Major Animal Diseases in Mashonaland Central
Wilmot Chikurunhe Provincial Veterinary Officer
Mashonaland Central
Assumed KnowledgeDefinition of diseaseImmunityDisease vs ImmunityDisease presentation
General signs of diseaseDisease Diagnosis
Case report and historyClinical examinationsPost mortems
Assumed Knowledge (continued)Clinical and subclinical diseaseTreatment
When to treat on farmWhen to call the vet
Stock RemediesStock Remedies Kit
What to keep on farm
Assumed Knowledge (Continued)Disease prevention
Good farming practices: the stockman’s calendar Vaccination Deworming Vector control eg Dipping Movement control(fencing, quarantine, permit system)
Disease ControlVaccinationTreatmentAwareness campaigns/communication
Classification of DiseasesBy Aetiology(Causative Agent)
Bacterial diseases
Viral diseases
Protozoal diseases
Fungal infections
Classification of DiseasesBy Species(Type of animal)
Bovine diseasesEquine diseasesCaprine DiseasesOvine diseasesPorcine diseasesCanine diseasesFeline diseases
Classification of DiseasesBy Vector
Eg Tick-borne diseasesInsect-borne diseases
Other groupingsZoonotic
Diseases(Anthropozoonoses/Zooanthroposes)Diseases of economic importanceEndemic diseasesEpidemic diseasesPandemic diseases
Disease ReportingResponsibility to protect the public from
diseases that are of animal origin60% of the epidemics that affect man today have
been traced to animals Anthrax Rabies Rift Valley Fever Ebola Virus Tuberculosis Avian Influenza Swine fever Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy(BSE/Mad cow
disease)
Disease Reporting Responsibility to protect other farmers against
lossesDeathsProduction losses
Reduced weight gains Reduced milk production Trade embargos
Stamping out/Slaughter policy Foot and Mouth Disease, BSE(Mad cow), Brucellosis
Trade embargos Foot and Mouth disease BSE/Mad cow disease
Disease ReportingResponsibility to protect the nation against
revenue losses(previous slide)Planning of prevention interventions(eg
Anthrax peak periods and vaccinations)Planning of control interventionsResource mobilization(Need to convince
politicians to release money)
Disease ReportingRegional and International Reporting
obligationsOIE
SADC
AU-IBAR
Disease ReportingThe Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary(SPS)
Agreement of the WTOAll international Trade amongst members of the
WTO is governed by this agreementMember states have the right to take measures
to protect animal and human health and life, but these measures must not constitute arbitrary constraint on trade.
Measures must be based on scientific evidenceAnimal disease risk assessment, based on a clear
record of reported diseases over a period of time
Disease ReportingWhy report diseases?• Notifiable diseases
• Mandatory reporting by owner(Animal Health Act and specific disease regulations)
• Other diseases• Voluntary notification
Disease SurveillanceSurveillance is defined in simple terms as the:gathering, recording and analysis of data; dissemination of information to interested
parties, so that: action can be taken to control disease.
Surveillance is the key responsibility of the official veterinary authority in any country. It aims to provide an early warning system so that diseases are detected at their
Surveillance as an Early Warning SystemSurveillance is the key responsibility of the
official veterinary authority in any country. It aims to provide an early warning system so
that diseases are detected at sourceIt reduces the cost of disease outbreak
controlIt inspires confidence in trading partnersIt relies heavily on disease reporting, both
voluntary and mandatory
Active SurveillanceInvolves the sampling (including post-mortem
examination) of clinically normal animals in the population, therefore being important in the surveillance of diseases in which subclinical cases and carriers predominate.
