animal welfare act animal law summer 2013. 1969 cuyahoga river – ne ohio (to lake erie)
TRANSCRIPT
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Animal Welfare Act
Animal LawSummer 2013
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1969
Cuyahoga river – NE Ohio (to Lake Erie)
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1969
cuyahoga river
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today
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today
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February 4, 1966
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1966: Laboratory Animal Welfare Act
1. Discourage pet theft
2. Humane standards for 6 research animals (but not research standards)
[USDA Sec’y APHIS
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1970: Animal Welfare Act
Expanded the scope of :animals protectedstandards to regulate
animal: any warm-blooded animal , as the Secretary may determine is being used, or is intended for use, for research, testing, experimentation, or exhibition purposes, or as a pet
excluded farm animals; horses not used in research
APHIS reg : no birds, rats, or mice
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1976 amendments
prohibit animal fighting(birds: state law-dependent)
regulate commercial transportation other uses: hunting, breeding, security
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1985: Improved Standards for Laboratory Animals Act
standards for animals’ care in research, including:dogs (exercise)non-human primates (well-being)*In research: • pain management• consideration of alternatives
7 U.S.C. sec. 2143
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amendments
1990: Food, Agric., Conservation & Trade Act injunctive relief and pet protection
2000: air travel protections
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Definition of animal
ALDF v. Madigan, 781 F. Supp. 797 (D.D.C. 1992)arbitrary and capricious definition
ALDF v. Espy, 23 F. 3d 496 (1994)no standing to sue*
*ALDF v. Glickman, 154 F. 3d 426 (1998) (en banc)
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Definition of animal
Alternatives Research & Dev. Found. v. Glickman, 101 F. Supp. 2d 7 (2000)
victory!not so fast....FY 2001, 2002 Appropriations bills
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2002 amendments
1. bird fighting criminal prohibitions expanded2. codified APHIS def. of animal
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2007 amendment
animal fighting: interstate commercial use of: 1. fighting instruments2. “any instrumentality of . . . commercial speech for purposes of advertising an animal, or an instrument [as defined], for use in an animal fighting venture, promoting or . . . furthering an animal fighting venture” 7 U.S.C. 2156
Increased fines from $2500 to $10,000 per violation, per animal, per day
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amendments
2013 (112th Cong) – add to def. of “exhibitor”
an owner of a common, domesticated household pet who derives less than a substantial portion of income from a nonprimary source ([as per Sec’y]) for exhibiting an animal that exclusively resides at the residence of the pet owner
in 7 U.S.C. 2132(h)
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current bills (113th Congress)
Animal Fighting Spectator Prohibition Act of 2013 (H.R. 366, S. 666)
Puppy Uniform Protection and Safety Act (H.R. 847, S. 395)
Pet Safety & Protection Act of 2013 (H.R. 2224)
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TODAY: coverage
• Animal fighting (criminal laws)• Breeders • Research• Entertainment
• Animal Welfare Act sets federal baseline
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TODAY: not an “animal”
• lab rats and mice• cold-blooded vertebrates (fish, frogs)• invertebrates (fruit flies, worms)• animals used for food
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U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
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Animal & Plant Health Inspection Services (ASPHIS)
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FY Appropriations
2010 $21,979,000
2009 $21,522,000
2008 $20,643,000
2007 $17,473,000
2006 $17,303,000
2005 $16,485,000
2004 $16,303,000
2003 $16,301,000
2002 $15,167,000
Annual Appropriations for Enforcement of the AWA
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Current AWA issues
• Research (Chimpanzees)• Puppy Mills• Exotic Pets• Welfare of Animals in Sports, Entertainment• Litigation
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ANIMALS IN RESEARCH, ENDING CHIMPANZEE RESEARCH
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• No rats, mice, birds• IACUCs/Records/Validation of necessity• Records may be available under FOIA (PCRM) • Note: some agencies have higher standards • Includes cosmetics, consumer products,
veterinary schools...• Contract Research Organizations
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PUPPY MILLS
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Total Number of Pets Ownedin the U.S. (millions)
Bird 16.2Cat 86.4Dog 78.2Equine 7.9Freshwater Fish 151.1 Saltwater Fish 8.61Reptile 13.0Small Animal 16.0TOTAL 377.41 (377,410,000)
* APPA 2011-2012 National Pet Owners Survey
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Regulation of dog breeders
• exempt from AWA (sell directly to consumers)• internet• flea markets
• Underfunded inspection/puppy mills• State laws
Oregon Humane Breeding StandardsPenn. Puppy Mill lawArkansas, Alabama, New Jersey, Ohio (2013)
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EXOTIC PETS
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exotic pets
• exotic animals: millions in U.S. (monkeys, chimps, big cats, bears)
