ANIMALS

Animals

Definition: multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes - no cell walls: support - connective tissue - prevalent mode of nutrition = ingestion - unique tissues: nervous and muscle

TWO Major Branches of Animals Parazoa: structurally simplistic: spongesEumetazoa: develop true tissues

Two Types:- Radiata - radial symmetry- Bilateria - bilateral symmetry

- cephalization: head region - cluster of sensory organs

Radial & Bilateral Symmetry

ParazoaSponges: Porifera - pore bearers- simple body plan- sessile as adults- filter feeders - pores

Parazoa - Porifera

Sponge Filtration

Parazoa - Porifera

Spicules

Spongin Silica (glass)

Glass Sponge

PHYLUM CNIDARIA: jelly fish, sea anemones, coral

- aquaticStructure: EpidermisGastrovascular Cavity - single opening - mouth and anusCnidoblasts - nematocysts - stinging cells

Types: venom, barb, tangling

Cnidaria

Cnidaria

Cnidaria

Cnidocyte and Nematocyst

Youtube - Cnidaria

• Sea Anemone• Nematocyst Firing• Jellyfish Swimming• Jellyfish Lake• Giant Jellies

• Triploblastic: Bilateria– Acoelomates, psuedocoelomates

and coelomates

Development of Tissue LayersEctoderm

- develops into outer coverings and nervous system

Endoderm- lines digestive tube (archenteron)- associated digestive organs

- liver, lungsMesoderm

- third germ (tissue) layer - only in eumetazoa

- forms muscles and other organs between endoderm and ectoderm

Coelom Types

Purpose of the Coelom

- protection: cushion from shock- space for growth- space for movement - organs can

shift- movement: earthworms

AcoelomatesPhylum PLATYHELMINTHES: unsegmented

flat wormsEX: Planaria, Fluke, TapewormEcological: food chain, parasites

Acoelomates • Unsegmented Flatworms• Planaria – Turbellaria Planaria Regeneration

Marine Flat Worm

Trematoda - Fluke

Cestoidia - Tapeworm

PseudocoelomatesNEMATODA: unsegmented roundworms

- complete digestive tract- use pseudocoelom to move - hydrostatic pressure

- also as circulatory systemEcological Roles:- decomposers- aerate soil- pests- parasites - Trichinosis

Nematode

• Unsegmented Roundworms

Filiariasis/Elephantiasis

Coelomates: ProtostomesMOLLUSCA: snails, slugs, shellfish, octopuses, squid

Three basic structuresmuscular foot -movementvisceral mass - internal organsmantle - secretes shell

- may or may not have shell: external or internalFeeding:

Filter Feeding: shell fish - incurrent and excurrent siphons

Radula - rasping - tongue-like organBeak - octopus and squid

Mollusca

Gastropoda - stomach footed - snails and slugs- aquatic or terrestrial- cephalization

Bivalvia - clams, oysters, scallops- no cephalization- two shells- foot - digging or anchoring

Cephalopoda - head footed - squid and octopuses -- foot - head and divided into tentacles- closed circulatory system - all blood

contained in veins and arteries- complex brains - learn and behave

Feeding Methods - Radula

Slug Feeding http://youtube.com/watch?v=KB3scGais-4&feature=related

Snail Eating http://youtube.com/watch?v=F-SBGWAUbxA

Feeding Methods - Beak

Cephalopod Videos

Octopus and CoconutGiant OctopusGiant Octopus IIOctopus and DiverOctopus vs. SharkNova Science Now

ANNELLIDA: segmented round worms

- coelom separated into segments by Septum

Annelids - Oligocheta

Earthworm Locomotion – Hydrostatic Compression

Annelids – Hirudinae - Leech

Polychaeta

ARTHROPODA: General Characteristics

- Segmented bodies- Exoskeletons of chitin- Jointed Appendages - Gas Exchange:

Gills - aquaticTracheal tubesBook lungs

- Ecological: food chain pollination

pestsparasites

Classification

Arachnida: spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

4 pairs of walking legslack antennaone or two body segments

Spiders:chelicerae - pedipalps

websRespiration: Book LungsNo Antenna

Arachnids - Spiders

Spider Videos

• Jumping Spiders: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UC_gXrC6oyshttp://youtube.com/watch?v=zXhdr0TpOwY

• Trapdoor spider http://youtube.com/watch?v=ZjIr2lwG5Ug

• Web Spiders http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JlLLpaCkI4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EuTPY12kLS4

Myriapods: jawlike feeding appendages - mandibles

antennaDiplopoda: two pairs of legs

per body segment = millipede- vegetarians - decaying

vegetationChilopoda: one pair of legs

per body segment = centipedes- carnivorous

Myriapods

• Diplopoda• http://youtube.com/watch?v=kkxS

-6wHWOk&feature=related

• Chilopoda

Insects: Entomology - most abundant class Body Plan

3 segments:Head: antenna and mandiblesThorax: legs and wings - only

flying arthropodsAbdomen

NOT THIS

Life cycle- complete metamorphosis- incomplete metamorphosis

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=HAKsxpj9EZM4qM&tbnid=Lj4gZeFAtOZa_M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_nymphs/wanderer.htm&ei=fxVpU7_cGIG28gHxooHQCg&psig=AFQjCNHBOd1iuMXDDvHuHXHTVG8rT_WTvQ&ust=1399482055520886

