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T.JOHN COLLEGE OF NURSING GOTTIGERE
BENNARGHATTA ROAD BANGALORE-83
SYNOPSISREGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,KARNATAKA
PREPARED BYSAIRA ROY,1ST YEAR MSC NURSING,T. JOHN COLLEGE OF NURSING
GUIDED BY MRS JOSEPHINE CYNTHIA P, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, MENTAL HEALTH NURSING, T. JOHN COLLEGE OF NURSING
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RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
KARNATAKA, BANGALORE
ANNEXURE – II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR
DISSERTATION
1. Name of the candidate and address
(in block letters)
SAIRA ROY
I YEAR MSc NURSING
T.JOHN COLLEGE OF NURSING
GOTTIGERE, BENNARGHATTA
ROAD,
BANGALORE-83
2. Name of the InstitutionT.JOHN COLLEGE OF NURSING
GOTTIGERE ,BENNARGHATTA
ROAD,
BANGALORE-83
3. Course of Study and Subject MSc NURSING
MENTAL HEALTH NURSING
4. Date of Admission to the course 13-06-2011
5. Title of the Topic
“EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSIC THERAPY ON JOB STRESS
AMONG IT PROFESSIONALS RESIDING IN SELECTED
URBAN AREA, BANGALORE”
Brief resume of the intended work
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6.
Introduction
“Music is a friend of labor for it lightens the task by refreshing the
nerves and spirit of the worker.” -William Green 1.
Listening to music does wonder to alleviate stress. Music has always been a
great healer. In the Bible, we learn about how David played the harp to help ease his
severe depression of King Saul. Music is a significant mood-changer and reliever of
stress, working on many levels at once2. Every day, music serves us faithfully,
playing an integral part of our public and private lives. It is vastly used in arenas of
national importance and personal significance. In many normal applications it
supports or transcends spoken word. It therefore cannot be seen as simply a vehicle
for the emotions but also as a complex creation of the intellect3.
Stravinsky wrote: ‘I know that twelve notes on each octave and varieties of
rhythm offer me opportunities that all of human genius will never exhaust.’ He was
making reference to the infinite musical possibilities that the basic ingredients,
rhythm and pitch, coupled with ingenuity and inspiration afford to him or any other
human. Music can now be appreciated as a diverse entity, just as man is a diverse and
complicated being. Music therapists can combine spiritual and emotional aspects
with structure and logic; they can link the artistic to the scientific and the intuitive to
the intellectual4.
Positive manipulation of the inert human responsiveness to musical elements is
the major tool used by therapists. This response amazingly is present despite of
trauma to the organs including brain damage and coma5. Psychologists have given
term ‘baby song’ to the earliest attempts of a baby to ‘talk’ to its mother. So we can
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say that music is the basis of language development. However, this early two-way
communication is more song than speech. This research reaffirms that music links us
to our basic need to communicate6.
A music therapy session may incorporate a number of different elements, such
as making music, writing songs, or passively listening to music. While music
therapists often aim to foster the patient's emotional expression, there can be many
other different goals in a music therapy session. These goals include relief of stress,
improvement of mood, and enhancement of quality of life for people dealing with
illness. Research shows that patients do not need to have any musical ability to
benefit from music therapy7.
Music therapy, with its potential to influence both psychological and
physiological processes, then becomes an important alternative in the practice of
stress management8. Of all the stressors working in an individual’s life, job stress is
one of the leading causes of stress. Workplace has become a source of extreme stress
as a result of technological changes, mass retrenchments, mergers and acquisitions,
information overload, demand for more productivity, fierce competition, and
uncertain future9.
Workplace stress has become one of the major causes of concern. Stress in the
workplace is not good for the organization as it leads to decrease in quality and
productivity. It is also not good for the individual either as it is leads to job
dissatisfaction and low morale9.
