ANNUAL REPORT1982

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFOCEANOGRAPHYDONA-PAULA, GOA,INDIA

Weather Recording System installed in Antarctica

ANNUAL REPORT

1982

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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research)

DONA PAULA -403 004GOA, INDIA

CONTENTSPage No.

Director's Report 11. Antarctica Research Programme 52. Training in Ocean Sciences & Technology 123. Research Activities

3.0 Oceanographic Cruises 133.1 Physical Oceanography 183.2 Chemical Oceanography 233.3 Geological Oceanography 333.4 Biological Oceanography 393.5 Ocean Engineering 483.6 Marine Instrumentation 503.7 Planning and Data 563.8 Regional Centres 603.9 Sponsored Projects 713.10 International Training Programme 75

4. Infrastructure 775. Composition of various Committees of NIO

5.1 Cruise Planning & Programme PrioritiesCommittee for R.V. Gaveshani 81

5.2 Research Advisory Council 835.3 Executive Committee 845.4 Finance and Building Committee 855.5 R.V. Gaveshani Committee 865.6 Executive Cell for Training Programme 865.7 Policy Planning Committee 865.8 Stores and Equipment Committee 875.9 Grievance Committee 875.10 Staff Quarters/Hostel Allotment Committee 875.11 Budget 885.12 Scientific and Technical Staff 88

6. Visitors 937. Coiloquia 968. Awards, Honours and Membership of Various Committees 989. Deputations 10310. Meetings, Exhibitions, Seminars, Symposia and Special Lectures 10611. Radio Talks 10912. Publications

12.1 Scientific Papers 11012.2 Popular Articles and Book Reviews 11612.3 Technical Reports 117

Director's Report

The National Institute of Oceanography had the unique distinction of beingasked to organise the first Scientific Expedition to Antarctica. The Institute very success-fully executed this task and the expedition team landed on Antarctica on January 9,1982. The team was led by Dr. S. Z. Qasim, former Director of this Institute andnow Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Ocean Development, New-Delhi. Out of the thirteen scientists that participated in the expedition, seven scientistswere from NIO. The Institute actively participated in the second expedition also,which left Goa on December 1. Thus 1982 has been a year of major achievement forNIO.

As a natural corollary of NIO's success in 1981, in locating polymetallicnodules in the Indian Ocean, the Institute was entrusted with the exploration of thedeep sea mineral deposits in the Central Indian Ocean. This is also one of the presti-gious projects of the country and I am happy and proud to report that NIO hasbeen handling this multiagency project in a satisfactory way and much progress hasbeen achieved towards the goal of identifying the candidate mine sites as requiredunder the UN convention on the Law of the Sea, well within the time limit.

The third major project NIO has been entrusted with, was to organise atraining programme for the development of manpower in Ocean Sciences and Techno-logy. The Institute initiated action in March 1982 and selected 41 trainee scientistsfor a six month training which started on August 15, 1982. The programme hasprogressed well.

A. R & D Projects

RV Gaveshani completed 13 scientific cruises covering several stations in theArabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and the Central Indian Ocean. The ship was deployedfor survey of Polymetallic nodules in the Central Indian Ocean.

The ship successfully completed 100 cruises and to mark the occasion a func-tion was held on February 24, at NIO, Goa. Many dignitaries participated in thefunction and spoke on the occasion. Prominent among them were the Lt. Governorof Goa, Daman & Diu, Shri Jagmohan, Prof. Nurul Hasan, Vice-President of CSIR.Shri Pratap Singh Rane, Chief Minister of Goa, Daman & Diu, Dr. G. S. Sidhu, DGScientific and Industrial Research, Dr. S. Z. Qasim, Secretary to the Government ofIndia, Department of Ocean Development and Dr. B. Gopala Reddy, former Governorof Uttar Pradesh.

In the field of physical oceanography and air-sea interaction, the studies haveindicated that the northern boundary of the low salinity Antarctic Intermediate water

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could be established. Ground truth on board RV Gaveshani have been obtainedduring her cruise organised for collaborative studies with Space Application Centre,Ahmedabad, for Bhaskara-ll—SAMIR utilization. The wind data derived fromSAMIR matched fairly well with the observed wind field. Studies on numerical andlaboratory modelling have been initiated.

In marine chemistry, emphasis was given to the project ' Organic chemicals fromthe sea' and ' Protection of marine environment'. In the former, 11 new extractsfrom marine organisms have been prepared which have exhibited biological activity.Studies on some major estuaries of India were also continued.

Exploration of Polymetallic nodules has been identified as a thrust area andit is being carried out as a multi-agency project. Under this project a large area inthe central Indian Ocean has been surveyed and the recovery of nodules at manystations has been quite encouraging. Two vessels, viz., MV Skandi Surveyor and MVFarnella were chartered for this purpose, besides the institute's vessel. Gareshani.

A deep sea mount was discovered in the Indian Ocean and named as "IndiraMount". Distribution maps have been prepared for the chemical constituents in themarine sediments off the west coast of India

Besides enhancing biological knowledge of our seas, the distribution of meio-fauna in the Central Indian Ocean Basins has exhibited a negative trend with depth buta positive trend with distance from shore. A coral reef was discovered off MormugaoHarbour. Mullets were induced to spawn in experimental ponds by pituitary injections.Artemia culture gave good results. A new section for studies on marine fouling andcorrosion has been set up.

An unmanned weather station designed and developed in the InstrumentationDivision, has been installed at Antarctica during the first Indian Expedition. A databuoy system and an electronic bathythermograph have been developed. Current meterhas been redesigned and modified.

