dipping Movement control(fencing, quarantine, permit system)

Disease ControlVaccinationTreatmentAwareness campaigns/communication

Classification of DiseasesBy Aetiology(Causative Agent)

Bacterial diseases

Viral diseases

Protozoal diseases

Fungal infections

Classification of DiseasesBy Species(Type of animal)

Bovine diseasesEquine diseasesCaprine DiseasesOvine diseasesPorcine diseasesCanine diseasesFeline diseases

Classification of DiseasesBy Vector

Eg Tick-borne diseasesInsect-borne diseases

Other groupingsZoonotic

Diseases(Anthropozoonoses/Zooanthroposes)Diseases of economic importanceEndemic diseasesEpidemic diseasesPandemic diseases

Disease ReportingResponsibility to protect the public from

diseases that are of animal origin60% of the epidemics that affect man today have

been traced to animals Anthrax Rabies Rift Valley Fever Ebola Virus Tuberculosis Avian Influenza Swine fever Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy(BSE/Mad cow

disease)

Disease Reporting Responsibility to protect other farmers against

lossesDeathsProduction losses

Reduced weight gains Reduced milk production Trade embargos

Stamping out/Slaughter policy Foot and Mouth Disease, BSE(Mad cow), Brucellosis

Trade embargos Foot and Mouth disease BSE/Mad cow disease

Disease ReportingResponsibility to protect the nation against

revenue losses(previous slide)Planning of prevention interventions(eg

Anthrax peak periods and vaccinations)Planning of control interventionsResource mobilization(Need to convince

politicians to release money)

Disease ReportingRegional and International Reporting

obligationsOIE

SADC

AU-IBAR

Disease ReportingThe Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary(SPS)

Agreement of the WTOAll international Trade amongst members of the

WTO is governed by this agreementMember states have the right to take measures

to protect animal and human health and life, but these measures must not constitute arbitrary constraint on trade.

Measures must be based on scientific evidenceAnimal disease risk assessment, based on a clear

record of reported diseases over a period of time

Disease ReportingWhy report diseases?• Notifiable diseases

• Mandatory reporting by owner(Animal Health Act and specific disease regulations)

• Other diseases• Voluntary notification

Disease SurveillanceSurveillance is defined in simple terms as the:gathering, recording and analysis of data; dissemination of information to interested

parties, so that: action can be taken to control disease.

Surveillance is the key responsibility of the official veterinary authority in any country. It aims to provide an early warning system so that diseases are detected at their

Surveillance as an Early Warning SystemSurveillance is the key responsibility of the

official veterinary authority in any country. It aims to provide an early warning system so

that diseases are detected at sourceIt reduces the cost of disease outbreak

controlIt inspires confidence in trading partnersIt relies heavily on disease reporting, both

voluntary and mandatory

Active SurveillanceInvolves the sampling (including post-mortem

examination) of clinically normal animals in the population, therefore being important in the surveillance of diseases in which subclinical cases and carriers predominate.

Passive SurveillanceThe examination of only clinically affected

cases of specified diseases

Surveillance DatabaseSpecial report forms are used to record

disease occurrenceThis information is fed into a disease

database at district and provinceProvincial databases amalgamate into the

national animal disease database

Surveillance, Monitoring & Report Form

Field Epidemiology & Report Form

Mashonaland Central Provincial Animal Disease DatabaseMicrosoft Acess

Major Diseases of Mashonaland Central1. Dermatophilosis

• Is a bacterial disease• Causative agent is Dermatophilosis congolense• Nicknamed Senkobo disease• A skin disease associated with wet conditions• Complicated by secondary bacterial infections• Mash West, Mash Central, Mash East• Production losses, Loss of hide value, Deaths• Treatment: Antibiotics

2. Lumpy Skin Disease• A viral skin disease of bovines• Skin nodules, intra-dermal• Causative agent is Lumpy Skin Disease virus• Transmitted by a special type of mosquitoes• Therefore seasonal• Not contagious• Complicated by secondary bacterial infections• Deaths, reduced hide value• Treatment is against secondary infections with

broad-spectrum antibiotics• Prevention: vector control, vaccination

3. AnthraxA bacterial diseaseSoil borneIn a dormant state when not exposed to oxygen,

vegetates when exposed to oxygenVery acute, not usually detected until sudden deaths

have occurredAn important zoonosisCarcasses are in good condition, temptation Losses are due to deathsProphylactic treatmentPrevention: carcass disposal, vaccination of problem

areas

Global Distribution of Anthrax

THE RAIN DRAMATICALLY REDUCES THE INCIDENCE OF ANTHRAX WHY!!

PHYSICAL RINSING OF THE VEGETATION WATER FLOW AND DILUTION OF SPORES ISPERSAL OF ANIMALS

Dissemination and transmission by water runoff,

insects, scavengers and predation

TYPICAL BODY POSITION AND CONDITION OF ANTHRAX VICTIMS

BLEEDING FROM ORIFICES

BLEEDING FROM ORIFICES

The Spleen

Hippo – Kanyemba 2011/12

Facial Swelling in the predators

Facial Swelling in the predators

Facial Swelling in the predators

Cutaneous Anthrax

Diagnosis Of Anthrax

Anthrax Lifecycle

4. Tick-borne DiseasesAnaplasmosis(Gallsickness)Bovine babesiosis(Red Water)

• Highveld and lowveld distribution• Have specific treatment• Problem is delayed reporting/treatment

Heartwater• Lowveld distribution• Sudden deaths• Treatment: Tetracycline injection

Theileriosis• Highveld distribution

Tick-borne diseases (continued)Treatment: Butalex injection, very expensive,

not readily availablePrevention: Vector control

Climate change!!!!!