Passive SurveillanceThe examination of only clinically affected
cases of specified diseases
Surveillance DatabaseSpecial report forms are used to record
disease occurrenceThis information is fed into a disease
database at district and provinceProvincial databases amalgamate into the
national animal disease database
Surveillance, Monitoring & Report Form
Field Epidemiology & Report Form
Mashonaland Central Provincial Animal Disease DatabaseMicrosoft Acess
Major Diseases of Mashonaland Central1. Dermatophilosis
• Is a bacterial disease• Causative agent is Dermatophilosis congolense• Nicknamed Senkobo disease• A skin disease associated with wet conditions• Complicated by secondary bacterial infections• Mash West, Mash Central, Mash East• Production losses, Loss of hide value, Deaths• Treatment: Antibiotics
2. Lumpy Skin Disease• A viral skin disease of bovines• Skin nodules, intra-dermal• Causative agent is Lumpy Skin Disease virus• Transmitted by a special type of mosquitoes• Therefore seasonal• Not contagious• Complicated by secondary bacterial infections• Deaths, reduced hide value• Treatment is against secondary infections with
broad-spectrum antibiotics• Prevention: vector control, vaccination
3. AnthraxA bacterial diseaseSoil borneIn a dormant state when not exposed to oxygen,
vegetates when exposed to oxygenVery acute, not usually detected until sudden deaths
have occurredAn important zoonosisCarcasses are in good condition, temptation Losses are due to deathsProphylactic treatmentPrevention: carcass disposal, vaccination of problem
areas
Global Distribution of Anthrax
THE RAIN DRAMATICALLY REDUCES THE INCIDENCE OF ANTHRAX WHY!!
PHYSICAL RINSING OF THE VEGETATION WATER FLOW AND DILUTION OF SPORES ISPERSAL OF ANIMALS
Dissemination and transmission by water runoff,
insects, scavengers and predation
TYPICAL BODY POSITION AND CONDITION OF ANTHRAX VICTIMS
BLEEDING FROM ORIFICES
BLEEDING FROM ORIFICES
The Spleen
Hippo – Kanyemba 2011/12
Facial Swelling in the predators
Facial Swelling in the predators
Facial Swelling in the predators
Cutaneous Anthrax
Diagnosis Of Anthrax
Anthrax Lifecycle
4. Tick-borne DiseasesAnaplasmosis(Gallsickness)Bovine babesiosis(Red Water)
• Highveld and lowveld distribution• Have specific treatment• Problem is delayed reporting/treatment
Heartwater• Lowveld distribution• Sudden deaths• Treatment: Tetracycline injection
Theileriosis• Highveld distribution
Tick-borne diseases (continued)Treatment: Butalex injection, very expensive,
not readily availablePrevention: Vector control
Climate change!!!!!
Peripheral Blood Smear (Babesiosis)
Heartwater PM - Matepatepa
Heartwater PM - Matepatepa
Heartwater PM - Matepatepa
Heartwater PM - Matepatepa
Heartwater PM - Matepatepa
Heartwater PM - Matepatepa
Heartwater PM - Matepatepa
Brain – Crush Smear (Heartwater, Cerebral Babesiosis)
5. RabiesViral disease of all warm-blooded animalsAn important zoonosis, once clinical signs have
been observed, not treatableMaintained in the wild in jackalsPassed on to dogs through bitesVirus is in the saliva of sick animalsInfection is through a bite Treatment: Post Exposure vaccination(explain)
and proper case managementPrevention: Pre-exposure vaccination and public
awareness, responsibilities and obligations
Blackleg Disease(Quarter Evil)A bacterialSoil-borneCharacterised by limping and deaths Treatment: Antibiotics(Penicillins and
Tetracyclines)Prevention: Proper carcass disposal,
vaccination
6. New Castle Disease(NCD)Viral disease of poultryNervous signs Sudden deaths in large numbersOf economic importanceNot treatableControl: Isolation of sick birds, movement
control, vaccinationPrevention: Movement control, vaccination
7. Other diseases of poultryFowl poxInfectious bursal disease(heavy production
losses)Infectious Corryza(heavy production losses)Prevention and control is through good
husbandry practices, paying attention to space, ventilation and hygiene
8. Emerging and re-emerging diseasesContagious Bovine Pleuro-Pneumonia(CBPP)
– Botswana, Namibia, ZambiaRift Valley Fever – South Africa, Namibia,
Zimbabwe An important zoonosis
Pestes des Petits Ruminants(PPR) - Kenya, Malawi? Zambia? Mozambique?