In Ocean Engineering, a mooring system has been developed for installingDatawell Wave Rider Buoys. Acoustic releases have been used for the first time forinstalling current meters. Current and wave data were successfully recorded for coastaland off-shore development.

The Regional Centres continued their R and D activities. The R.C. Cochinhas developed techniques for seed collection and culture of prawns and fishes. AtBombay Centre, studies on marine pollution with special reference to chemistry andbiology have been carried out while the Regional Centre, Waltair continued itsstudies on the coastal regions of Waltair and the adjacent areas with particular empha-sis on coastal zone management and geology and geophysics.

B. Sponsored Projects

The Institute has undertaken several sponsored projects during the year forONGC, Government of Goa, Daman and Diu, Government of Maharashtra, Rashtriya

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Chemicals and Fertilizers, Thal (Maharastra) and several other agencies on variousaspects such as pollution, beach erosion, submarine pipeline route surveys, bio-fouling,etc. In addition, the grant-in-aid project from Electronics Commission of India, DST,Government of Maharashtra has been continued. Studies on project " Marinearchaeology in Indian waters" were intensified.

C. Services

The Planning and Data Division provided necessary computer facilities for thedevelopment of programmes and the processing of data. Regular publications werebrought out by the publication and information cell.

During the year, 1374 new books and 400 technical reports were added to thelibrary, bringing the total number of books to 12,200 and technical reports to 3400. Tennew journals have been subscribed for, in addition to the 220 journals already beingobtained.

Facility of services of workshop, drawing, photography, printing, binding andreprography has been enhanced. A HMT lathe and a D.C. welding machine have beeninstalled. The photography section has taken up colour processing.

D. Miscellaneous

NIO organised an International Training Programme on Marine ResourcesManagement and Conservation, in the Indian Ocean Basin and Adjacent Seas, duringOctober-December, 1982 in collaboration with International Ocean Institute, Malta.In this programme 23 participants were drawn from India, Sudan, Iraq, Iran, Thailand,Singapore, Philippines and Sri Lanka.

The Institute organised a workshop on 'Marine Micropaleontology' from 24to 29 May, 1982 at NIO. Goa in collaboration with Norwegian Agency for Interna-tional Development (NORAD). This was attended by 17 scientists from various researchinstitutes and university departments. The lectures were delivered by Prof. J. Thiedeand Dr. G. Qvale of Oslo University and Dr. K. R. Bjorklund of Bergen University.

NIO arranged many Seminars and Colloquia where prominent and leadingscientists from all over the world delivered lectures. Many scientists from NIO parti-cipated and presented papers in several symposia and seminars. Several scientists havebeen deputed abroad under different Exchange Programmes or for specific training.

1 am happy to inform that in recognition of the good work turned out by thefirst Expedition to Antarctica seven participating scientists from NIO were awardedmerit promotions to the next higher grade. Shri H. N. Siddiquie, Deputy Director ofthis institute was elected as a Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy. Threemore scientists from this Institute were awarded merit promotions/increments.

One of the very important activities organised by the Institute was to conductthe S.S. Bhatnagar Memorial Tournament (3-11-1982 to 11-11-1982) of the CSIR

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in which about 1000 staff members of all the CSIR laboratories participated in sixevents. These were Cricket, Badminton, Table tennis, Volley ball, Basket-bail andTennis. The tournament was inaugurated by Shri Pratap Singh Rane, Chief Ministerof Goa, Daman & Diu and the valeditory address was given by Dr. G. S. Sidhu,DGSIR while Mrs. Sidhu gave away the prizes. The tournament was a success.

I record with regret, the sad demise of two of our colleagues, Shri P. GopalaMenon, Scientist 'C' at the Regional Centre, Cochin who passed away while on activeduty on board RV Gaveshani on June 22, 1982 and Shri Easo Thomas, Staff CarDriver who passed away on November 12, 1982.

April. 1983 V. V. R. VaradachariDona Paula, Goa. DIRECTOR

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Antarctica Research Programme

The Department of Ocean Development, Government of India planned toorganise an expedition to Antarctica to explore and study the occanographic conditionsof the region. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) was selectedas the lead organisation with the National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, as thecoordinating agency for the whole expedition. This was planned as a national venture.

The first Indian expedition to Antarctica left Goa on 6th December, 1981 onboard MV Polar Circle, a chartered ship from Norway. Dr. S. Z. Qasim, Secretary,Department of Environment and former Director of NIO was selected as the leaderof 21 member team. This 21 member team consisted of seven participants from ΝIOdrawn from different disciplines like Biological, Chemical, Geological and Physical

Participants of the first Indian Expedition to Antarctica.

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Oceanography and Marine Instrumentation. The team landed on Antarctica on 9thJanuary and returned back to Goa on 21 February, thus marking the end of 77 daycruise.

The entire expedition can briefly be summarised under three major phases. Inthe first and third phase during the cruises to Antarctica and back, underway observa-tions for bathymetry, magnetic field survey, ionospheric radio propagation and noiselevel studies, thermal structure, meteorology and aerosol measurements were carriedout. The second phase included the landing on the Antarctica, oceanographic andmarine magnetic and seismic studies within the Antarctica. A base camp was esta-blished and continuous observations in various disciplines were carried out on the iceshelf and on the land mass.

A self recording weather station was also installed 50 nautical miles away fromthe base. This was designed and developed at NIO and collects weather data onmagnetic tape.