Music therapy is utilized in psychiatric facilities, especially for stress related
problems. Music reduces four neuro-endocrine hormones associated with stress
response, and so music is an antidote to stress. Music lowers epinephrine and
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dopamine level in the fight and flight response and is associated with blood pressure8.
Music therapy allows persons with mental health needs to explore personal feelings,
make positive changes in mood and emotional states, have a sense of control over
their lives through successful experiences, practice problem solving and resolve
conflicts leading to stronger family and peer relationships. The future of music
therapy is promising because state of the art music therapy research in physical and
psychiatric rehabilitation, is documenting the effectiveness of music therapy in terms
that are important in the context of a biological medical model10.
6.1 Need for the study
According to National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, USA
workplace stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that
occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources, or
needs of the worker. Stress at the workplace can lead to poor health and even
injury11.
Job Stress Symptoms: Early Warning Signs that coping with workplace stress
is becoming difficult for an employee are - headache, upset stomach, sleep problems,
Irritability and short temper, Difficulty in concentrating, Job dissatisfaction, Low
morale, absenteeism, conflicts, and etc12.
Since stress at the workplace arises due to continuing workplace conditions,
the above health conditions may continue for long periods, and may lead to serious
health problem. Some corporate bosses are of the opinion that some amount of
pressure and job stress on employees is good for increasing productivity. But,
organizations with recent studies have shown that organizations actively taking care
of employees’ health concerns in the form of internal policies are able to increase
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their bottom lines12.
Organizations are waking up to the truth that high levels of job stress in the
organization do not make for good business practice. Increased job stress leads to
increased absenteeism, tardiness and intentions to leave the job, all of which lead to
decreased productivity13.
High work pressure, long hours in front of the computer and a fast-paced
lifestyle, if these factors team up to weaken your physical health, here is one more
strong reason why they are simply unhealthy: mental health professionals are now
convinced that an increasing number of persons working in the IT and IT-enabled
services sector fall prey to depression, because of the high stress they undergo14.
Studies confirm that at least 10 per cent of the population in Bangalore has
gone through some degree of depression. Of these, IT and IT employees form a large
chunk, say doctors. “At least eight years ago, you hardly saw any IT professionals in
Bangalore. But now about 30 to 40 per cent of the patients I see for various
psychiatric problems, including depression, are people from the IT sector,” informs
Murali Raj, Head of the Department of Psychiatry at Manipal Hospital. He says the
patients mostly go through anxiety, stress and depression and in worst cases may be
panicky and become extremely paranoid. The signs that a person is going through
stress and depression becomes apparent through loss of interest in regular activities,
poor sleep and appetite, feeling of worthlessness, negative thoughts about the past
and present and hopelessness about the future and even thoughts of self harm14.
“Depression is usually related to work and stress these people undergo because
of the pressure to perform better, compete with other colleagues and meet tight
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deadlines. Most of their work is target-oriented and if targets are not met, it can lead
to anxiety. Peers are not very supportive as they also competing in the same field.
Moreover, insecurity about the job may lead to feelings of stress and depression,” Dr.
Murali Raj adds. Since IT professionals are more achievement oriented, they do not
have much of a social life and the time spent with family is also less. There is also
lack of recreation and opportunities to relax, and all these may lead to frustration and
eventually depression, he explains. But taking time off from their busy schedule,
taking up recreational activities and better sleep and eating patterns are bound to help
matters14.
Negative effects of stress in the workplace on the health and well-being of
workers have been observed throughout human history. The World Health
Organization has noted that “occupational health and the well-being of working
people are crucial prerequisites for productivity and are of utmost importance for
overall socioeconomic and sustainable development”. In a recent survey by
Northwestern National Life, many employees viewed their jobs as the number one
stressor in their lives. In the United States, nearly 600,000 workers are disabled each
year by stress-related psychological disorders, costing $5.5 billion in annual
payments to individuals and their families15.
