Anne Frank

Anne Frank pictured in May 1942

Born Annelies[1] or Anneliese[2] MarieFrank12 June 1929Frankfurt, Weimar Germany

Died Early March 1945 (aged 15)Bergen­Belsen concentration camp,Lower Saxony, Nazi Germany

Nationality German until 1941Stateless from 1941

Notableworks

The Diary of a Young Girl (1947)

Signature

Anne FrankFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank (Dutch pronunciation:[ʔɑnәˈlis maːˈri ˈʔɑnә ˈfrɑŋk], German: [ʔanәliːs maˈʁiːˈʔanә ˈfʁaŋk]; 12 June 1929 – early March 1945) wasa diarist and writer. She is one of the most discussedJewish victims of the Holocaust. Her wartime diaryThe Diary of a Young Girl has been the basis forseveral plays and films. Born in the city of Frankfurtin Weimar Germany, she lived most of her life in ornear Amsterdam, in the Netherlands. Born a Germannational, Frank lost her citizenship in 1941. Shegained international fame posthumously after herdiary was published. It documents her experienceshiding during the German occupation of theNetherlands in World War II.

The Frank family moved from Germany toAmsterdam in 1933, the year the Nazis gained controlover Germany. By May 1940, they were trapped inAmsterdam by the German occupation of theNetherlands. As persecutions of the Jewish populationincreased in July 1942, the family went into hiding insome concealed rooms behind a bookcase in thebuilding where Anne's father worked. After two years,the group was betrayed and transported toconcentration camps. Anne Frank and her sister,Margot Frank, were eventually transferred to theBergen­Belsen concentration camp, where they died(probably of typhus) in March 1945.

Otto Frank, the only survivor of the family, returnedto Amsterdam after the war to find that Anne's diaryhad been saved by one of the helpers, Miep Gies, andhis efforts led to its publication in 1947. It has sincebeen translated into many languages. It was translatedfrom its original Dutch version and first published inEnglish in 1952 as The Diary of a Young Girl. Thediary, which was given to Anne on her thirteenthbirthday, chronicles her life from 12 June 1942 until 1 August 1944.

Contents

1 Early life2 Time period chronicled in the diary

Memorial stone in front of theAachen house where Anne stayedwith her grandmother

2.1 Before going into hiding2.2 Life in the Achterhuis2.3 The young diarist

3 Arrest4 Deportation and death5 The Diary of a Young Girl

5.1 Publication5.2 Reception5.3 Denials of authenticity and legal action5.4 Complaints regarding unabridged version

6 Legacy7 See also8 Notes and references9 Bibliography10 External links

Early life

Frank was born Annelies[1] or Anneliese[2] Marie Frank on 12 June 1929 in Frankfurt, Germany, to OttoFrank (1889–1980) and Edith Frank­Holländer (1900–45). She had one elder sister named Margot(1926–45).[3] The Franks were liberal Jews, and did not observe all of the customs and traditions ofJudaism,[4] and lived in an assimilated community of Jewish and non­Jewish citizens of variousreligions. Edith Frank was the more devout parent, while Otto Frank was interested in scholarly pursuitsand had an extensive library; both parents encouraged the children to read.[5]

On 13 March 1933, elections were held in Frankfurt for themunicipal council, and Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party won.Antisemitic demonstrations occurred almost immediately, andthe Franks began to fear what would happen to them if theyremained in Germany. Later that year, Edith and the childrenwent to Aachen, where they stayed with Edith's mother, RosaHolländer. Otto Frank remained in Frankfurt, but after receivingan offer to start a company in Amsterdam, he moved there toorganize the business and to arrange accommodations for hisfamily.[6] The Franks were among 300,000 Jews who fledGermany between 1933 and 1939.[7]

Otto Frank began working at the Opekta Works, a company thatsold fruit extract pectin, and found an apartment on theMerwedeplein (Merwede Square) in the Rivierenbuurtneighborhood of Amsterdam. By February 1934, Edith and thechildren had arrived in Amsterdam, and the two girls were enrolled in school—Margot in public schooland Anne in a Montessori school. Margot demonstrated ability in arithmetic, and Anne showed aptitudefor reading and writing. Her friend Hanneli Goslar later recalled that from early childhood, Frank

The apartment block on theMerwedeplein where the Frankfamily lived from 1934 until 1942

frequently wrote, although she shielded her work with her hands and refused to discuss the content ofher writing. The Frank sisters had highly distinct personalities, Margot being well­mannered, reserved,and studious,[8] while Anne was outspoken, energetic, and extroverted.[9]

In 1938, Otto Frank started a second company, Pectacon, whichwas a wholesaler of herbs, pickling salts, and mixed spices, usedin the production of sausages.[10][11] Hermann van Pels wasemployed by Pectacon as an advisor about spices. A Jewishbutcher, he had fled Osnabrück in Germany with his family.[11]In 1939, Edith's mother came to live with the Franks, andremained with them until her death in January 1942.[12]

In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, and theoccupation government began to persecute Jews by theimplementation of restrictive and discriminatory laws; mandatoryregistration and segregation soon followed. The Frank sisterswere excelling in their studies and had many friends, but with theintroduction of a decree that Jewish children could attend onlyJewish schools, they were enrolled at the Jewish Lyceum. Annebecame a friend of Jacqueline van Maarsen in the Lyceum.[12] InApril 1941, Otto Frank took action to prevent Pectacon frombeing confiscated as a Jewish­owned business. He transferred hisshares in Pectacon to Johannes Kleiman and resigned as director.The company was liquidated and all assets transferred to Giesand Company, headed by Jan Gies. In December 1941, Frank followed a similar process to save Opekta.The businesses continued with little obvious change and their survival allowed Frank to earn a minimalincome, but sufficient to provide for his family.[13]