The following were the important findings of the observations carried outduring the expedition by the NIO team members:

Biological productivity studies in the Antarctic Ocean revealed that the rate ofprimary production ranged from 0.024-9.95 mgC m-3 day-1, with an average value of2.11 mgC m-3 day- 1. Areas with pack ice showed an average production of2.65 mgC m-3 day-1. Size fractionation showed that nannoplankton are a very impor-tant component of the phytoplankton. Chlorophyll α (x bar = 0.27 mg m - 3) was highin the inshore waters. Phaeophytin content varied from 0.00 to 0.66mg m-3 witha mean value of 0.0953 mg m-3, (maximum quantities were generally encountered inthe surface waters than in the subsurface waters). POC data x bar= 378 mgC m - 3) indi-cated that the area studied (between 70 & 30° S lat, 5 & 50° E long.) was highly fertilewith respect to the abundance of organic material. Bacterial biomass in the oceanicregion varied between 0.0012-10.2 mgC m-3 and 0.002-1.869 gC m - 2 a t surface andcolumn respectively. Twenty bacterial cultures isolated from nutrient agar plates fromlake waters at Dakshin Gangotri indicated the prominance of Bacillus sp. and Micro-coccus sp. associated with turbid lake waters. Corynebacterium sp. was also observed.A total of 41 phytoplankton species belonging to 22 genera were recorded. Diatomswere the most abundant forms near the ice edge. Distribution, abundance and faunalcomposition of zooplankton from 200 m depth at 16 stations revealed the magnitudeof secondary production which varied from 0.7 to 53 ml/1 (X bar= 15.6 ml/l) in the Antarc-tica and sub-Antarctica waters. Fauna was dominated by cosmopolitan species. Diurnalvariation studies indicated no specific photoperiodicity in the Antarctic zooplankton.Distribution of " Antarctic Krill" was very patchy and rather restricted to the inshoreregions within convergence. The zooplankton biomass values ranged from 14 to 624 ml/1000 m3. Higher stock values (average 284 ml/1000 m3 ) were obtained for Antarcticconvergence region. Benthic population density contributed by 12 meiofaunal and3 macrofaunal taxa, was of a high magnitude and it varied from 1110 to 29774 (X =6760 m-2) and from 118 to 334 (x = 221 m-2) for meio and macrobenthos, respectively.Meiofauna was more abundant in sandy sediments than in clayey bottom deposits and

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the richness of fauna showed positive correlation with increasing depth. In contrast,the macrofauna showed decreasing abundance with increasing depth. Macrofaunacontributed almost 99% to the total benthic biomass and the contribution of macroand meiofauna was in the ratio of 675:1. The Antarctica benthic environment washigh in nitrogen containing organic matter.

The chemical observations indicated the excess of the nutrients in the Antarcticocean over those in the Indian Ocean. They ranged from 12 to 19% excess for nitrate,while for phosphorus it was almost of the same order. The reserved portion of nutrientsin the Antarctic waters were 27% for nitrogen, 51% for phosphorus and 34% for sili-cate. The fluoride concentration ranged from 1.27 to 1.35 mg/l with a mean of 1.31±0.002. The F/CI ratio ranged from (6.70 to 7.08) x10-5 with a mean of (6.87 ± 0.01)x 10-5. Bromide concentration ranged from 66 to 71 mg/l and the Br/Cl ratio wasalmost constant at 0.003474. Iodide concentrations ranged from 5 to 21 μg/l. Meancalcium concentration was 418 mg/kg with an average Ca/Cl ratio of 0.02191. Con-centration of Ca south of the Antarctic convergence was 416 mg/kg while it increasedto 425 mg/kg northwards. The average concentrations of magnesium was 1285 mg/kgwith Mg/Cl ratio of 0.06730. Average sulphate concentration was 2.672 mg/kg andthe sulphate-chlorinity ratio was very constant at 0.1400.

Aerosol samples: 40 samples of aerosol deposition collected on membranefilters, from 8° N to 70° S were examined. Air was filtered through an instrumentfabricated at NIO. Concentrations varied from 0 at Antarctica to 65.3μg/m3 air at8° 37' N lat. Peaks were recorded at places of influence from the continental air. Apeak observed in the Antarctic Convergence region may be due to the effect of theEquatorward flow of surface air from Antarctica. Katabatic wind is a cause of thepeak on the Antarctic continent. An inverse relation has been recorded between windspeed and aerosol content which is due to the ' scrubbing' effect and dispersion. Thefilters have been sent to BARC for measurement of natural radioactivity in the samples.

Ice and lake samples: Several major and minor elements have been estimatedin ice core collected on the Antarctic Ice Shelf. The cores were 5 m in length andsamples were collected at every metre. Similar analyses were done on ice sample collec-ted at the Ice Shelf-landmass edge and water sample from the surface of the Antarcticlake. The results are presented in the following table.

In the ice, there is an increasing vertical gradient downwards testifying to thediffusion of salts in ice and also a somewhat reducing condition at depths. Surfaceconcentrations in ice are influenced also by atmospheric transport and deposition. Dis-tance away from the shore does not indicate any significant change.

Concentrations of most of these parameters in the lake are largely regulatedby melt water from glaciers, leaching from rocks and surface evaporation during theaustral summer.

Heavy metals: 20 water samples collected from varying depths at 8 stationsbetween 39° 26' S to 69° 58' S latitudes were analysed for heavy metals such as Cu,

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TABLE I. Concentrations of nutrients and a few major elements in ice and water atPrincess Astrid Coast, Antarctica.

TABLE I (Continued)

Cd, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Co and Ni. The samples were filtered on board and thefiltrates were acidified. Both the residue on the filter paper and the filtrates wereanalysed.