Insect Metamorphosis• Monarch: Caterpillar Hatching• Monarch: Caterpillar to Chrysalis• Monarch: Chrysalis to Adult • Water Bug• Ladybug laying eggs

http://sunilblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/leaf1.jpg

Crustaceans

crabs, shrimp, lobsters, pill-bugs (roly-poly)- 19 pairs of appendages on head, thorax and abdomen- gas exchange: gills or across thin areas of cuticle- copper based blood- sexual reproduction

Crustacean

Echinodermata: - radial symmetric - bilateral larval stage- spiny-skinned animals - hard plates of calcium

carbonate under skin- water vascular system - hydraulic canals - push tubed feet - little suction cups - movement

and predation- High capacity for regeneration

Echinoderms

Sea Star Eating

Phylum Chordata

Classification

Superclass Agnatha: jawless fish• cartilaginous skeleton• no lower jaw or paired appendagesEX: lampreyNOT Hagfish – lack vertebrae

(craniate)

Agnatha

Superclass Gnathostomata I: Jawed Fishes

Class Chondrichthyes: cartilagenous fishes

• Cartilagenous skeleton• Gills for respiration• Jaws and paired fins

– Toothlike Scales– Lateral Line: small organs that sense

pressure change

EX: sharks and rays

Reproduction:Sexual - internal fertilizationOviparous: lay eggs externallyOvoviparous: retain eggs in oviductViviporous: retain eggs in a uterus and nourished via a placenta

Interesting Tid-bits:- floatation - oil stored in the liverDenser than water - sink - move to keep water passing over gills or pump water over gills using jaws and pharynx

Chondrichthyes

• Sharks, rays• Shark birth: http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=LfQgRCg1bNA

• Great White

Osteichthyes: bony fishSkeleton of calcium phosphatePaired finsBony plate like scalesLateral Line - schooling of fishOperculum: protective flap covering gills - moves

water over gillsSwim Bladder: internal air sac = buoyancyReproduction: typically external fertilization - spawning Subclasses:

Ray finned fishes: bony rays in finsLobed finned fishes: fins have bone and muscle in them- includes coelocanth and lungfishes

FISH GRAMMAR: one individual = fishtwo or more of the same species = fishmore than one species = fishes

SO: Is it “one fish, two fish, red fish, blue fish.”,

or “one fish, two fishes, red fish, blue fish.”

• Archer Fish• Angler Fish

Class Amphibia

Characteristics: - Mostly External Fertilization of Eggs - parental care usually absent: lots of eggs- parental care present: fewer eggs- requires moist environment for development- egg - no protective coating- respiration: gills, skin or lungs

• Frog Development• Darwin Frog• Frogs• Frogs Fighting

Moving From Water To Land: a few changes

Reproduction:

Amniotic Egg:

- extraembryonic membranes - not part of the embryo

Shell: protection - prevent dehydration

Albumin: storage of nutrients

Yolk: nutrients

Chorion: gas exchange

Allantosis: waste, gas exchange

Class ReptiliaRespiration: Lungs

Skin: dry and scaley - plates of keratin - prevent dehydration - protection

Reproduction:Leathery EggsEggs on land: various amounts of

parental care

Metabolism: generally low - “cold blooded” - ectotherms

don’t use metabolism to regulate body temperature

Three Chambered heart (except crocodilians)

Interesting Bits

• The turtle’s shell is actually its spine and ribs.

• Chelonia and Crocodilian gender is determined by the temperature of incubation.

• Some snakes give birth to young.

Class Avesthought to have evolved from dinosaurs - flying

reptilesCharacteristics: - Bones: internal, honeycomb structure, “hollow”

- very light- less muscle for movement - even lighter- Beaks - no teeth - shape determines diet

Golden Eagle-bird’s eyes takes up about 50 percent of its head; our eyes take up about 5 percent of our head. To be comparable to a bird’s eyes, the eyes of a human being would have to be the size of baseballs.

Feathers: keratinContour: shaft, vein, barb, barbule, and hook Principles of Flight: Bournoulli’s PrincipleDowny: insulation

Body Temperature: Endothermic- high metabolism to maintain body

temperature- due to Respiratory System and Four

chambered heart

Flight: Bernoulli’s Principle

ReproductionInternal Fertilization Hard shelled eggsHigh amounts of Parental care (usually)

HornbillCowbird ICowbird II

Complex mating rituals: nests, displaysBird of ParadiseBower BirdMagpies use shiny objects

Class Mammalia

Characteistics:HairNurse young - intensive parental careendotherms: high metabolism, four

chambered heartReproduction: internal fertilization

- mostly internal development

Classification

Monotremes: egg layers - leathery shells

- hatch, very undeveloped

- nurse - specialized glands that produce milk - no nipples

EX: platypus and echidnas (spiny anteaters)

• Platypus

Marsupials: pouch mammals

- young born very immaturely

- crawl from reproductive tract to the pouch - no assistance from the mother - nurses and grows

Ex: Kangaroo, Possum, Wombat

• Kangaroo Birth

• Wombat

Eutherian - placental mammals

- longer period of pregnancy

- larger animal = longer gestation

- nourished by layers of tissue called placenta in uterus

• Elephant Birth• Whale Cooperation • Whale vs. Shark