Time period chronicled in the diary

Before going into hiding

For her thirteenth birthday on 12 June 1942, Anne Frank received a book she had shown her father in ashop window a few days earlier. Although it was an autograph book, bound with red­and­whitecheckered cloth[14] and with a small lock on the front, Frank decided she would use it as a diary,[15] andbegan writing in it almost immediately. While many of her early entries relate the mundane aspects ofher life, she also discusses some of the changes that had taken place in the Netherlands since the Germanoccupation. In her entry dated 20 June 1942, she lists many of the restrictions that had been placed uponthe lives of the Dutch Jewish population, and also notes her sorrow at the death of her grandmotherearlier in the year.[16] Frank dreamed about becoming an actress. She loved watching movies, but theDutch Jews were forbidden access to movie theaters from 8 January 1941 onwards.[17]

In July 1942, Margot Frank received a call­up notice from the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung(Central Office for Jewish Emigration) ordering her to report for relocation to a work camp. Otto Franktold his family that they would go into hiding in rooms above and behind Opekta's premises on thePrinsengracht, a street along one of Amsterdam's canals, where some of his most trusted employeeswould help them. The call­up notice forced them to relocate several weeks earlier than had beenanticipated.[18]

Reconstruction of the bookcase thatcovered the entrance to the SecretAnnex, in the Anne Frank House inAmsterdam

Shortly before going into hiding, Anne gave her friend and neighbor, Toosje Kupers, a book, a tea set, atin of marbles, and the family cat for safekeeping. As the Associated Press reports: "'I'm worried aboutmy marbles, because I'm scared they might fall into the wrong hands,' Kupers said Anne told her. 'Couldyou keep them for me for a little while?'"[19]

Life in the Achterhuis

On the morning of Monday, 6 July 1942,[20] the family movedinto their hiding place, a secret annex. Their apartment was leftin a state of disarray to create the impression that they had leftsuddenly, and Otto Frank left a note that hinted they were goingto Switzerland. The need for secrecy forced them to leave behindAnne's cat, Moortje. As Jews were not allowed to use publictransport, they walked several kilometers from their home, witheach of them wearing several layers of clothing as they did notdare be seen carrying luggage.[21] The Achterhuis (a Dutch worddenoting the rear part of a house, translated as the "SecretAnnexe" in English editions of the diary) was a three­story spaceentered from a landing above the Opekta offices. Two smallrooms, with an adjoining bathroom and toilet, were on the firstlevel, and above that a larger open room, with a small roombeside it. From this smaller room, a ladder led to the attic. Thedoor to the Achterhuis was later covered by a bookcase to ensureit remained undiscovered. The main building, situated a blockfrom the Westerkerk, was nondescript, old, and typical ofbuildings in the western quarters of Amsterdam.[22]

Victor Kugler, Johannes Kleiman, Miep Gies, and Bep Voskuijlwere the only employees who knew of the people in hiding.Along with Gies' husband Jan Gies and Voskuijl's father Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl, they were the"helpers" for the duration of their confinement. The only connection between the outside world and theoccupants of the house, they kept the occupants informed of war news and political developments. Theycatered to all of their needs, ensured their safety, and supplied them with food, a task that grew moredifficult with the passage of time. Frank wrote of their dedication and of their efforts to boost moralewithin the household during the most dangerous of times. All were aware that, if caught, they could facethe death penalty for sheltering Jews.[23]

On 13 July 1942, the Franks were joined by the van Pels family: Hermann, Auguste, and 16­year­oldPeter, and then in November by Fritz Pfeffer, a dentist and friend of the family. Frank wrote of herpleasure at having new people to talk to, but tensions quickly developed within the group forced to livein such confined conditions. After sharing her room with Pfeffer, she found him to be insufferable andresented his intrusion,[24] and she clashed with Auguste van Pels, whom she regarded as foolish. Sheregarded Hermann van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer as selfish, particularly in regard to the amount of food theyconsumed.[25] Some time later, after first dismissing the shy and awkward Peter van Pels, she recogniseda kinship with him and the two entered a romance. She received her first kiss from him, but herinfatuation with him began to wane as she questioned whether her feelings for him were genuine, orresulted from their shared confinement.[26] Anne Frank formed a close bond with each of the helpers,

The house (left) at the Prinsengrachtin Amsterdam

Anne Frank house model

Taken from the top of theWesterkerk church, this imageshows the Prinsengracht canal

and the rooftops of thebuildings in the neighborhood

The Secret Annexe with its light­coloured walls and orange roof(bottom) and the Anne Frank tree inthe garden behind the house (bottomright), seen from the Westerkerk in2004

and Otto Frank later recalled that she had anticipated their daily visits with impatient enthusiasm. Heobserved that Anne's closest friendship was with Bep Voskuijl, "the young typist ... the two of themoften stood whispering in the corner."[27]

The young diarist

In her writing, Frank examined her relationships with the members of her family, and the strongdifferences in each of their personalities. She considered herself to be closest emotionally to her father,who later commented, "I got on better with Anne than with Margot, who was more attached to hermother. The reason for that may have been that Margot rarely showed her feelings and didn't need asmuch support because she didn't suffer from mood swings as much as Anne did."[28] The Frank sistersformed a closer relationship than had existed before they went into hiding, although Anne sometimes

expressed jealousytowards Margot,particularly whenmembers of thehousehold criticised Annefor lacking Margot'sgentle and placid nature.As Anne began to mature,the sisters were able toconfide in each other. Inher entry of 12 January1944, Frank wrote,"Margot's much nicer ...She's not nearly so catty these days and is becoming a real friend.She no longer thinks of me as a little baby who doesn't count."[29]

Frank frequently wrote ofher difficult relationshipwith her mother, and ofher ambivalence towardsher. On 7 November 1942she described her"contempt" for her

mother and her inability to "confront her with her carelessness,her sarcasm and her hard­heartedness," before concluding, "She'snot a mother to me."[30] Later, as she revised her diary, Frank feltashamed of her harsh attitude, writing: "Anne, is it really youwho mentioned hate, oh Anne, how could you?"[31] She came tounderstand that their differences resulted from misunderstandingsthat were as much her fault as her mother's, and saw that she hadadded unnecessarily to her mother's suffering. With thisrealization, Frank began to treat her mother with a degree oftolerance and respect.[32]