Dissolved forms of Cu and Cd in the Antarctic surface waters is 3.1 and 1.5μg/l respectively. Mean concentration of most of the metals in the depth range 100

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Base Camp I m 0.78 0.49 0.25 0.51 0.08 0.35

Base Camp 3 m 0.51 0.24 0.40 0.36 0.08 0

Base Camp 4 m 0.59 0.26 0.36 0.39 0.03 0

Base Camp 5 m 0.65 0.45 1.10 0.42 0.03 0

Ice Shelf-Land

Mass edge 0.84 0.26 1.15 0.33 0.10 0.68

Antarctic Lake 0.64 0.56 2.04 26.97 0.51 0.69

Base Camp 1 m 0 2.1 6.9 3.7 —

Base Camp 3 m 0 0.5 2.4 1.0 0.001

Base Camp 4 m 0 1.3 4.0 2.0 0.002

Base Camp 5 m 0 2.1 6.6 3.1 —

Ice Shelf-Land

Mass edge 0 1.6 5.0 3.2 0.002

Antarctic Lake 0 107.0 67.1 54.3 0.013

to 500 m is almost the same throughout the region indicating probably the samesource of origin of this watermass. Fe was higher (11.9 μg/1) in the sub-tropicalregion by about three times than that in the Antarctic region (4μg/l); while it wasreverse for Zn. Surface Mn ranged between 1.3 and 2.6μg/l in the sub-tropicalregion, while it is almost 0 south of the Antarctic Convergence. The particulate formof metals, excepting Fe and Zn, were very insignificant at all the stations.

Metals in zooplankton: Four samples from a depth of 200 m to surface werecollected south of the Antarctic Convergence. The samples were dried at 50° C onboard and preserved. The concentration ranges were the following in ppm wet weight:Cu 2-12, Fe 88-515, Mn 2-5, Zn 14-154, Pb 5-125, Co 0.6-1.7, and Ni 0-3.3.

Absence of the particulate forms of most of the metals indicate that these areconcentrated entirely by organisms. The high concentrations of Fe, Zn and Pb maybe due to the presence of krill larvae in the samples.

Hydrocarbons in sediments: Four sediment samples collected at depths rangingfrom 200 to 400 m south of the Antarctic Convergence were analysed for total petro-leum hydrocarbons. Values were from 0-9.6 μg/g dry weight indicating insignificantpresence of fossilized hydrocarbons in the area sampled.

Sedimentological studies of bottom samples collected showed that the sedimentoff Princess Astrid Coast vary from sandy silt, clayey silt to silty clay. The clayminerals present are characterised by high amount of illite, followed by chlorite andvery little smectite. The feldspar/quartz ratio showed a decreasing trend offshore. Thescanning electron microscopic studies of quartz grains from the near coast samplesreveal that they are extremely angular, have conchoidal fracture and are fresh in appea-rance. On the other hand the grains away from coast show the effect of the abrasionby way of rounding off the edges and the absence of surface feature. Micropaleonto-logical studies of sediment samples collected revealed the presence of 65 foraminiferalspecies. The coarse fraction as well as fauna indicate intense sediment rafting by ice.

The geophysical surveys off Antarctic revealed the existence of rift valleys. Thestructure sections based on seismics from the continental margins off Antarcticashows suddenly cut deep valleys associated with low magnetic signature. In general,the seismic sections show three well defined horizons. The huge accumulation ofsediments are indicated by the acoustically transparent layer of 600-800 m. Thehorizon III may be the magnetic basement since the magnetic profile closely followedthe trend of the horizon. The continental margin of the Dronning Maud Land ismarked by three prominent approximately N-S trending topographic highs.

An African-Antarctica basin, as seen in the echograms of both the tracks fromMauritius to Lut Zow Holm Bay and Princess Astrid Coast to Mauritius, is flat mono-tonous plain with a depth of 5000 m. The basin is marked by magnetic anomaliesof 50 to 200 gammas.

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Echcgram of deep sea mount named as "Indira Mount" — discovered in Indian Ocean.

An unmanned self recording weather station set-up at Dakshin Gangotri.

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During the return cruise, an under sea mountain of a height of 3500 m fromsea bed was located at latitude 53° 32.42' S and longitude 47° 58.5'E. This wasnamed 'Mount Indira' after our Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi.

Antarctic Weather DataA weather recording system designed and fabricated by the Instrumentation

Division has been left behind at Dakshin Gangotri (70° S latitude and 11 ° E Longitude).This recording system will provide the only necessary link between expeditions thatIndia is maintaining a continued scientific interest in Antartica.

The station consists of a 4 metre aluminium mast mounted on a 3 metre tetra-pod base for stability and secured by stainless steel guy wires. Sensors to monitorwind speed, wind direction, air temperature and humidity are mounted on the mastand their signals led down to an insulated HDPE cylinder housing the electronics. Thetemperature of the circuitry is also monitored by an on-board thermistor and theexcitation voltages are sampled to indicate any temperature induced drifts in the system.

A continuously powered CMOS clock is programmed to switch on an indi-genously designed micro-computer built around Intel's 8085. The program allows awarm up time for the analog circuitry and then samples the different sensors sequen-tially four times. After averaging, the data is stored on a data cassette recorder witha five month storage capacity at a 2 hour interrogation interval. Battery capacity hasbeen maintained for a projected 9 month's requirement.

The system was installed and checked for proper functioning.