Music therapy can be used to improve treatment of job stress, at least in the
short term, say researchers in Finland, Professor Christian Gold, from the University
of Jyvaskyla, said: "Our trial has shown that music therapy, when added to standard
care helps people to improve their levels of job stress16."Dr Mike Crawford, who
specialized in mental health services London, at Imperial College said in a journal
editorial: "The results of my study suggest that music therapy can improve the mood
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and general functioning of people with job stress”17.
Sundar. S and Sairam T.V, researchers from Chennai says “It seems now more
than ever the healing power of music, over body and spirit, is being put to the test.
Many of us have always felt that music could help with healing. Now science is
starting to show that we are right”18.
A study was conducted in Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kochi,
Kerala, in 2010 to identify the advances made in the therapy with music and the
developments made in its applications in the health care, using primarily resources of
published material in the internet. The current study was mainly aimed at
understanding music therapy from the perspective of its applications in the field of
medicine as a novel alternative therapy. Apart from the advantage that it does not
have any side effects, it also have an added advantage that it is a completely patient
friendly therapy, that is the therapy can be conducted in the comfort zone of the
patient. It is the psychological and emotional approach towards treatment that makes
this therapy stands out from the conventional therapies. The main objective of music
therapy is to alter the patient’s psychological condition and increase their receptivity
towards the medication. Recent researchers are pointing out the effectiveness of this
therapy in the treatment of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, dementia, depression and stress
and a lot of positive research conclusions are accumulating, promising the future of
music therapy as a potential therapy19.
Raga Hindol, Bhairavi, Malhar, Sree are no longer just music to the ears, but
also a form of treatment, recovery, prevention and improvement. Scientists have
found that music therapy enhances quality of life among workers suffering from job
stress18.
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From the reviews and researcher’s personal experience, there is a need to
assess the effectiveness of music therapy for job stress among IT professionals.
6.2 Review of literature
A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of
current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and
methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary
sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work20.
In this study literature can be discussed under the following heading
1. Studies related to job stress
2. Studies related to effectiveness of music therapy.
3. Studies related to effectiveness of music therapy for job stress
STUDIES RELATED TO JOB STRESS
A cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate the work place stress among
the medical university employee in a rural area. Both the General Health
Questionnaire (GHQ)-12 and Holmes–Rahe Scale were used to evaluate 406
participants. On the GHQ scale 239(58.9%) recorded psychiatric morbidity out of
which 201(49.5%) had moderate and 38(9.3%) severe morbidity. Medical university
employees were the highest stressed group (P ≤ 0.04). Prominent work
environmental stressors were poor departmental reorganization, lack of cohesiveness
in department, difficult superiors and juniors (P ≤ 0.001, Pearson correlation).
Stressors associated with work organization and work nature were: non-involvement
in departmental decision making and lack of proper feedback; along with; work load,
lack of clarity in job, and a erratic work schedule (P ≤ 0.001 on Pearson correlation).
Harassment, favouritism, discrimination, and lack of self-expression (P ≤ 0.003)
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were other factors responsible for work dissatisfaction. A high stress level was
detected in the study population21.
A study was conducted to examine the incidence of work stress in reference to
the problems that arise due to the interaction of work Stress with skilled and
unskilled workers. The extent of work stress was examined on its twelve sub-scales.
It was hypothesized that there will be significant difference in skilled and unskilled
workers on all 12 subscales of occupational Stress. The final data was collected on
360 workers which include 180 skilled and 180 unskilled workers. The Occupational
Stress Index (Srivastava, A.K., and Singh, A.P., 1981) was used for data collection.
Correlational analysis was done among all the twelve subscales of occupational stress
on both the dimensions i.e., skilled and unskilled workers. It revealed significant
difference among skilled and unskilled workers22.