The Frank sisters each hoped to return to school as soon as they were able, and continued with theirstudies while in hiding. Margot took a shorthand course by correspondence in Bep Voskuijl's name andreceived high marks. Most of Anne's time was spent reading and studying, and she regularly wrote andedited her diary entries. In addition to providing a narrative of events as they occurred, she wrote about

A partial reconstruction of thebarracks in the Westerbork transitcamp where Anne Frank was housedfrom August to September 1944

her feelings, beliefs, and ambitions, subjects she felt she could not discuss with anyone. As herconfidence in her writing grew, and as she began to mature, she wrote of more abstract subjects such asher belief in God, and how she defined human nature.[33]

Frank aspired to become a journalist, writing in her diary on Wednesday, 5 April 1944:

I finally realized that I must do my schoolwork to keep from being ignorant, to get on inlife, to become a journalist, because that's what I want! I know I can write ..., but it remainsto be seen whether I really have talent ...

And if I don't have the talent to write books or newspaper articles, I can always write formyself. But I want to achieve more than that. I can't imagine living like Mother, Mrs. vanDaan and all the women who go about their work and are then forgotten. I need to havesomething besides a husband and children to devote myself to! ...

I want to be useful or bring enjoyment to all people, even those I've never met. I want to goon living even after my death! And that's why I'm so grateful to God for having given methis gift, which I can use to develop myself and to express all that's inside me!

When I write I can shake off all my cares. My sorrow disappears, my spirits are revived!But, and that's a big question, will I ever be able to write something great, will I everbecome a journalist or a writer?

— Anne Frank[34]

She continued writing regularly until her last entry of 1 August 1944.

Arrest

On the morning of 4 August 1944, following a tip from aninformer who has never been identified, the Achterhuis wasstormed by a group of German uniformed police (Grüne Polizei)led by SS­Oberscharführer Karl Silberbauer of theSicherheitsdienst.[35] The Franks, van Pelses, and Pfeffer weretaken to RSHA headquarters, where they were interrogated andheld overnight. On 5 August they were transferred to the Huisvan Bewaring (House of Detention), an overcrowded prison onthe Weteringschans. Two days later they were transported to theWesterbork transit camp, through which by that time more than100,000 Jews, mostly Dutch and German, had passed. Havingbeen arrested in hiding, they were considered criminals and sentto the Punishment Barracks for hard labor.[36]

In her book describing the betrayal and transportation toAuschwitz of her own family, Eva Schloss, whose mother Elfriede "Mutti" Geiringer married Otto Frankafter the war, tells of the trial of Nazi collaborator Miep Braams:

Braams was the girlfriend of a Dutch resistance worker called Jannes Haan, and she wassupposed to be helping him protect Jews and help the Resistance. As the war progressed,Haan became suspicious that his girlfriend was really a double agent for the Nazis: an awfullot of the Jewish families he entrusted to her were vanishing without trace, or being roundedup. When she became aware of his suspicions, Braams betrayed Haan to the Gestapo, andhe was executed. It was later estimated that Miep Braams was responsible for betraying asmany as two hundred Jewish families, including ours.[37]

In April 1949, Braams received a sentence of six years.

Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were arrested and jailed at the penal camp for enemies of theregime at Amersfoort. Kleiman was released after seven weeks, but Kugler was held in various workcamps until the war's end.[38] Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl were questioned and threatened by theSecurity Police but not detained. They returned to the Achterhuis the following day, and found Anne'spapers strewn on the floor. They collected them, as well as several family photograph albums, and Giesresolved to return them to Anne after the war. On 7 August 1944, Gies attempted to facilitate the releaseof the prisoners by confronting Silberbauer and offering him money to intervene, but he refused.[39]

Deportation and death

On 3 September 1944,[a] the group was deported on what would be the last transport from Westerbork tothe Auschwitz concentration camp and arrived after a three­day journey. On the same train was BloemeEvers­Emden, an Amsterdam native who had befriended Margot and Anne in the Jewish Lyceum in1941.[40] Bloeme saw Anne, Margot, and their mother regularly in Auschwitz,[41] and was interviewedfor her remembrances of the Frank women in Auschwitz in the television documentary The Last SevenMonths of Anne Frank (1988) by Dutch filmmaker Willy Lindwer[42] and the BBC documentary AnneFrank Remembered (1995).[43]

Upon arrival at Auschwitz, the SS forcibly separated the men from the women and children, and OttoFrank was wrenched from his family. Those deemed able to work were admitted into the camp, andthose deemed unfit for labor were immediately killed. Of the 1,019 passengers, 549—including allchildren younger than 15—were sent directly to the gas chambers. Anne Frank, who had turned 15 threemonths earlier, was one of the youngest people to be spared from her transport. She was soon madeaware that most people were gassed upon arrival and never learned that the entire group from theAchterhuis had survived this selection. She reasoned that her father, in his mid­fifties and notparticularly robust, had been killed immediately after they were separated.[44]

With the other females not selected for immediate death, Frank was forced to strip naked to bedisinfected, had her head shaved, and was tattooed with an identifying number on her arm. By day, thewomen were used as slave labour and Frank was forced to haul rocks and dig rolls of sod; by night, theywere crammed into overcrowded barracks. Some witnesses later testified Frank became withdrawn andtearful when she saw children being led to the gas chambers; others reported that more often shedisplayed strength and courage. Her gregarious and confident nature allowed her to obtain extra breadrations for her mother, sister, and herself. Disease was rampant; before long, Frank's skin became badlyinfected by scabies. The Frank sisters were moved into an infirmary, which was in a state of constantdarkness and infested with rats and mice. Edith Frank stopped eating, saving every morsel of food forher daughters and passing her rations to them through a hole she made at the bottom of the infirmarywall.[45]

