Announcements

• Vocabulary Quiz Tomorrow or Content Quiz Monday?

• Exam Next Thursday

Agenda

• Exams

• IQ # 1

• 9.1a Lecture

Grade Distribution

Scale Grade # of people

41- 46+ - A - 15 people

37- 40 - B - 8 people

32 – 36 - C - 6 people

28 - 31 - D - 6 people

0 - 28 - F - 1 people

IQ # 1• What is a Calorie? How many Calories are released

when 1 gram of glucose is burned?(p. 221)

• What is Glycolysis? Does it release a lot of energy?(p. 221, 223)

• What is Cellular Respiration? What is the chemical formula? How is this similar to photosynthesis?

• Draw the Mitochondria, label all parts. (p. 221, fig 9.1)

CHAPTER 9

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

CHAPTER 9: CELLULAR RESPIRATION9-1 Chemical Pathways A. Chemical Energy and Food

Food serves as a source for _________. 1g of glucose (C6H12O6) releases _______ calories.

calorie=

We gradually release the energy of glucose and other compounds (fats, proteins, and carbohydrates). The process begins with a pathway called__________.

If oxygen is present,

If oxygen is not present,

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1°C.

3,811

glycolysis.

energy

glycolysis leads to fermentation. (process = anaerobic)

glycolysis leads to cellular respiration (Krebs cycle and electron transport chain). (process = aerobic)

Glucose

Glycolysis Krebs cycle

Electrontransport

Fermentation (without oxygen)

1. Alcohol

or

2. Lactic acid

Chemical PathwaysSection 9-1

B. Overview of Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration=

Remember: the ____________ is the organelle known as the “powerhouse”- the site where energy is produced.

Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria.

The equation for cellular respiration=

the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

mitochondria

6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy 6O2 + C6H12O6

________ stores large amounts of energy. The cell can’t release all the energy at one time. It is too much for the cell to handle.

3 main stages of cellular respiration: 1.

2.

3.

Glucose

Glycolysis (glycol= sugar; lysis=break apart)

Krebs Cycle

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

FlowchartSection 9-2

Glucose(C6H1206)

+Oxygen

(02)

GlycolysisKrebsCycle

ElectronTransport

Chain

Carbon Dioxide

(CO2)+

Water(H2O)

Cellular Respiration

GlucoseGlycolysis

Cytoplasm

Pyruvic acid

Electrons carried in NADH

Krebs Cycle

Electrons carried in

NADH and FADH2 Electron

Transport Chain

Mitochondrion

Respiration: An Overview

Mitochondrion

Section 9-1

2 2 34

http://scholar.hw.ac.uk/site/biology/activity3.asp

Glucose

To the electron transport chain

Section 9-1

2 Pyruvic acid

C. Glycolysis=

This pathway does

the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.

not require oxygenProkaryotes depend on this process alone for ATP.

PGAL(Phosphoglyceraldehyde)

1. ATP Production Use__ ATP Makes __ ATP Net gain is __ ATP

2. NADH Production NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is an

_____________.

NAD+ accepts electrons to make ______ (an electron carrier).

In glycolysis, ________ are produced.

NADH will carry its’ electrons to

24

2

Electron carrier

NADH

2 NADH

the electron transport chain.

3. Overall, Glycolysis produces

2 ATP “Net” (energy molecules)

2 NADH (electron carriers)

2 Pyruvic Acid (3-C sugars)

9-1 [continued...] Fermentation What happens when oxygen is not present?

Fermentation=

The pyruvic acid can go through one of two types of fermentation:

1. __________ FermentationOccurs in Pyruvic acid + NADH → Important to ____ released causes bread to rise

release of energy from food molecules by producing ATPin the absence of oxygen.

Anaerobic process

Glycolysis still occurs in the cytoplasm producing pyruvic acid.

Alcoholic

yeast cells and other microorganisms.alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

bakers and brewers.CO2

2. ___________ Fermention

Produced in our Build up of _________ causes the ______ is Prokaryotes are used to make food because they do produce lactic acid. Some examples:

-cheese -kimchi -sour cream -yogurt -sauerkraut -buttermilk -pickles

Glucose Pyruvic acid

Lactic acid

Section 9-1

Lactic Acid

muscle cells when oxygen levels are too low Lactic Acid burning feeling.