A study was conducted to assess the job stress and job satisfaction of
scientists. Totally 160 respondents were selected for the study. Majority of the
scientists (62.50%) had medium level of Job satisfaction, while 20% had high level
of job satisfaction and the rest 17.50 per cent of them had low level of job
satisfaction. More number of researchers (64.59%) and teachers (63.27%) were
noticed in medium level of job satisfaction category, compared to extension workers
(50.00%). Nearly half of the respondents (51.88%) belonged to medium category of
job involvement followed by 28.12 per cent and 13.13 percent belonged to high and
low category of job involvement respectively. Nearly 74 per cent of the respondents
experienced medium level of job stress, while only 18.12 per cent and 8.13 per cent
of them experienced high and low level of job stress, respectively23.
A research paper was conducted to find the organizational role stress among
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women in the Indian information technology sector. Organizational stress originates
in organizational demands that are experienced by the individual. Stress is built up in
the concept of role which is conceived as the position a person occupies in a system.
This paper investigates the intensity of organizational role stress among women
informational technology professionals in the Indian private sector. Organizational
role stress scale is used on a sample of 264 to explore the level of role stress.
Resource inadequacy has emerged as the most potent role stressor, followed by role
overload and personal inadequacy. The research finds differences in the level of
stress between married and unmarried employees on several role stressors. However,
level of education does not emerge as a significant differentiator of stressors24.
STUDIES RELATED EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSIC THERAPY
A controlled trial study was conducted to investigate the effect of music
therapy during acute psychotic episode. Sixty participants were quasi-randomized.
Standardized psychological assessments [Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS),
Calgary Interview Guide for Depression, Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient
Evaluation (NOSIE-30) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS21)] were
conducted before and after the sessions to determine whether there were any
significant changes. Statistically significant changes in BPRS scores were seen
outcomes. Despite the treatment group, having a 9.3% decrease in their length of stay
in hospital as opposed to the control group, this did not reach statistical significance.
Study concluded that there is an advantage of adding music therapy to
pharmacological treatment25.
A study was conducted to identify the effect of music therapy for persons with
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dementia. Fifty-nine persons with dementia were enrolled in this study. All of them
underwent a multidimensional assessment including Mini Mental State Examination,
Barthel Index and Neuropsychiatry Inventory at enrolment. Subjects were randomly
assigned to experimental (n=30) or control (n=29) group. The music therapy sessions
were evaluated with standardized criteria. The experimental group received 30 music
therapy sessions, whereas the control group received educational support or
entertainment activities. Neuropsychiatry inventory at enrolment total score
significantly decreased in the experimental group (interaction time× group: F3,
165=5.06, P=0.002). The empathetic relationship and the patients' active participation
in the music therapy approach, also improved in the experimental group. The study
shows that music therapy is effective in patients with moderate-severe dementia26.
A study was conducted to test the effect of music on pain, depression and
disability, and comparing the effects of researcher-provided music (standard music)
with subject-preferred music (patterning music). However, the effect of music on
pain, depression, and disability in working age adults with chronic non-malignant
pain has not been investigated. A randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out
with a convenience sample of 60 African American and Caucasian people aged 21-
65 years with chronic non-malignant pain. They were randomly assigned to a
standard music group (n = 22), patterning music group (n = 18) or control group (n =
20). Pain was measured with the McGill Pain Questionnaire short form; depression
was measured with the Centre for Epidemiology Studies Depression scale; disability
was measured with the Pain Disability Index. The music groups had less pain,
depression and disability than the control group27.
A study was conducted to find the effects of Music Therapy Strategy on
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Depressed Older Adults in Stanford University School of Medicine. A music-
facilitated psycho educational strategy was developed as a cost-effective and
accessible intervention for older adults experiencing symptoms of depression,
distress, and anxiety. Thirty older adults who had been diagnosed with major or
minor depressive disorder were randomly assigned to one of three 8-week conditions:
(1) a home-based program where participants learned music listening stress reduction
techniques at weekly home visits by a music therapist; (2) a self-administered
program where participants applied these same techniques with moderate therapist
intervention (a weekly telephone call); or (3) a wait list control. Participants in both
music conditions performed significantly better than the controls on standardized
tests of depression, distress, self-esteem, and mood. These improvements were
clinically significant and maintained over a 9-month follow-up period. The potential
for this type of intervention with homebound elders and others who have limited
access to services is discussed28.