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Training in Ocean Science and Technology

Recognising the growing demand for increased manpower requirement for thedevelopment of Ocean Sciences and Technology, in India, the CSIR decided to orga-nise a training programme to train young scientists and technicians to undertakechallenging tasks in the field of oceanography in the coming years with the help ofDepartment of Ocean Development, Government of India. As a result of this, theNational Institute of Oceanography formulated a training programme for about sixmonths and admitted the first batch of Trainee Scientists numbering 41 through writtentests and interviews. The programme started on 15th August, 1982. During the firstthree months the trainees were given a general orientation course in oceanography toemphasize the inter-disciplinary nature of the field. Later a three weeks training pro-gramme was also arranged at the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, where speciallectures and practicals in ocean engineering and other allied subjects were arranged.Subsequently they were attached to the various divisions for the specialized training.The training programme also included ship board training for a minimum period oftwo weeks. For lectures, practice's, shipboard training and demonstrations the exper-tise and facilities available in NIO were fully utilised. In addition, experts were drawnfrom Universities and other marine scientific organisations.

An Executive Cell consisting of three scientists and three administrative personnelwas constituted to p!an and carry out the day to day activities of this training pro-gramme. The number of trainee scientists selected under different disciplines was asfollows: Geology and Geophysics—21, Physical Oceanography and Meteorology—8,Electronics—3, Biology—3, Chemistry—4 and Ocean Engineering—2.

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3.0

Oceanographic Cruises

Realising the need and importance of polymetallic nodules, located last yearin the Western Indian Ocean, most of the cruises of RV Gaveshani during the yearunder report were devoted to exploration and mapping of these nodules in the CentralIndian Ocean. Out of 13 Cruises (Cruise nos. 102-114) of Gaveshani with 227 daysat sea, 141 days (6 cruises) were utilised exclusively for this programme.

Four cruises of the remaining seven were of multidisciplinary nature, and outof the remaining three cruises, one was organised for training Trainee scientists, onefor collection of ground truth for Bhaskara-II SAMIR and one for testing the equipmentof Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory, Cochin.

Salient features of each cruise are given below:

Cruise 102 (Chief Scientist: Mr. V. P. Devassy)

This cruise of 16 days duration which started on January 11, was planned tosurvey the fish spawning grounds in the western Arabian Sea and to study environ-mental conditions in Minicoy and Kavaratti lagoons.

Fish trawling operation was attempted for the first time on board RV Gaveshani.One scientist from the Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Panaji, also partici-pated for carrying out studies on fishtrawl operations.

The other observations included studies on bacterial populations, Chl. a, ATP,phytoplankton, primary production, zooplankton, detritus, calorific content, hydrocastfor temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH and nutrients. Transmissometer (opti-cal instrument) was used for the first time on board the vessel. No change in trans-mittance was noticed upto 40 m depth. Zobell samplers were serially operated tocollect water samples for bacteriological analysis. Indian Ocean Standard Net wasoperated at 6 stations to a depth of 500 m. A quantameter was used to measureincident solar radiation on the water surface. Data on wind speed and humidity werealso collected.

An Aanderaa current meter was deployed in the lagoon to study current speedand direction, salinity, temperature and depth over tidal cycles.

In addition ground truth data to supplement the Satellite Bhaskara observationsfrom 13-18, January 1983, were also collected.

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RV Gaveshani completes 100 cruisesGaveshani. the first oceanographic research vessel of its kind in India, has

successfully completed 100 cruises in the Indian Ocean. The celebration to mark theoccasion, was held at the institute and was presided over by Shri Jagmohan. Lt. Gover-nor of Goa, Daman & Diu with Prof. S. Nurul Hasan, Vice-President of CSIR as theChief Guest.

Dr. S.Z. Qasim, Secretary, Department of Ocean Development, delivering his address on theoccasion of celebration of the completion of 100 cruises by RV Gaveshani.

Dr. G. S. Sidhu, Director General CSIR, while welcoming the guests, tracedback the history of the research vessel and paid rich tributes to late Dr. N. K.Panikkar, founder Director of the Institute and Prof. Ghosh Roy for designing the ship.Dr. S. Z. Qasim, former Director of the institute and presently Secretary, Departmentof Ocean Development, under whose guidance most of the cruises were undertaken,highlighted her performance and said RV Gaveshani worked at sea on an average ofmore than 200 days a year which is record for any oceanographic vessel.

Prof. Nurul Hasan congratulated the scientists for participating in the cruisesand collecting enormous amount of data on different aspects of oceanography. Dr. V. V. R.Varadachari, Director of the Institute proposed a vote of thanks.

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Cruise 103 (Chief Scientist: Mr. L. V. G. Rao)This cruise of 18 days was a multidisciplinary one (2-17 February, 1982) and

was planned to study the oceanographic features of the Central Arabian Sea. Duringthis cruise the sea varied between calm and moderately rough. The wave height wasgenerally less than 1.5 m. The winds were mostly from NNE direction with speedssometimes exceeding 15 knots. The sea surface temperature, in general, variedbetween 27.5 and 24.8°C showing a decreasing trend towards west and north. Sali-nity maxima associated with the Arabian Sea high salinity water and the Persian Gulfwater were encountered at most of the stations, while those associated with the RedSea water could be traced only at a few stations, especially along the 15° N zonalsection.

Oxygen minimum layer was found to extend from about 150 to 1200 m depth.In the surface mixed layer, the nutrient concentration was low off the Indian coastand it increased towards the west accompanied by slight decrease in dissolved oxygen.Below the surface mixed layer, nitrate and phosphate concentra ions increased, whiledissolved oxygen and pH values were low, suggesting intense organic decomposition inthis zone.