• Game Farms, Preserves• subject only to state animal cruelty laws (maybe)• Tony the Tiger• documentaries:– The Tiger Next Door– The Elephant in the Living Room– Project Nim
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ANIMALS USED IN SPORTING
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spectator & participation sports
• Dog racing & Horse racing • Animal fighting • Horse shows: dressage, jumping• Polo• Rodeos• Donkeyball & other novelties• Canned hunting• Misc., i.e.: – Alligator wrestling– Swimming with dolphins
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Dog racing tracks
Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Iowa, Rhode Island, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin
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Dog Racing & the AWA
• exhibitors under the AWA• But exempt under the regulations (9 CFR § 1.1)
• laws: ID, ME, NC, NV, VT, VA, WA, NH, PA• ballot initiatives (not available in all states)
2008 Mass• Grey2K, HSUS, ASPCA: $500,000• Mass. Animal Interest Coalition (racing org.) : $400,000
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Horse Racing
• exhibitors under the AWA • But exempt under the regulations (9 CFR § 1.1)
• multi-billion dollar industry• estimated 800 deaths/year– UC Davis study: 1 in 6 injured in transport
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Rodeos
• exempt from exhibitor under AWA & regs• 24 states exempt rodeos from cruelty
laws• many bans by county, city–outright or with limitations; requirements
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"The rodeo folk send their animals to the packing house where...I have seen cattle so extensively bruised that the only areas where the skin was attached [to the body] was the head, neck, legs, and belly. I have seen animals with six to eight ribs broken from the spine and at times puncturing the lungs.”
--C.J. Haber, veterinarian & 30-year USDA slaughterhouse meat inspector
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canned hunting (live)
• half states allow• ~1000 facilities in US• half in Texas• 1 in Vermont• chronic wasting disease
dangers
HR 2210: The Sportsmanship in Hunting Acthttp://video.humanesociety.org/video/1010446395001/
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AWA requirements of “exhibitors”
Licensing & RecordkeepingGeneral housing, handling, care is by animal
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Circuses (large)
• Exhibitors under AWA• Possible state animal cruelty actions– but no private cause of action
• Endangered Species Act– private cause of action (“taking”)– standing a problem (both)• see ASPCA v. FELD
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Zoos: AWA regs
• whether for profit or not• minimal housing requirements• care & handling for “other warmblooded
animals” 9 C.F.R. §§ 3.125 – 3.140
• Unprotected: fish, amphibians, reptiles– http://www.bornfree.org.uk/campaigns/zoo-check/
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Zoos
• ESA: exemption for zoo animals• MMPA: education or conservation purposes
receive permit to own• CITES: – no trading of listed species for primarily
commercial purposes– non-commercial: private, education, training,
biomedical and science, captive breeding
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Zoos
• Self regulation (Assoc. of Zoos & Aquariums)
• PETA v. U.S. Dept. of the Interior • Hagan v. Feld Entertainment
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Animals in TV, Movies, Internet, Publishing
• providers covered under, and exempted by, the AWA and ESA as are circuses
• wild-born chimps: endangered• captive-bred chimps: threatened– this allows for U.S. trade in captive-bred chimps while
forbidding importation of wild chimps• pets• research• entertainment
– see Wagman presentation at 2008 L&C conference (link on TWEN)
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other AWA exempted animals
County Fairs• Animals as race contestants– i.e. pig races
• Animals as prizes– i.e. goldfish in bag
Animals in ParadesSports MascotsAnimals in Sanctuaries (i.e. VINS) – educational
exemption
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Other: “rides”
Entertainment conveyances• horse & carriage rides (NYC)• pony rides (traveling)• horse trail riding• donkey trail riding
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Animal Welfare Act standing
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Article III standing
• derives from “case or controversy” phrase in Art. III
• Injury-in-fact• Causation• Redressibility
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Jurisprudential Standing
• zone of injury• zone of interests
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the administrative procedure act
judicial review of an agency action is appropriate to:
(1) compel agency action unlawfully withheld or
unreasonably delayed; and (2) hold unlawful and set aside agency action,
findings, and conclusions found to be– (A) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law;
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analysis of agency actions
1. analyze the plain meaning of the statute does the agency’s construction comport with
Congress’s clearly expressed intent?
2. if the wording is ambiguous, ask: is the agency’s interpretation of the wording permissible?
agency gets deferencebut its conclusion must have a “reasonable basis in law” (tradition isn’t enough)
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1985 amendments
• Required Sec’y to issue additional standards for animals’ care– dogs (exercise) & non-human primates (well-being)– pain management– consideration of alternatives
• Petition filed to remove the exclusion of rats, mice, & birds– USDA denied the petition (1990) – ALDF v. Madigan
• declaratory and injunctive relief
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ALDF v. Glickman