STUDIES RELATED TO EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSIC THERAPY ON
JOB STRESS
An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of music
therapy for job stress among IT employees. Data were collected from six IT
companies in Kolkata. Purposive sampling technique was used to locate IT
professionals of Kolkata after fixing certain parameters in terms of the age range, the
socio-economic background and the educational qualifications. A total of
101respondents, 60 were male and 41 female. The mean age was 29.13 years, with a
mean work experience of 4.29 years. The mean percapita income was Rs. 9331. 00.
Among the respondents 67% were unmarried and 33% married. The scales given to
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assess job stress was PGI–Well–Being Scale and Organizational Role Stress Scale
(ORS- Scale) by Pareek (1983) .The study concluded that there was a reduction in
job stress for 72% of IT employees with regular music therapy29.
A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of music therapy added to
standard care compared with standard care only in the treatment for job stress among
working-age people. Participants (n = 79) with job stress were randomized to receive
individual music therapy plus standard care (20 bi-weekly sessions) or standard care
only, and followed up at baseline, at 3 months (after intervention) and at 6 months.
Participants receiving music therapy plus standard care showed greater improvement
than those receiving standard care only in job stress (mean difference 4.65, 95% CI
0.59 to 8.70), anxiety symptoms (1.82, 95% CI 0.09 to 3.55) and general functioning
(–4.58, 95% CI –8.93 to –0.24) at 3-month follow-up. The response rate was
significantly higher for the music therapy plus standard care group than for the
standard care only group (odds ratio 2.96, 95% CI 1.01 to 9.02). Individual music
therapy combined with standard care is effective for job stress among working-age
people. The results of this study indicate that music therapy with its specific qualities
is a valuable enhancement to established treatment practices30.
A study was conducted to measure the effect of music listening on state
positive affect, work quality and time-on-task of computer information systems
developers. Effects of music on work performance, in this case, software design, may
be explained by increases in state positive affect. Data from 56 (male = 41, female =
15) developers were obtained from four different Canadian software companies. Data
were collected in the participants’ actual work environments over five weeks. Results
indicated that state positive affect and quality-of-work were lowest with no music,
while time-on-task was longest when music was removed. Narrative responses
13
revealed the value of music listening for positive mood change and enhanced
perception on design while working. Evidence is provided of the presence of a
learning curve in the use of music for positive mood alteration. Overall, the study
contributes to the development of a model that aspires to elucidate music and
workplace interactions; as well, it has implications for organizational practice31.
A study was conducted to explore the effectiveness of music as a relaxation
technique for job stress among 500 women information technology (IT) professionals
in Chennai, India. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive one-way
analysis of variance and Pearson’s correlation. This study reveals that 84% of the
respondents experience medium level of job stress and also suggest that age and
experience significantly influence the overall stress and depression experienced by
the employees. And also concluded that a reduction in stress with the help of music.
This study shows that there might be a strong relationship between overall stress, and
music as a relaxation technique32.
6.3 Statement of the problem
A quasi experimental study to assess the effectiveness of music therapy on job stress
among IT professionals residing in selected urban area, Bangalore
6.4 Objectives of the study
1) To assess the pre test level of job stress in both experimental and control
group.
2) To evaluate the effectiveness of music therapy by comparing the post test
14
level of job stress in both experimental and control group.
3) To associate the post test level of job stress with their selected socio
demographic variable in both experimental and control group.
6.5 Operational definition
1. ASSESS: It refers to an act to measure the job stress among IT professionals,
before and after the intervention by using modified job stress inventory.
