animal phyla: porifera & cnidaria. phylum porifera (sponges) porifera means “pore-bearing”...
TRANSCRIPT
Phylum Porifera Phylum Porifera (Sponges)(Sponges)
Porifera means “pore-Porifera means “pore-bearing”bearing”
Their bodies are perforated Their bodies are perforated with holes that lead to an inner with holes that lead to an inner water chamberwater chamber
They pump water through They pump water through these pores and expel it though these pores and expel it though osculum (large opening at top)osculum (large opening at top)
Anatomy of a SpongeAnatomy of a Sponge
KeyA) OsculumB) PoreC) AmoebocyteD) SpiculeE) ChoanocyteF) FlagellaG) Microfilaments
A
C
B
DE
F
G
DE
E
Image Source:
http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/sponge_color.html
Anatomy of a Sponge Anatomy of a Sponge (Cont.)(Cont.) Collar Cells (Choanocytes)Collar Cells (Choanocytes)
Inner layer of cellsInner layer of cells Contain flagella and microfilamentsContain flagella and microfilaments
Flagella = suck water through poresFlagella = suck water through pores Microfilaments = trap food particlesMicrofilaments = trap food particles
Amoeboid Cells (Amebocytes)Amoeboid Cells (Amebocytes) Middle layerMiddle layer Take up food from choanocytes, digest it, and Take up food from choanocytes, digest it, and
carry nutrients to other cellscarry nutrients to other cells Form spiculesForm spicules
SpiculesSpicules Scaffolding that give sponge shapeScaffolding that give sponge shape Used by scientists to identify different species of Used by scientists to identify different species of
spongessponges
Water Flow in Water Flow in Sponges…Sponges…
PoresPores Internal Cavity Internal Cavity OsculumOsculum
Image Source: Campbell, N.A. & Reese, J.B. (2002). Biology (6th Edition). New York: Benjamin Cummings.
Phylum Porifera Phylum Porifera (Cont.)(Cont.)
Asymmetrical (no symmetry)Asymmetrical (no symmetry) Lack true tissuesLack true tissues Represent the Represent the most primitive most primitive
animalsanimals They have been evolving the longest!They have been evolving the longest!
Where do they live? (Habitat)Where do they live? (Habitat)Fresh water and salt waterFresh water and salt water
How big are they? (Size)How big are they? (Size)2 cm to 2 meters2 cm to 2 meters
Phylum Porifera Phylum Porifera (Cont.)(Cont.)
What do they eat? (Diet)What do they eat? (Diet)Filter feedersFilter feedersFilter bacteria, protists, and Filter bacteria, protists, and small crustaceans from the small crustaceans from the waterwater
How do they move?How do they move? Mobile only as larvaeMobile only as larvaeSessile (do not move) as adultsSessile (do not move) as adults
Phylum Porifera Phylum Porifera (Cont.)(Cont.) How do they reproduce?How do they reproduce?
AsexuallyAsexually Budding Budding
Produce internal buds called gemmules which Produce internal buds called gemmules which grow into new spongesgrow into new sponges
RegenerationRegeneration Able to regrow missing partsAble to regrow missing parts
SexuallySexually HermaphroditesHermaphrodites
Both male and female sex cells made by Both male and female sex cells made by ameobocytesameobocytes
Sperm released from osculum of one sponge and Sperm released from osculum of one sponge and enters the pores of another sponge– sperm of one enters the pores of another sponge– sperm of one sponge fertilizes the egg of another spongesponge fertilizes the egg of another sponge
Red Barrel SpongeRed Barrel Sponge
Image Source: http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/porifera1.html
Branching SpongeBranching Sponge
Image Source: http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/porifera2.html
Indonesian SpongeIndonesian Sponge
Image Source: http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/porifera5.html
Examples of Sponge Examples of Sponge SpiculesSpicules
Image Source: http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/porifera4.html
Life Life Cycle Cycle of a of a
SpongeSponge Sexual Sexual
ReproductioReproductionn Egg and Egg and
sperm meetsperm meet New New
sponge is sponge is notnot identical to identical to parentsparents
Sperm
Larva Released
LarvaDividing Cells
Egg
New Spong
e
Flagella
(movement)
Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, (Jellyfish, Sea Anemones,
& Corals)& Corals) Exhibit Radial Exhibit Radial
SymmetrySymmetry 2 Forms2 Forms
PolypPolyp Sessile form Sessile form
(vase shape)(vase shape) MedusaMedusa
Swimming Swimming form (umbrella form (umbrella shape)shape)
2 Body Layers2 Body Layers Epidermis (outer layer) & Epidermis (outer layer) &
Gastrodermis (inner layer)Gastrodermis (inner layer)
MesogleaMesoglea Jelly-like substance in between Jelly-like substance in between inner and outer layerinner and outer layer
Gastrovascular Cavity (GVC)Gastrovascular Cavity (GVC) Empty space where digestion Empty space where digestion takes placetakes place
Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Cnidaria (Cont.)(Cont.)
Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Cnidaria (Cont.)(Cont.) Cnidocytes and NematocytesCnidocytes and Nematocytes
CnidocytesCnidocytes = =
specialized cells specialized cells
used for defenseused for defense NematocytesNematocytes = =
structures inside structures inside
the cnidocyte that the cnidocyte that
contain stinging filamentscontain stinging filaments The filaments have sharp tips that The filaments have sharp tips that
can inject poison into victimscan inject poison into victims
11stst Nervous System Nervous System
Porifera have no developed Porifera have no developed nervous systemnervous system
Cnidarians have a primitive Cnidarians have a primitive nervous systemnervous system
No brain, but rather a loose No brain, but rather a loose collection of nerves called a nerve collection of nerves called a nerve netnet
Nerves radiate throughout the Nerves radiate throughout the whole bodywhole body
Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Cnidaria (Cont.)(Cont.)
Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Cnidaria (Cont.)(Cont.)
Where do they live? Where do they live? (Habitat)(Habitat)Mostly salt waterMostly salt waterHydra found in fresh waterHydra found in fresh water
How big are they? (Size)How big are they? (Size)Can be up to 6.5 feet in Can be up to 6.5 feet in diameter and have ~100 foot diameter and have ~100 foot long tentacleslong tentacles
Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Cnidaria (Cont.)(Cont.)
What do they eat? How do they What do they eat? How do they eat? eat? Tentacles capture small animals.Tentacles capture small animals.Nematocysts inject poison.Nematocysts inject poison.Tentacles push food into mouthTentacles push food into mouth
How do they move?How do they move? If mobile, move by contraction If mobile, move by contraction and expansion of bodyand expansion of body
Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Cnidaria (Cont.)(Cont.) How do they reproduce?How do they reproduce?
AsexuallyAsexually Budding & RegenerationBudding & Regeneration
SexuallySexually Adult Adult medusamedusa releases releases spermsperm and and eggseggs into into
the water where external fertilization takes the water where external fertilization takes place place zygotezygote
Zygote forms the Zygote forms the blastulablastula (hollow ball of cells) (hollow ball of cells) and then forms a and then forms a planulaplanula (ciliated larva) (ciliated larva)
PolypPolyp attaches to the ocean floor and develops attaches to the ocean floor and develops mouth and tentaclesmouth and tentacles
Stacks of Stacks of medusaemedusae form and then detach to form and then detach to form individual jellyfishform individual jellyfish
Life Cycle of Life Cycle of JellyfishJellyfish
Young Medusa
Adult Female Medusa Adult Male
Medusa
Sperm
Egg
Blastula
Planula
Polyp
Class: HydrozoaClass: Hydrozoa HydraHydra
Polyp form found in Polyp form found in
ponds and lakesponds and lakes
Portugese Man-of-Portugese Man-of-WarWar Found in tropical oceansFound in tropical oceans Very poisonousVery poisonous
to fish to fish
and and
even even
humanshumans
Image Source: http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/animals/images/primary/portuguese-man-o-war.jpg
Hydra Image Source: http://www.microscope-microscope.org/gallery/Mark-Simmons/images/hydra2.jpg
Over 200 speciesOver 200 species
Common Common
jellyfish exist as jellyfish exist as
both polyps both polyps
and medusaeand medusae
Class: ScyphozoaClass: Scyphozoa
Image Source: http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/pub/seascience/jellyfi.html#life
Includes corals and sea Includes corals and sea anemonesanemones
All marineAll marine Medusa stage completely absentMedusa stage completely absent
CoralsCorals Are polyps that live in small coloniesAre polyps that live in small colonies Use nutrients from algae for energyUse nutrients from algae for energy Great Barrier ReefGreat Barrier Reef
Largest coral colony on earthLargest coral colony on earth
Sea AnemonesSea Anemones Are polyps that use poisonous tentacles Are polyps that use poisonous tentacles
to feed on small fishto feed on small fish
Class: AnthozoaClass: Anthozoa
Coral Coral PolypsPolyps Polyp Image Source:
http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/cnidaria2.html
Reef Image Source: http://www.chbr.noaa.gov/categories/raim/images/coral_01.jpg
Coral Coral ReefReef
Cnetophora are Cnetophora are technically a separate technically a separate phylum from Cnidaria, phylum from Cnidaria, but they are closely but they are closely related.related.
For our purposes, we’ll For our purposes, we’ll group comb jellies with group comb jellies with CnidariaCnidaria
CnetophoraCnetophora Found in deep oceanFound in deep ocean BiolumienscenceBiolumienscence
Cnetophora (Comb Cnetophora (Comb Jellies)Jellies)
Image Source: http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/harbor/graphic/comb%20jelly.jpg