NAD+ regenerated to keep running glycolysis.

Glucose

Glycolysis Krebs cycle

Electrontransport

Fermentation (without oxygen)

Alcohol or lactic acid

Chemical PathwaysSection 9-1

http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/BiologicalSciences/Faculty/DMeyer/respiration.html

Lactic Acid Alcoholic Cellular respirationglucose

glycolysis (pyruvic acid)

lactic acid

2 ATP

glucose glucose

glycolysis (pyruvic acid)

glycolysis (pyruvic acid)

carbon dioxide

alcohol

2 ATP 38 ATP (net 34)

water

carbon dioxide

COMPARISON OF FERMENTATION TO CELLULAR REPIRATION

9-2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport A. The Krebs Cycle (aka: Citric Acid Cycle)

1. Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) oxidation

2. Energy Extraction

Named after __________.

Occurs in the Mitochondria (therefore this process only occurs in __________)

Krebs cycle=

Krebs cycle begins

Hans Krebs

Eukaryotes

process where pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.

when pyruvic acid enters mitochondria.

1. Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) Oxidation

In this process, it produces the following for glucose: - - -

2 acetyl-CoA (2-C sugar) 2 NADH (electron carriers) 2 Carbon dioxide (waste product)

2. Energy Extraction

Acetyl CoA ( ) binds with a Oxaloacetic acid ( ) molecule to form Citric Acid ( )...Hence, the name Citric Acid Cycle.

Citric Acid is oxidized (by NAD+ and FAD) through a series of reactions that finally produces Oxaloacetic Acid again.

The Krebs Cycle runs __ times per Glucose molecule. (Once per pyruvic acid.)

This process produces (per glucose molecule):- ___ NADH (electron carriers-go to ETC)- ___ FADH2 (electron carriers-go to ETC)

- ___ ATP (energy-used by cell to do work)- ___ CO2 (waste product- gets exhaled)

2-C 4-C

2

6 224

6-C

B. Electron Transport (ETC) The Electron Transport Chain=

Section 9-2

Electron TransportHydrogen Ion Movement

ATP Production

ATP synthase

Channel

Inner Membrane

Matrix

Intermembrane Space

Mitochondrion

process that uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP.

If oxygen is present:Cellular Respiration

If oxygen is not present:Fermentation

Lactic acid (or Alcohol & CO2 )

Pyruvic acid

To ETC

PGAL

Pyruvic acid

Cytoplasm

Cell Respiration Drawing Instructions

• Using template, draw in the steps of cell respiration– Glycolysis/fermentation(p.223 & 225)– Pyruvic Acid Oxidation/Citric Acid

production(p.227)– Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle(p.227)– Electron Transport Chain(p.228)

• Include the totals for each reaction(p.229)

The Process:

A.Electron Transport

1. Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle deliver their ________ and _______ to the matrix of the mitochondria.

2. NADH and FADH2 donate their high energy electrons

to the ETC.

NADH → NAD+ + + FADH2→ FAD + + (recycled) (go to intermembrane space) (passed to ETC)

NADH

H+ e-

2H+ 2e-

FADH2

3. Electrons are passed from carrier to carrier in the inner membrane.

*(in prokaryotes )

4. At the end of the chain, ________ is the

5. Oxygen uses the electron to

the ETC is in the cell membrane

Oxygen

covalently bond with hydrogen forming water. (oxygen is reduced)

final electron acceptor.

http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/Common/respiration.html

Interactive link: Use ETS and Making ATP

IQ # 2 – 8.21. Summarize each of the steps in the Krebs

Cycle in your own words (p. 226-227)

2. Summarize each of the steps of the electron transport chain in your own words (p. 228-229)

3. What is the difference between short term and long term energy (p. 230-231)

Announcements

• Exam – Thursday

• Extra Credit – Wednesday (9.1 & 9.2)