Memorial for Margot and AnneFrank at the former Bergen­Belsensite, along with floral and pictorialtributes

In October 1944, the Frank women were slated to join a transportto the Liebau labour camp in Upper Silesia. Bloeme Evers­Emden was slated to be on this transport, but Anne wasprohibited from going because she had developed scabies, andher mother and sister opted to stay with her. Bloeme went onwithout them.[43]

On 28 October, selections began for women to be relocated toBergen­Belsen. More than 8,000 women, including Anne andMargot Frank, and Auguste van Pels, were transported. EdithFrank was left behind and later died from starvation.[46] Tentswere erected at Bergen­Belsen to accommodate the influx ofprisoners, and as the population rose, the death toll due to diseaseincreased rapidly. Frank was briefly reunited with two friends,Hanneli Goslar and Nanette Blitz, who were confined in anothersection of the camp. Goslar and Blitz survived the war, and laterdiscussed the brief conversations they had conducted with Frankthrough a fence. Blitz described Anne as bald, emaciated, andshivering. Goslar noted Auguste van Pels was with Anne andMargot Frank, and was caring for Margot, who was severely ill.Neither of them saw Margot, as she was too weak to leave herbunk. Anne told Blitz and Goslar she believed her parents weredead, and for that reason she did not wish to live any longer. Goslar later estimated their meetings hadtaken place in late January or early February 1945.[47]

In March 1945, a typhus epidemic spread through the camp, killing 17,000 prisoners.[48] Other diseases,including typhoid fever, were rampant.[49] Due to these chaotic conditions, it is not possible to say whatultimately caused Anne's death. Witnesses later testified Margot fell from her bunk in her weakenedstate and was killed by the shock. A few days later, Anne died. The exact dates the Margot and Anne'sdeaths were not recorded, but it was only a few weeks before British soldiers liberated the camp on 15April 1945.[50] After liberation, the camp was burned in an effort to prevent further spread of disease,and Anne and Margot were buried in a mass grave at an unknown location.

After the war, it was estimated that only 5,000 of the 107,000 Jews deported from the Netherlandsbetween 1942 and 1944 survived. An estimated 30,000 Jews remained in the Netherlands, with manypeople aided by the Dutch underground. Approximately two­thirds of this group survived the war.[51]

Otto Frank survived his internment in Auschwitz. After the war ended, he returned to Amsterdam, wherehe was sheltered by Jan and Miep Gies as he attempted to locate his family. He learned of the death ofhis wife, Edith, in Auschwitz, but remained hopeful that his daughters had survived. After severalweeks, he discovered Margot and Anne had also died. He attempted to determine the fates of hisdaughters' friends and learned many had been murdered. Susanne ''Sanne'' Ledermann, often mentionedin Anne's diary, had been gassed along with her parents; her sister, Barbara, a close friend of Margot's,had survived.[52] Several of the Frank sisters' school friends had survived, as had the extended familiesof Otto and Edith Frank, as they had fled Germany during the mid­1930s, with individual familymembers settling in Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[53]

The Diary of a Young Girl

Het Achterhuis, cover of the 1stedition of Anne Frank's diary in1947, subsequently titled as TheDiary of a Young Girl

Publication

In July 1945, after the Red Cross confirmed the deaths of theFrank sisters, Miep Gies gave Otto Frank the diary and a bundleof loose notes that she had saved in the hope of returning them toAnne. Otto Frank later commented that he had not realized Annehad kept such an accurate and well­written record of their time inhiding. In his memoir, he described the painful process ofreading the diary, recognizing the events described and recallingthat he had already heard some of the more amusing episodesread aloud by his daughter. He saw for the first time the moreprivate side of his daughter and those sections of the diary shehad not discussed with anyone, noting, "For me it was arevelation ... I had no idea of the depth of her thoughts andfeelings ... She had kept all these feelings to herself".[54] Movedby her repeated wish to be an author, he began to consider havingit published.[55]

Frank's diary began as a private expression of her thoughts; shewrote several times that she would never allow anyone to read it.She candidly described her life, her family and companions, andtheir situation, while beginning to recognise her ambition to writefiction for publication. In March 1944, she heard a radiobroadcast by Gerrit Bolkestein—a member of the Dutchgovernment in exile, based in London—who said that when thewar ended, he would create a public record of the Dutch people'soppression under German occupation.[56] He mentioned the publication of letters and diaries, and Frankdecided to submit her work when the time came. She began editing her writing, removing some sectionsand rewriting others, with a view to publication. Her original notebook was supplemented by additionalnotebooks and loose­leaf sheets of paper. She created pseudonyms for the members of the household andthe helpers. The van Pels family became Hermann, Petronella, and Peter van Daan, and Fritz Pfefferbecame Albert Düssell. In this edited version, she addressed each entry to "Kitty," a fictional character inCissy van Marxveldt's Joop ter Heul novels that Anne enjoyed reading. Otto Frank used her originaldiary, known as "version A", and her edited version, known as "version B", to produce the first versionfor publication. He removed certain passages, most notably those in which Anne is critical of her parents(especially her mother), and sections that discussed Frank's growing sexuality. Although he restored thetrue identities of his own family, he retained all of the other pseudonyms.[57]

Otto Frank gave the diary to the historian Annie Romein­Verschoor, who tried unsuccessfully to have itpublished. She then gave it to her husband Jan Romein, who wrote an article about it, titled"Kinderstem" ("A Child's Voice"), which was published in the newspaper Het Parool on 3 April 1946.He wrote that the diary "stammered out in a child's voice, embodies all the hideousness of fascism, moreso than all the evidence at Nuremberg put together."[58] His article attracted attention from publishers,and the diary was published in the Netherlands as Het Achterhuis in 1947,[59] followed by five more runsby 1950.[60]