Peripheral Blood Smear (Babesiosis)

Heartwater PM - Matepatepa

Heartwater PM - Matepatepa

Heartwater PM - Matepatepa

Heartwater PM - Matepatepa

Heartwater PM - Matepatepa

Heartwater PM - Matepatepa

Heartwater PM - Matepatepa

Brain – Crush Smear (Heartwater, Cerebral Babesiosis)

5. RabiesViral disease of all warm-blooded animalsAn important zoonosis, once clinical signs have

been observed, not treatableMaintained in the wild in jackalsPassed on to dogs through bitesVirus is in the saliva of sick animalsInfection is through a bite Treatment: Post Exposure vaccination(explain)

and proper case managementPrevention: Pre-exposure vaccination and public

awareness, responsibilities and obligations

Blackleg Disease(Quarter Evil)A bacterialSoil-borneCharacterised by limping and deaths Treatment: Antibiotics(Penicillins and

Tetracyclines)Prevention: Proper carcass disposal,

vaccination

6. New Castle Disease(NCD)Viral disease of poultryNervous signs Sudden deaths in large numbersOf economic importanceNot treatableControl: Isolation of sick birds, movement

control, vaccinationPrevention: Movement control, vaccination

7. Other diseases of poultryFowl poxInfectious bursal disease(heavy production

losses)Infectious Corryza(heavy production losses)Prevention and control is through good

husbandry practices, paying attention to space, ventilation and hygiene

8. Emerging and re-emerging diseasesContagious Bovine Pleuro-Pneumonia(CBPP)

– Botswana, Namibia, ZambiaRift Valley Fever – South Africa, Namibia,

Zimbabwe An important zoonosis

Pestes des Petits Ruminants(PPR) - Kenya, Malawi? Zambia? Mozambique?

Foot and Mouth Disease

CENTENARYMT. DARWIN

BINDURA

MUREWA

MARONDERA

HARARE

CHIVHU

NYANGA

RUSAPE

BUHERA

CHIMANIMANI

CHIPINGE

MUTARE

GUTU

CHIREDZI

MWENEZI

MASVINGO

GWANDA

HWANGE GOKWE

KWEKWE

ZVISHAVANE

GWERU

KADOMA

CHEGUTU

CHINHOYI

KAROI

FMD Outbreaks in Zimbabwe 2010 and 2011

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50 0 50 Kilometers

N

EW

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PLUMTREE

BEITBRIDGE

UFILABUSI

LUPANE

2010 outbreaks

2011 outbreaks

Districts with outbreaks

Wild Life Conservancies

National parks

BULAWAYO

Jan 2011

Feb2011

April 2011

March 2011 April 2011 April 2011April 2011

Buffalo sightings Buhera district

Buffalo sightings Insiza district Buffalo sightings Mwenezi , Chiredzi, Beitbridge complex

Wild Buffalo sightings 2011

PRUSSIC ACID POISONING Sorghums and Rye grass may be poisonous

if grazed or fed improperly. The active compound is hydrocyanic acid

(HCN), also called prussic acid. The most affected species is bovineSheep and goats are susceptible

HCN LEVELS IN PLANTSSoil fertility - soils high in available nitrogen

and low in phosphorus favour HCN accumulation in plants

Drought – the period following a period of moisture stress shows high accumulation in plants

Young regrowth forage - have high HCN content, especially in sorghum

Frost - prussic acid release potential increases slightly shortly after frost

HCN LEVELS IN PLANTSAs plants mature and plant height increases,

the risk of prussic acid poisoning is reduced. Only during times of stress, such as drought

or frost, will toxicity remain high in maturing plants.

Hay maybe be dangerous when cut but becomes safe in time through volatilization of the HCN. Hay stored for two or more months gradually losses all its cyanide potential.

 

THE SIGNS OF HCN POISONINGgasping, staggering, trembling muscles,convulsions, and death resulting from

respiratory failure. the mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes

may have a blue coloration as evidence of cyanosis.

characteristic almond smell of the acid upon opening of the rumen at post mortem

peeling of ruminal mucosa/lining

TREATMENTPrussic acid poisoning is very fast-acting on

high-risk forage and death will occur quickly.Strict avoidance of problem pastureTLCVery few will recover

PREVENTIONDo not graze sorghum during or after a drought, or

if the plants show visible signs of moisture stress. Do not graze short regrowth forage following hay or

silage harvest or following a period of close grazing Do not graze hungry livestock on sorghum.

Poisoning potential increases with the amount of high- risk forage consumed.

Fence off sorghum fieldsPlough and bury all sorghum regrowths from

previous seasonsEducate

CENTENARYMT. DARWIN

BINDURA

MUREWA

MARONDERA

HARARE

CHIVHU

NYANGA

RUSAPE

BUHERA

CHIMANIMANI

CHIPINGE

MUTARE

GUTU

CHIREDZI

MWENEZI

MASVINGO

GWANDA

HWANGE GOKWE

KWEKWE

ZVISHAVANE

GWERU

KADOMA

CHEGUTU

CHINHOYI

KAROI

FMD Outbreaks in Zimbabwe 2010 and 2011

#

#

%U

#

#

%U

#

#

%#

#

%U#

#

#

%U

# #

%U

#

#%U

#

#

#

%U

##

#

#

#

50 0 50 Kilometers

N

EW

S

#

PLUMTREE

BEITBRIDGE

UFILABUSI

LUPANE

2010 outbreaks

2011 outbreaks

Districts with outbreaks

Wild Life Conservancies

National parks

BULAWAYO

Jan 2011

Feb2011

April 2011

March 2011 April 2011 April 2011April 2011

Buffalo sightings Buhera district

Buffalo sightings Insiza district Buffalo sightings Mwenezi , Chiredzi, Beitbridge complex

Wild Buffalo sightings 2011

THE END