High values of primary productivity were encountered west of 67° E along the15°N zonal section and along the diagonal section in the western part. The highestvalue of primary productivity was observed at station No. 2334 on the eastern side,off the Indian coast.

Cruise 104 (Chief Scientist: Mr. G. V. Rajamanickam)This cruise was undertaken from March 18 to April 5, in the North Central

Indian Ocean (2 to 11° S) and it covered 5367 lkm. The main aim of this 31 day cruisewas to collect nodule samples, continuous sea surface temperature and salinity dataand also to collect data on bathymetry, magnetics and seismics. Five stations wereworked out during the cruise, nodules were collected from 2 stations and sedimentsamples from one station.

Cruise 105 (Chief Scientist: Mr. G. V. Rajamanickam)This cruise was in continuation of the previous cruise and it lasted for 21 days.

A total of about 3662 lkm was covered and sampling was done at 12 stations. Conti-nuous echosounding, seismics and magnetics were carried out for 1821 lkm. 1841 lkmand 1800 lkm respectively.

Cruise 106 (Chief Scientist: Dr. D. P. Rao)This cruise of 20 days duration (May 9-28) was organised mainly for the explo-

ration and mapping of polymetallic nodule areas in the Central Indian Ocean (1 &10°S; 80 & 81°E). A distance of about 2530 nautical miles was covered. Twentystations were occupied for nodule and sediment sample collection. The magnetometerwas towed along the track. ORE Seismic Profiler and EK-12 echosounder were alsooperated continuously. (Polymetallic nodules were obtained from 7 stations in associa-tion with clay).

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Cruise 107 (Chief Scientist: Mr. L. V. G. Rao)This cruise from 3-10 June 1982 was sponsored by the Space Applications

Centre (I.S.R.O.), Ahmedabad, for collecting data for Bhaskara-II SAMIR utilization.Data was collected on meteorological parameters, sea surface salinity, wave statisticsand wave spectra in the Arabian Sea.

Cruise 108 (Chief Scientist: Dr. M. Madhupratap)This cruise which started on June 15, was for 3 days and was from Mormugao

to Cochin. This was undertaken mainly for testing of Sparker and other equipmentbrought by the Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory, Cochin.

Cruise 109 (Chief Scientist: Mr. V. S. Rama Raju)During this cruise of 8 days (June 18-25) RV Gaveshani occupied ten stations

off west coast and Wadge Bank. The observational programme consisted of mecha-nical BT operations from surface to bottom or from surface to 275 m depending uponthe depth of the station and vertical plankton net hauls from the upper 200 m ofwater column and in the surface isothermal layer. The La Fond Dietz snapper wasoperated at all the shallow stations in the Wadge Bank, but there was no recoveryperhaps due to the hard nature of the ocean bottom.

The bathythermograms indicated a surface isothermal layer extending to a depthof 60 to 70 m and the thermocline upto 275 m. One interesting feature of the thermalstructure noticed was the presence of steps which indicate their alternate mixing zonesprobably due to the variable wind stress at the surface.

The HT net hauls brought in relatively rich plankton collections during thecruise, compared to the plankton hauls made in the same area in the pre-south-westmonsoon season. Preliminary biomass estimations indicated displacement volume10-80 ml per haul from the deeper waters.

Cruise 110 (Chief Scientist: Dr. R. Sen Gupta)This cruise was mainly organised to study the physical, chemical and biological

features off the river mouths of Krishna, Godavari, Hooghly, etc. Anchor stationsat the river mouths of main rivers on the east coast of India were worked out for 24-72hours duration. The cruise which commenced from 26th June, lasted for 3 weeks.

Various features of study on different aspects are given in detail under Sec-tion 3.2.4 of Chemical Oceanography.

Cruise 111 (Chief Scientist: Mr. F. Almeida)This cruise which started on September 9, was again for the exploration of

polymetallic nodules in the Central Indian Ocean and lasted for 11 days. Seabed sampl-ing was done at 19 stations. Continuous echosounding, seismics and magnetics werecarried out for 5138 lkm.

Cruise 112 (Chief Scientist: Mr. F. Almeida)This cruise was in continuation of the cruise 111 and the longest one for the

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year involving 33 days from October 16. Nineteen stations were occupied for seabedsampling and 5616 lkm of echosounding, seismics and magnetics were carried out.

Cruise 113 (Chief Scientist: Dr. K. S. R. Murty)This cruise of 25 days was from November 4 and was undertaken for the

exploration of polymetallic nodules in the Central Indian Ocean Basin. Eighteen sta-tions were worked out for seabed sampling. The total distance covered during thecruise was 7400 lkm and continuous echosounding and magnetics were carried outduring this cruise.

Cruise 114 (Chief Scientist: Dr. D. P. Rao)The 114th cruise of RV Gaveshani was organised in the Central Arabian Sea.

The primary aim of this 14 day (December 17-30) cruise was to impart shipboardtraining to the first batch of the trainee scientists from Physical, Chemical and OceanEngineering Divisions of the Institute apart from the data collection under the MonexProgramme. In all 55 stations were occupied stretching along 15° N and 19° N latitudebetween 73 and 60° E and 62 and 72° E respectively. Data on hydrographical para-meters have been . collected at every 1 /2°.

The digital bathythermograph data has shown several interesting features inthe microthermal structure. Several inversions of temperature in the subsurface (upper1000 m) layers have been recorded. It has also been found that the surface watercooling is not to the extent observed during the summer monsoon season. On theother hand, the mixed layer appears to be deep, upto about 70 m.