It was first published in Germany and France in 1950, and after being rejected by several publishers, wasfirst published in the United Kingdom in 1952. The first American edition, published in 1952 under thetitle Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl, was positively reviewed. The book was successful inFrance, Germany, and the United States, but in the United Kingdom it failed to attract an audience and

by 1953 was out of print. Its most noteworthy success was in Japan, where it received critical acclaimand sold more than 100,000 copies in its first edition. In Japan, Anne Frank quickly was identified as animportant cultural figure who represented the destruction of youth during the war.[61]

A play by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett based upon the diary premiered in New York City on 5October 1955, and later won a Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It was followed by the 1959 movie The Diary ofAnne Frank, which was a critical and commercial success. Biographer Melissa Müller later wrote thatthe dramatization had "contributed greatly to the romanticizing, sentimentalizing and universalizing ofAnne's story."[62] Over the years the popularity of the diary grew, and in many schools, particularly inthe United States, it was included as part of the curriculum, introducing Anne Frank to new generationsof readers.[63]

In 1986 the Dutch Institute for War Documentation published the "Critical Edition" of the diary. Itincludes comparisons from all known versions, both edited and unedited. It includes discussion assertingthe diary's authentication, as well as additional historical information relating to the family and the diaryitself.[64]

Cornelis Suijk—a former director of the Anne Frank Foundation and president of the U.S. Center forHolocaust Education Foundation—announced in 1999 that he was in the possession of five pages thathad been removed by Otto Frank from the diary prior to publication; Suijk claimed that Otto Frank gavethese pages to him shortly before his death in 1980. The missing diary entries contain critical remarks byAnne Frank about her parents' strained marriage and discuss Frank's lack of affection for her mother.[65]Some controversy ensued when Suijk claimed publishing rights over the five pages; he intended to sellthem to raise money for his foundation. The Netherlands Institute for War Documentation, the formalowner of the manuscript, demanded the pages be handed over. In 2000 the Dutch Ministry of Education,Culture and Science agreed to donate US$300,000 to Suijk's Foundation, and the pages were returned in2001. Since then, they have been included in new editions of the diary.[66]

Reception

The diary has been praised for its literary merits. Commenting on Anne Frank's writing style, thedramatist Meyer Levin commended Frank for "sustaining the tension of a well­constructed novel",[67]and was so impressed by the quality of her work that he collaborated with Otto Frank on a dramatizationof the diary shortly after its publication.[68] Meyer became obsessed with Anne Frank, which he wroteabout in his autobiography The Obsession. The poet John Berryman called the book a unique depiction,not merely of adolescence but of the "conversion of a child into a person as it is happening in a precise,confident, economical style stunning in its honesty".[69]

In her introduction to the diary's first American edition, Eleanor Roosevelt described it as "one of thewisest and most moving commentaries on war and its impact on human beings that I have ever read."[70]John F. Kennedy discussed Anne Frank in a 1961 speech, and said, "Of all the multitudes whothroughout history have spoken for human dignity in times of great suffering and loss, no voice is morecompelling than that of Anne Frank."[71][72] In the same year, the Soviet writer Ilya Ehrenburg wrote ofher: "one voice speaks for six million—the voice not of a sage or a poet but of an ordinary little girl."[73]

As Anne Frank's stature as both a writer and humanist has grown, she has been discussed specifically asa symbol of the Holocaust and more broadly as a representative of persecution.[74] Hillary RodhamClinton, in her acceptance speech for an Elie Wiesel Humanitarian Award in 1994, read from AnneFrank's diary and spoke of her "awakening us to the folly of indifference and the terrible toll it takes on

our young," which Clinton related to contemporary events in Sarajevo, Somalia and Rwanda.[75] Afterreceiving a humanitarian award from the Anne Frank Foundation in 1994, Nelson Mandela addressed acrowd in Johannesburg, saying he had read Anne Frank's diary while in prison and "derived muchencouragement from it." He likened her struggle against Nazism to his struggle against apartheid,drawing a parallel between the two philosophies: "Because these beliefs are patently false, and becausethey were, and will always be, challenged by the likes of Anne Frank, they are bound to fail."[76] Also in1994, Václav Havel said "Anne Frank's legacy is very much alive and it can address us fully" in relationto the political and social changes occurring at the time in former Eastern Bloc countries.[71]

Primo Levi suggested Anne Frank is frequently identified as a single representative of the millions ofpeople who suffered and died as she did because "One single Anne Frank moves us more than thecountless others who suffered just as she did but whose faces have remained in the shadows. Perhaps itis better that way; if we were capable of taking in all the suffering of all those people, we would not beable to live."[71] In her closing message in Müller's biography of Anne Frank, Miep Gies expressed asimilar thought, though she attempted to dispel what she felt was a growing misconception that "Annesymbolises the six million victims of the Holocaust", writing: "Anne's life and death were her ownindividual fate, an individual fate that happened six million times over. Anne cannot, and should not,stand for the many individuals whom the Nazis robbed of their lives ... But her fate helps us grasp theimmense loss the world suffered because of the Holocaust."[77]

Otto Frank spent the remainder of his life as custodian of his daughter's legacy, saying, "It's a strangerole. In the normal family relationship, it is the child of the famous parent who has the honor and theburden of continuing the task. In my case the role is reversed." He recalled his publisher's explainingwhy he thought the diary has been so widely read, with the comment, "he said that the diaryencompasses so many areas of life that each reader can find something that moves him personally".[78]Simon Wiesenthal expressed a similar sentiment when he said that the diary had raised more widespreadawareness of the Holocaust than had been achieved during the Nuremberg Trials, because "peopleidentified with this child. This was the impact of the Holocaust, this was a family like my family, likeyour family and so you could understand this."[79]

In June 1999 Time magazine published a special edition titled "Time 100: The Most Important People ofthe Century". Anne Frank was selected as one of the "Heroes & Icons", and the writer, RogerRosenblatt, described her legacy with the comment, "The passions the book ignites suggest thateveryone owns Anne Frank, that she has risen above the Holocaust, Judaism, girlhood and evengoodness and become a totemic figure of the modern world—the moral individual mind beset by themachinery of destruction, insisting on the right to live and question and hope for the future of humanbeings." He notes that while her courage and pragmatism are admired, her ability to analyze herself andthe quality of her writing are the key components of her appeal. He writes, "The reason for herimmortality was basically literary. She was an extraordinarily good writer, for any age, and the qualityof her work seemed a direct result of a ruthlessly honest disposition."[80]