2. EFFECTIVENESS: It refers to the desired change brought about by the music
therapy and is statistically measured in terms of reduction in the level of job stress
among IT professionals.
3. MUSIC THERAPY: It refers to a relaxation technique that involves listening to
music, with a view to reduce job stress, compiled on different ragas played according
to clients like.
4. JOB STRESS: It refers to stress in the work place which may affect on
physiological and psychological well being of the IT professionals.
5. IT PROFESSIONALS: They refer to the employees who are skilled in
information technology area.
6.6 Assumption
The study assumes that ,
1) IT professionals will have job stress.
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2) Music therapy is an effective relaxation technique to reduce job stress.
3) Job stress varies from person to person.
4) Interventions prepared by the investigator are adequate to reduce the job
stress.
5) IT professionals themselves use music as a relaxation technique.
6.7 Delimitations
1) The study is limited to the IT professionals residing in selected urban area
in Bangalore.
2) The study is limited to the IT professionals who are willing to participate.
3) Data collection method is limited with the tool which is prepared by the
researcher.
6.8 Hypotheses
H1: There will be significant difference in the post test level of job stress in the
experimental group than in the control group.
H2: There will be significant association between post test job stress score of both
experimental and control group with their selected demographic variables.
6.9 Variables
Independent variable: Music therapy.
Dependent variable: job stress.
Materials and method
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7
7.1 Source of Data
Source of data will be the IT professionals residing in selected urban area in
Bangalore.
7.1.1 Research design
The research design selected for the study is quasi experimental design with
two group pre test and post test.
Experimental
Group(Group I)
O1 X O2
Control
group(Group II)
O1 - 02
O1= Pre test level of job stress.
O2= Post test level of job stress.
X= Intervention – music therapy.
7.1.2 Setting
The study will be conducted in selected urban area at Bangalore.
7.1.3 Population
Population of the study consists of all the IT professionals residing in selected urban
area at Bangalore
7.2 Method of data collection
7.2.1 Sampling procedure
The sampling procedure using in this study is non probability convenient
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sampling.
7.2.2 Sample size
In this study the sample size is of 60 IT professionals residing in selected
urban area at Bangalore.
7.2.3 Inclusion criteria for sampling
IT professionals;
1) Those who are residing in selected urban area at Bangalore.
2) Those who are able to read and write English.
7.2.4 Exclusion criteria for sampling
IT professionals ;
1) Those who are not willing to participate in the study.
2) Those who are not available during the time of data collection.
7.2.5 Description on the tool
Structured questionnaire will be used to collect the data. It has two sections.
Section A: Socio demographic variables.
Section B: Modified job stress inventory will be used to assess the job stress
among IT professionals
7.2.6 Data collection method
Samples will be selected according to the selection criteria of the study.
Samples will be assessed for job stress by using modified job stress scale inventory.
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7.2.7 Plan for data analysis
The collected data will be analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The
descriptive statistics will be planned to explain the frequency, percentage, mean, and
mean percentage and standard deviation of pre test and post test level of job stress.
The inferential statistics will be planned to compare the pre test and post test level of
job stress by using paired‘t’-test. The Chi-square test is planned to associate the post
test level of job stress with socio demographic variables.
Ethical consideration
7.3 Does the study require any investigations or interventions to be
conducted on patients or other humans or animals? If so, please describe
briefly?
Yes, music therapy will be administered to the subjects.
7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution in case of 7.3?
Yes
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8. Signature of the candidate
9. Remarks of the guide
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10. Name and designation of (in block letters)
10.1 Guide MRS. JOSEPHINE CYNTHIA,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
T.JOHN COLLEGE OF NURSING.
10.2 Signature
10.3 Co-guide (if any) MRS. R NAGANANDINI,
ASSO. PROFESSOR.
10.4 Signature
11 11.1 Head of the department MRS R.NAGANANDINI
11.2 Signature
12. 12.1 Remarks of the Chairman and Principal
12.2 Signature
23