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3.1

Physical Oceanography

3.1.1 Studies on ocean-atmosphere interaction3.1.2 Studies on physical processes in the seas around India3.1.3 Studies on land-sea interaction and nearshore circulation along the Indian coastline

with application to coastal zone management3.1.4 Energy from the sea

A shift towards numerical and laboratory modelling from the traditional fieldbased observational studies is the major development in the physical oceanography duringthe year under report. Besides, a few experiments were also carried out to study thewind driven sand transport from the beaches. Action has been initiated to developlaboratories for studies in Geophysical fluid dynamics and optical oceanography. Salientfeatures of the studies carried over under each project are given below:

3.1.1 Studies on ocean-atmosphere interaction

Numerical modelling(i) A nonlinear time dependent barotropic model of the wind driven circulation

acted upon by a constant wind (both in speed and direction) has been developed forthe Bay of Bengal. This model simulates the steady state wind driven circulationgenerated by constant southwest wind at 10 m/sec. After 60 hours of numerical inte-gration of the shallow water equation, the simulated field of motion agrees fairly wellwith the observed circulation in the Bay of Bengal.

(ii) A diagnostic computation for three dimensional circulation in the northernIndian Ocean has been taken up, utilising the available hydrographic data and the knownwind stress distribution.

(iii) With a view to develop prediction models for oil pollution (both long andshort time scales) wind data from Bombay High region has been analysed and theprobability distribution patterns and the wind transition matrix have been evaluated.

(iv) The TOHOKU Numerical wave prediction model (developed at TohokuUniversity, Japan) has been adopted and modified by including wind field, computedfrom atmospheric parameters such as central pressure, radius of the maximum windvelocity, storm speed etc. The validation of this modified version is under progress.

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3.1.2 Studies on physical processes in the seas around India(i) Remote sensing in oceanography: Recognising the importance of the appli-

cation of remote sensing to oceanographic studies, a comprehensive long term projectas well as a few short term projects have been initiated. As a first step, a joint pro-gramme on the utilization of Bhaskara-II SAMIR data was taken up with the SpaceApplications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad. The 107th cruise of RV Gaveshani wasorganised during 3-10 June, 1982 for the validation of data derived from Bhaskara-IISAMIR, with the field observations. The wind data derived from SAMIR matchedfairly well with the observed wind field. Further studies are being carried out in detail.

(ii) Acoustic tomography: Acoustic tomography is a new method for studyingthe variability of the oceanographic parameters both in time and space. The basicrequirement is the knowledge of sound ray paths between a set of transmitters andreceivers located in a well defined net work. The basic ray path geometry has beendeveloped and computerized. Ray plotting between the hypothetical transmitters andreceivers located in the deep sound channel has been completed. The given figure showsvertical structure of sound velocity at typical station in the Bay of Bengal and a fewrays paths originating from a source located in the deep sound channel and the receiverat a distance of about 180 km, from the transmitter. Analytical techniques for inter-

19

Steady state wind driven circulation based on the model.

Geostrophic currents (cm/sec) along 15° N during Feb. 1982 relative to 500 db.

Ray path geometry for a hypothetical source and receiver located in the deep sound channelin the Bay of Bengal.

SOUND SPEED IN m/secRANGE IN KM.

preting these ray paths to obtain data on temperature, salinity, velocity, vorticity, heatcontent, etc. are being developed.

(iii) Physical oceanography of the Central Arabian Sea and Southern Indian Ocean:

In the 103rd cruise of RV Gaveshani, the formation of an isohaline layer (which isconspicuous by its presence in the Southern Arabian Sea) and its propagation have beenstudied for understanding the formation of step like structures in the depth-temperature-salinity profiles and the mixing processes in the interior. The Geostrophic circulationshowed alternate bands of north-south flows across 15° N. The water mass structureshowed the penetration of equatorial water north of 15° N and confined to theeastern Arabian Sea. Further investigations are in progress.

The CSTD data of six hourly intervals and the bathythermograph data collectedat hourly intervals at 2 locations during Monex '79 in the Bay of Bengal has revealedthe existence of short term variability in temperature and salinity. The analysis ofthese variations revealed the existence of a singk dominant internal wave at one loca-tion and a multiple mode in the internal wave pattern with a phase difference at thesecond location. The variability of sound velocity with reference to Sigma-T surfaceswas found to be minimum at both the locations.

The IIOE data of six meridional sections covering the entire South Indian Oceantaken up for a comprehensive analysis, to describe the various physical oceanographicproperties. Charts showing the fields of temperature, salinity, density and the fieldsof motion along horizontal and on a few selected isopycnal surfaces have been prepared.The northern boundary of the low salinity Antarctic Intermediate Water has beenestablished. The potential temperature-salinity relationship of the deep and bottomwaters of the South Indian Ocean has also been studied.

3.1.3 Studies on land-sea interaction and nearshore circulation along the Indian coastlinewith application to coastal zone management

Part of the study carried out along Kerala coast under this Project is reportedunder 'Regional Centre, Cochin'.

(i) Studies on beach stability along Goa coast: It is well-known that aeilon sandtransport is one of the parameters affecting the stability of beaches, which are subjectedto strong offshore and inshore winds. A preliminary study with an empirical approachhas revealed that the level of the beaches along Goa coast might decrease by about40 to 50 cm during the fair weather season due to the transport of sand into the hinter-land. In order to validate these semi-theoretical studies, two field programmes havebeen organised, with the necessary equipment designed and fabricated for this purpose.