Denials of authenticity and legal action

After the diary became widely known in the late 1950s, various allegations against the veracity of thediary and/or its contents appeared, with the earliest published criticisms occurring in Sweden andNorway.[81]

In 1957, Fria ord ("Free Words"), the magazine of the Swedish neofascist organisation National Leagueof Sweden published an article by Danish author and critic Harald Nielsen, who had previously writtenantisemitic articles about the Danish­Jewish author Georg Brandes.[82] Among other things, the articleclaimed that the diary had been written by Meyer Levin.[83]

In 1958, at a performance of The Diary of Anne Frank in Vienna, Simon Wiesenthal was challenged bya group of protesters who asserted that Anne Frank had never existed, and who challenged Wiesenthal toprove her existence by finding the man who had arrested her. Wiesenthal indeed began searching forKarl Silberbauer and found him in 1963. When interviewed, Silberbauer admitted his role, and identifiedAnne Frank from a photograph as one of the people arrested. Silberbauer provided a full account ofevents, even recalling emptying a briefcase full of papers onto the floor. His statement corroborated theversion of events that had previously been presented by witnesses such as Otto Frank.[84]

Opponents of the diary continued to express the view that it was not written by a child, but was a hoax,with Otto Frank being accused of fraud.[85]

In 1959, Otto Frank took legal action in Lübeck against Lothar Stielau, a school teacher and formerHitler Youth member who published a school paper that described the diary as "a forgery." Thecomplaint was extended to include Heinrich Buddegerg, who wrote a letter in support of Stielau, whichwas published in a Lübeck newspaper. The court examined the diary in 1960 and authenticated thehandwriting as matching that in letters known to have been written by Anne Frank. They declared thediary to be genuine. Stielau recanted his earlier statement, and Otto Frank did not pursue the case anyfurther.[83]

In 1976, Otto Frank took action against Heinz Roth of Frankfurt, who published pamphlets stating thatthe diary was "a forgery." The judge ruled that if Roth was to publish any further statements he would besubjected to a fine of 500,000 German marks and a six­month jail sentence. Roth appealed against thecourt's decision. He died in 1978, and after a year his appeal was rejected.[83]

Otto Frank mounted a lawsuit in 1976 against Ernst Römer, who distributed a pamphlet titled "TheDiary of Anne Frank, Bestseller, A Lie". When a man named Edgar Geiss distributed the same pamphletin the courtroom, he too was prosecuted. Römer was fined 1,500 Deutschmarks,[83] and Geiss wassentenced to six months imprisonment. The sentence of Geiss was reduced on appeal, and the case waseventually dropped following a subsequent appeal because the statutory limitation for libel hadexpired.[86]

With Otto Frank's death in 1980, the original diary, including letters and loose sheets, were willed to theDutch Institute for War Documentation,[87] who commissioned a forensic study of the diary through theNetherlands Ministry of Justice in 1986. They examined the handwriting against known examples andfound that they matched. They determined that the paper, glue, and ink were readily available during thetime the diary was said to have been written. They concluded that the diary is authentic, and theirfindings were published in what has become known as the "Critical Edition" of the diary.[88]

On 23 March 1990, the Hamburg Regional Court confirmed the diary's authenticity.[64]

In 1991, Holocaust deniers Robert Faurisson and Siegfried Verbeke produced a booklet titled The Diaryof Anne Frank: A Critical Approach. They claimed that Otto Frank wrote the diary. They made variousassertions, such as that the diary contained several contradictions; that hiding in the Achterhuis wouldhave been impossible; and that the prose style and handwriting were not those of a teenager.[89]

People waiting in line in front of theAnne Frank House entrance inAmsterdam

The Anne Frank House in Amsterdam and the Anne Frank Funds in Basel instigated a civil lawsuit inDecember 1993 to prohibit the further distribution of The Diary of Anne Frank: A Critical Approach inthe Netherlands. On 9 December 1998, the Amsterdam District Court ruled in favour of the claimants,forbade any further denial of the authenticity of the diary and unsolicited distribution of publications tothat effect, and imposed a penalty of 25,000 guilders per infringement.[90]

Complaints regarding unabridged version

An unabridged edition of Anne Frank's work was published in 1995.[91] This version included Anne'sdescription of her exploration of her own genitalia and her puzzlement regarding sex and childbirth, apassage that had previously been edited out by Otto Frank.[92] When Gail Horalek of Northville,Michigan, learned in March 2013 that her daughter's seventh­grade class was using this edition of thediary in class, she filed a complaint with the school district asking that an edited version be used instead.Horalek, who described the passage as pornographic, said the school should have obtained priorapproval from parents before assigning the book. In 2010, school officials in Culpeper County, Virginia,stopped assigning the unabridged version after similar complaints were lodged.[93]

Emer O'Toole of The Guardian noted that "we [still] live in a society in which young women are taughtto be ashamed of the changes that their bodies undergo at puberty – to be secretive about them, and evento pretend that they don't exist."[92] Clem Bastow of Daily Life found the complaint "infuriating."[94]

Legacy

On 3 May 1957, a group of citizens, including Otto Frank,established the Anne Frank Stichting in an effort to rescue thePrinsengracht building from demolition and to make it accessibleto the public. The Anne Frank House opened on 3 May 1960. Itconsists of the Opekta warehouse and offices and the Achterhuis,all unfurnished so that visitors can walk freely through therooms. Some personal relics of the former occupants remain,such as movie star photographs glued by Anne to a wall, asection of wallpaper on which Otto Frank marked the height ofhis growing daughters, and a map on the wall where he recordedthe advance of the Allied Forces, all now protected behindPerspex sheets. From the small room which was once home toPeter van Pels, a walkway connects the building to itsneighbours, also purchased by the Foundation. These other buildings are used to house the diary, as wellas rotating exhibits that chronicle aspects of the Holocaust and more contemporary examinations ofracial intolerance around the world. One of Amsterdam's main tourist attractions, it received a record965,000 visitors in 2005. The House provides information via the internet and offers exhibitions that in2005 travelled to 32 countries in Europe, Asia, North America, and South America.[95]