• HOMEWORK: 9.2 Section Assessment

Agenda

• IQ # 2 (Check Homework: Flashcards and 9.1 section assessment)

• Lecture/Drawing Activity

• Time Permitting, finish remaining slides

Announcements

• Exam – Thursday

• Extra Credit – Wednesday

• Thursday –lunch answering questions

• Homework – Review Sheet

Agenda

• Finish Mitochondria Drawing

• Finish Lecture

• 5 minute video

• Review IQs

• Review Homeworks

B. Hydrogen Ion Movement 1. As the high energy electrons are transported down the chain,

2. It takes

3. The _____________ space becomes (+) positively charged.

4. The _______ becomes (-) negatively charged.

their energy is used to push H+ from the matrix, through the inner membrane, to theintermembrane space.

2e- to move 1H+

intermembrane

matrix

C. ATP Production 1. Hydrogen ions return to the matrix through the enzyme

2. As Hydrogen passes, the enzyme

D. This process produces: -

-

ATP synthase.

grabs a phosphate and attaches it to ADP to become ATP.

34 ATP

water

C. The Totals Per Glucose molecule ***note: each NADH produces __ ATP each FADH2 produces __ ATP

LOCATION ATP NADH FADH2

BYPRODUCTS

GLYCOLYSIS

KREBS CYCLE:Pyruvate oxidation →

Energy Extraction →

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

TOTALS (net)

32

0 Carbon dioxide

matrix 2 6 2 Carbon dioxide

Inner Membrane

(Cristae)34 0 0 water

36 10 2

0 ------

matrix 0 2

cytoplasm 2 2

-2 ATP (transport of pyruvic acid into mitochondria)

http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/electron_transport/electron_transport.htm

Click on ATP synthesis and play the first one only

D. Energy and Exercise (refer to activity sheet)E. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Function

Location

Reactants

Products

Equation

Energy Capture Energy Release

Chloroplasts Mitochondria

H2O and CO2 C6H12O6 and O2

C6H12O6 and O2 H2O and CO2

6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2

Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis Cellular RespirationFood synthesized Food broken down

Energy from sun stored in glucose Energy of glucose released

Carbon dioxide taken in Carbon dioxide given off

Oxygen given off Oxygen taken in

Produces sugars from PGAL Produces CO2 and H2O

Requires light Does not require light

Occurs only in presence of chlorophyll

Occurs in all living cells

IQ # 1• What is a Calorie? How many Calories are released

when 1 gram of glucose is burned?(p. 221)

• What is Glycolysis? Does it release a lot of energy?(p. 221, 223)

• What is Cellular Respiration? What is the chemical formula? How is this similar to photosynthesis?

• Draw the Mitochondria, label all parts. (p. 221, fig 9.1)

IQ # 2 – 8.21. Summarize each of the steps in the Krebs

Cycle in your own words (p. 226-227)

2. Summarize each of the steps of the electron transport chain in your own words (p. 228-229)

3. What is the difference between short term and long term energy (p. 230-231)

California State StandardsCalifornia State Standards

1g. Students know the role of the 1g. Students know the role of the mitochondria in making stored chemical-mitochondria in making stored chemical-bond energy available to cells by bond energy available to cells by completing the breakdown of glucose to completing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide.carbon dioxide.

1i* Students know how chemiosmotic 1i* Students know how chemiosmotic gradients in the mitochondria and gradients in the mitochondria and chloroplasts store energy for ATP chloroplasts store energy for ATP production.production.

Warm-up Section 9-1Warm-up Section 9-1

►What is cellular respiration? What is cellular respiration?

►Draw a picture of a cell and label Draw a picture of a cell and label where glycolysis, krebs cycle, and ETC where glycolysis, krebs cycle, and ETC occur.occur.

►What happens during the process of What happens during the process of glycolysis?glycolysis?

Warm up section 9-2Warm up section 9-2

►What happens during the Krebs cycle.What happens during the Krebs cycle.

►How are high energy electrons used by How are high energy electrons used by the electron transport chain?the electron transport chain?

►What pathways are taken by pyruvic What pathways are taken by pyruvic acid if oxygen is not available?acid if oxygen is not available?