Foot and Mouth Disease
CENTENARYMT. DARWIN
BINDURA
MUREWA
MARONDERA
HARARE
CHIVHU
NYANGA
RUSAPE
BUHERA
CHIMANIMANI
CHIPINGE
MUTARE
GUTU
CHIREDZI
MWENEZI
MASVINGO
GWANDA
HWANGE GOKWE
KWEKWE
ZVISHAVANE
GWERU
KADOMA
CHEGUTU
CHINHOYI
KAROI
FMD Outbreaks in Zimbabwe 2010 and 2011
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50 0 50 Kilometers
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PLUMTREE
BEITBRIDGE
UFILABUSI
LUPANE
2010 outbreaks
2011 outbreaks
Districts with outbreaks
Wild Life Conservancies
National parks
BULAWAYO
Jan 2011
Feb2011
April 2011
March 2011 April 2011 April 2011April 2011
Buffalo sightings Buhera district
Buffalo sightings Insiza district Buffalo sightings Mwenezi , Chiredzi, Beitbridge complex
Wild Buffalo sightings 2011
PRUSSIC ACID POISONING Sorghums and Rye grass may be poisonous
if grazed or fed improperly. The active compound is hydrocyanic acid
(HCN), also called prussic acid. The most affected species is bovineSheep and goats are susceptible
HCN LEVELS IN PLANTSSoil fertility - soils high in available nitrogen
and low in phosphorus favour HCN accumulation in plants
Drought – the period following a period of moisture stress shows high accumulation in plants
Young regrowth forage - have high HCN content, especially in sorghum
Frost - prussic acid release potential increases slightly shortly after frost
HCN LEVELS IN PLANTSAs plants mature and plant height increases,
the risk of prussic acid poisoning is reduced. Only during times of stress, such as drought
or frost, will toxicity remain high in maturing plants.
Hay maybe be dangerous when cut but becomes safe in time through volatilization of the HCN. Hay stored for two or more months gradually losses all its cyanide potential.
THE SIGNS OF HCN POISONINGgasping, staggering, trembling muscles,convulsions, and death resulting from
respiratory failure. the mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes
may have a blue coloration as evidence of cyanosis.
characteristic almond smell of the acid upon opening of the rumen at post mortem
peeling of ruminal mucosa/lining
TREATMENTPrussic acid poisoning is very fast-acting on
high-risk forage and death will occur quickly.Strict avoidance of problem pastureTLCVery few will recover
PREVENTIONDo not graze sorghum during or after a drought, or
if the plants show visible signs of moisture stress. Do not graze short regrowth forage following hay or
silage harvest or following a period of close grazing Do not graze hungry livestock on sorghum.
Poisoning potential increases with the amount of high- risk forage consumed.
Fence off sorghum fieldsPlough and bury all sorghum regrowths from
previous seasonsEducate
CENTENARYMT. DARWIN
BINDURA
MUREWA
MARONDERA
HARARE
CHIVHU
NYANGA
RUSAPE
BUHERA
CHIMANIMANI
CHIPINGE
MUTARE
GUTU
CHIREDZI
MWENEZI
MASVINGO
GWANDA
HWANGE GOKWE
KWEKWE
ZVISHAVANE
GWERU
KADOMA
CHEGUTU
CHINHOYI
KAROI
FMD Outbreaks in Zimbabwe 2010 and 2011
#
#
%U
#
#
%U
#
#
%#
#
%U#
#
#
%U
# #
%U
#
#%U
#
#
#
%U
##
#
#
#
50 0 50 Kilometers
N
EW
S
#
PLUMTREE
BEITBRIDGE
UFILABUSI
LUPANE
2010 outbreaks
2011 outbreaks
Districts with outbreaks
Wild Life Conservancies
National parks
BULAWAYO
Jan 2011
Feb2011
April 2011
March 2011 April 2011 April 2011April 2011
Buffalo sightings Buhera district
Buffalo sightings Insiza district Buffalo sightings Mwenezi , Chiredzi, Beitbridge complex
Wild Buffalo sightings 2011
THE END