In 1963 Otto Frank and his second wife, Elfriede Geiringer­Markovits, set up the Anne Frank Fonds as acharitable foundation, based in Basel, Switzerland. The Fonds raises money to donate to causes "as itsees fit". Upon his death, Otto willed the diary's copyright to the Fonds, on the provision that the first80,000 Swiss francs in income each year was to be distributed to his heirs. Any income above this figureis to be retained by the Fonds for use on whatever projects its administrators considered worthy. Itprovides funding for the medical treatment of the Righteous among the Nations on a yearly basis. TheFonds aims to educate young people against racism, and loaned some of Anne Frank's papers to the

Statue of Anne Frank, byMari Andriessen, outside theWesterkerk in Amsterdam

The Anne Frank School inAmsterdam

The Anne Frank tree in thegarden behind the AnneFrank House

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington for an exhibition in 2003. Its annual reportthat year outlined its efforts to contribute on a global level, with support for projects in Germany, Israel,India, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[96]

In 1997, the Anne Frank Educational Centre (Jugendbegegnungsstätte Anne Frank) was opened in theDornbusch neighborhood of Frankfurt, where Frank lived with her family until 1934. The Centre is "aplace where both young people and adults can learn about the history of National Socialism and discuss

its relevance to today."[97]

The Merwedeplein apartment, where theFrank family lived from 1933 until 1942,remained privately owned until the2000s. After becoming the focus of atelevision documentary, the building—ina serious state of disrepair—waspurchased by a Dutch housingcorporation. Aided by photographs takenby the Frank family and descriptions inletters written by Anne Frank, it wasrestored to its 1930s appearance.Teresien da Silva of the Anne FrankHouse and Frank's cousin, Bernhard"Buddy" Elias, contributed to therestoration project. It opened in 2005.Each year, a writer who is unable to write

freely in his or her own country is selected for a year­long tenancy,during which they reside and write in the apartment. The first writerselected was the Algerian novelist and poet El­Mahdi Acherchour.[95]

In June 2007 "Buddy" Elias donated some 25,000 family documents tothe Anne Frank House. Among the artifacts are Frank familyphotographs taken in Germany and Holland and the letter Otto Franksent his mother in 1945, informing her that his wife and daughters hadperished in Nazi concentration camps.[98]

In November 2007 the Anne Frank tree—by then infected with a fungaldisease affecting the tree trunk—was scheduled to be cut down toprevent it from falling on the surrounding buildings. Dutch economistArnold Heertje said about the tree: "This is not just any tree. The AnneFrank tree is bound up with the persecution of the Jews."[99] The TreeFoundation, a group of tree conservationists, started a civil case to stopthe felling of the horse chestnut, which received international mediaattention. A Dutch court ordered city officials and conservationists toexplore alternatives and come to a solution.[100] The parties built a steel construction that was expectedto prolong the life of the tree up to 15 years.[99] However, it was only three years later, on 23 August2010, that gale­force winds blew down the tree.[101] Eleven saplings from the tree were distributed tomuseums, schools, parks and Holocaust remembrance centers through a project led by the Anne FrankCenter USA. The first sapling was planted in April 2013 at The Children's Museum of Indianapolis.

Anne Frank Center in New York

Saplings were also sent to a school in Little Rock, Arkansas that was the scene of a desegregation battle,Liberty Park (Manhattan), which honors victims of the September 11 attacks, and other sites in theUnited States.[102]

Over the years, several films about Anne Frank appeared. Her life and writings have inspired a diversegroup of artists and social commentators to make reference to her in literature, popular music, television,and other media. These include The Anne Frank Ballet by Adam Darius,[103] first performed in 1959,and the choral work Annelies, first performed in 2005.[104] The only known footage of the real AnneFrank comes from a 1941 silent film recorded for her newlywed next­door neighbor. She is seen leaningout of a second­floor window in an attempt to better view the bride and groom. The couple, whosurvived the war, gave the film to the Anne Frank House.[105]

In 1999, Time named Anne Frank among the heroes and icons ofthe 20th century on their list The Most Important People of theCentury, stating: "With a diary kept in a secret attic, she bravedthe Nazis and lent a searing voice to the fight for humandignity".[80] Philip Roth called her the "lost little daughter" ofFranz Kafka.[106] Madame Tussauds wax museum unveiled anexhibit featuring a likeness of Anne Frank in 2012.[107] Asteroid5535 Annefrank was named in her honor in 1995, after havingbeen discovered in 1942.[108]

See also

People associated with Anne FrankSearching for Anne Frank: Letters from Amsterdam to Iowa (book)Tanya Savicheva – a Soviet child diarist who endured the Siege of Leningrad during World WarII.

Notes and references

Explanatory notes

a. Westra et al. 2004, p. 196, includes a reproduction of part of the transport list showing the names of each ofthe Frank family.

Citations

1. Anne Frank Fonds.2. Barnouw & Van Der Stroom 2003, pp. 3, 17.3. Müller 1999, preface: Family tree.4. van der Rol & Verhoeven 1995, p. 10.5. Lee 2000, p. 17.6. Lee 2000, pp. 20–23.7. van der Rol & Verhoeven 1995, p. 21.8. Müller 1999, p. 131.

9. Müller 1999, pp. 129–135.10. Müller 1999, p. 92.11. Lee 2000, p. 40.12. Müller 1999, pp. 128–130.13. Müller 1999, pp. 117–118.14. van der Rol & Verhoeven 1995, p. 3.15. Lee 2000, p. 96.16. Frank 1995, pp. 1–20.17. Müller 1999, pp. 119–120.18. Müller 1999, p. 153.19. Associated Press (4 February 2014). "Marbles that belonged to Anne Frank rediscovered"

(http://news.msn.com/world/marbles­that­belonged­to­anne­frank­rediscovered). MSN.com.20. Müller 1999, p. 163.21. Lee 2000, pp. 105–106.22. Westra et al. 2004, pp. 45, 107–187.23. Lee 2000, pp. 113–115.24. Lee 2000, pp. 120–21.25. Lee 2000, p. 117.26. Westra et al. 2004, p. 191.27. Lee 2000, p. 119.28. Müller 1999, p. 203.29. Frank 1995, p. 167.30. Frank 1995, p. 63.31. Frank 1995, p. 157.32. Müller 1999, p. 204.33. Müller 1999, p. 194.34. Marcuse 2002.35. Barnauw & van der Stroom 2003.36. Müller 1999, p. 233.37. Schloss 2013, p. 196.38. Müller 1999, p. 291.39. Müller 1999, p. 279.40. Morine 2007.41. Bigsby 2006, p. 235.42. Enzer & Solotaroff­Enzer 1999, p. 176.43. Laeredt 1995.44. Müller 1999, pp. 246–247.45. Müller 1999, pp. 248–251.46. Müller 1999, p. 252.47. Müller 1999, p. 255.48. Müller 1999, p. 261.49. Gedenkstätten Bergen­Belsen.50. Stichting, "Typhus", p. 5.51. US Holocaust Memorial Museum.52. Lee 2000, pp. 211–212.

52. Lee 2000, pp. 211–212.53. Müller 2013, pp. 39, 48–49.54. Lee 2000, p. 216.55. Prose 2009, p. 74.56. Frank 1995, p. 242.57. Prose 2009, p. 75.58. Romein.59. Lee 2000, p. 223.60. Prose 2009, p. 80.61. Lee 2000, p. 225.62. Müller 1999, p. 276.63. Prose 2009, pp. 253–254.64. Frank 1989, p. 102.65. Blumenthal 1998.66. Müller 2013, pp. 342­344.67. Levin 1952.68. Michaelsen 1997.69. Berryman 2000, p. 78.70. Rosow 1996, p. 156.71. Westra et al. 2004, p. 242.72. "Kennedy Says Anne Frank’s Gift to World Will Survive Her Enemies"

(http://www.jta.org/1961/09/22/archive/kennedy­says­anne­franks­gift­to­world­will­survive­her­enemies).Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 21 September 1961. Retrieved 27 April 2014.

73. Graver.74. Feldman 2005.75. Clinton 1994.76. Mandela 1994.77. Müller 1999, p. 305.78. Lee 2000, pp. 222–33.79. Stichting, "Simon Wiesenthal".80. Rosenblatt 1999.81. Prose 2009, p. 241.82. Frank & Holmer 2005, p. 340.83. Stichting, "Authenticity of the Diary".84. Lee 2000, pp. 241–246.85. Prose 2009, pp. 240–249.86. Stichting, "Legal rulings".87. Lee 2000, p. 233.88. Prose 2009, pp. 247–248.89. Faurisson 2000.90. Stichting, "Ten Questions".91. Boretz 1995.92. O'Toole 2013.93. Bennett­Smith 2013.94. Bastow 2013.

Bibliography

95. Anne Frank House Annual Report 2005.96. Anne Frank­Fonds Annual Report 2003.97. Anne Frank Educational Centre website 2012.98. Max 2007.99. Thomasson & Balmforth 2008.100. Kreijger 2007.101. Radio Netherlands 2010.102. Engel 2013.103. Stevens 1989.104. Chester and Novello.105. Gabbatt 2009.106. McCrum 2010.107. Ferguson 2012.108. Anne Frank (http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2005535#content) at the JPL Small­Body Database

Discovery (http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2005535#discovery) · Orbit diagram(http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2005535&orb=1#orb) · Orbital elements(http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2005535#elem) · Physical parameters(http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2005535#phys_par)

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Anne Frank Center, United States(http://www.annefrank.com/)Anne Frank's house (http://www.annefrank.org/)Anne Frank Trust UK (http://www.annefrank.org.uk/)Anne Frank Fonds (Foundation)(http://www.annefrank.ch/)Video: The only existing film images of Anne Frank (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4hvtXuO5GzU) on YouTubeAnne Frank's last remaining close relative, Buddy Elias(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/9409458.stm), BBC News video interviewabout Anne, 25 February 2011Dina Porat, "Biography of Anne Frank" (http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/frank­anne), JewishWomen EncyclopediaThe History Channel: Anne Frank (http://www.history.com/topics/anne­frank)Video: What Anne Frank Might Have Looked Like at 80(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/netherlands/5454980/Video­What­Anne­Frank­might­have­looked­like­at­80.html) by The Daily TelegraphUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Exhibition "Anne Frank: An Unfinished Story"(http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/af/htmlsite/) and Encyclopedia Anne Frank(http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005210)Anne Frank Time Line (http://www.annefrank.org/en/Subsites/Timeline/World­War­Two­1939­1945/The­Hiding­place/#!/en/Subsites/Timeline/World­War­One­1914­1918/Theme­1/)Anne Frank Bibliography (http://www.ushmm.org/research/library/bibliography/?lang=en&content=anne_frank)

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Categories: Anne Frank 1929 births 1945 deaths 20th­century German writers20th­century women writers Auschwitz concentration camp inmatesPeople who died in Bergen­Belsen concentration campChildren who died in Nazi concentration camps Deaths from typhusDutch civilians killed in World War II Dutch diarists Dutch Jews Dutch women writersGerman diarists German emigrants to the Netherlands German Jews German women writersHistorians of fascism Jewish historians Jewish martyrs Jewish refugees Jewish women writersPeople from Frankfurt Stateless people Child writers Women diarists Women in World War IIWriters from Amsterdam Writers who died in Nazi concentration camps

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