(ii) Estuarine oceanography: During 110th cruise of RV Gaveshani, currentmeasurement were carried out off the mouths of Krishna, Godavari and Mahanadirivers and also at Moore Island and Sand Heads. The details of the work are givenunder item 3.2.4 of Chemical Oceanography.

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3.1.4 Energy from the sea

The solar energy can be stored in water and in an experimental study con-ducted in 0.85 m deep solar pond, a temperature of 65° C could be obtained near thebottom in a month's time while a temperature of about 90° C was theoretically possible.The rise in temperature near the bottom of the pond was computed using solar radia-tion, air temperature, pond size, transparency of water, heat losses and depths of theconvective and non-convective zones. The simulated rise in temperature near thebottom of the pond was found to be very sensitive to the transparency of the waterused. The low transparency of salt solution and the movement of non-convective zoneto the surface are some of the factors responsible for the lower temperature obtainedin the experimental solar pond.

In a larger and deeper solar pond, with certain modifications, it is anticipatedthat the temperature upto 90° C near the bottom could be obtained. Further studiesare in progress.

The work on thermal energy has been reported under item 3.5.3 of OceanEngineering.

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3.2

Chemical Oceanography

3.2.1 Chemical studies in the coastal and offshore waters of the Arabian Sea and Bayof Bengal

3.2.2 Organic chemicals (drugs) from the sea

3.2.3 Protection of marine environment and monitoring of pollutants along the Indiancoast

3.2.4 Characteristics of the estuarine regions of major rivers of India

The research activities in the Chemical Oceanography comprised of experimentalas well as fit-Id studies undertaken to determine the cycles of various chemical consti-tuents and their interrelationships in the estuarine, coastal and offshore waters of theIndian Ocean. The salient features of the work carried out under each project duringthe year are as follows:

3.2.1 Chemical studies in the coastal and offshore waters of the Arabian Sea and Bayof Bengal

(i) Studies on the nutrients and dissolved oxygen

(a)-Central Arabian Sea: During the 103rd cruise of RV Gaveshani, in theCentral Arabian Sea along 15 and 19° N latitudes, 19 stations were worked. Chemicalanalysis of the water samples from depths up to 4 km of Central Arabian Sea revealedthe occurrence of two oxygen minima. The concentration of two secondary nitritemaxima ranging upto 5 μg-at/l, occurred within 200-400 m depth, decreased towardsthe Arabian coast. A poorly defined nitrite maxima with nitrite 0.1-0.7 μg-at/l asso-ciated with relatively high oxygen (1.2-2.5 ml/1), low temperature (1.6-3.0°C) andsalinities (34.91-35.20°/00 )The tertiary nitrite maximum appeared to be associatedwith a discrete water mass. High concentrations of nutrients were also observed alonga section about 250 nautical miles from the Arabian coast. These were associated withlow temperatures and high salinities indicating the occurrence of upwelling.

The studies on the relationships between the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU)and changes in nitrate-nitrogen and phosphate-phosphorus have showed the oxidativeratios to be AOU : N : P = 221 : 37 : 1.

(b) Central Indian Ocean: Seven deep stations were worked during the

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104th and 105th cruises of RV Gaveshani in the Central Indian Basin, a potential marinemining area. The data collected represents the pre-mining environmental conditions.The results indicated that the variations in dissolved oxygen and nutrients are com-parable to those observed in the Somali and Mascarene Basins. However, silicate valuesfor the deep layers in the Central Indian Basin were higher than those observed inboth Somali and Mascarene Basins. This presumably reflects a higher rate of silicadissolution and/or a high residence time of deep water in the Central Indian Basin.

(c) Mandovi Estuary: The behaviour of nitrate, phosphate and silicate wasstudied in the Mandovi estuary during the premonsoon period. No definite trend inphosphate variation was observed, although peaks and troughs occurred in relation tosalinity. Silicate showed a loss during estuarine mixing, the loss being greater at thelow salinity region. Nitrate showed an internal source. This source was traced tobe the iron ore screening plant which uses the river water to wash the iron ore anddischarges the muddy water into the river. Applying mixing relations, the distributionof nitrate from the outfall, both upstream and downstream has been studied. A lossof nitrate was observed with higher value towards the mouth of the estuary whichis due to the activity of primary producers.

(ii) Nitrate reduction in the Arabian Sea

The study on the denitrification in the Arabian Sea indicated that thesecondary nitrite maximum, which presumably occurs as a result of biochemicalreduction in the Arabian Sea, does not always coincide with the Persian Gulf salinitymaximum. The intermediate nitrate minimum observed in the northern Arabian Seawas also not restricted to the Persian Gulf waters. Denitrification in the Arabian Sea,therefore, does not appear to be restricted to the Persian Gulf Water—-which may occurover a wide depth and density ranges. Nitrate deficit was calculated using the rela-tionships of the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) with phosphate-phosphorus andnitrate-nitrogen. The results indicated a steady northward increase in the nitrate deficitin the depth range where denitrification occurred. Maximum values reaching upto16.5 μg-at/1 were observed around 20° N latitude, while the southern limit was deducedto be 11 or 12° N latitude.

(iii) Carbon dioxide system in the Arabian Sea

Concentrations of different components of CO2 system were computedfrom the alkalinity and pH data from five locations in the Arabian Sea. The generaltrend of variation in total carbon dioxide (CO2) consisted of low values at the surfaceand a steep increase within the thermocline. Highest values occurred at around 500 mdepth which was more or less constant thereafter. At intermediate levels an increasein CO2 was observed towards north, presumably because of high residence time of inter-mediate layers and a high rate of organic production at the surface in the northernregion. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) was more or less constant in thesurface layer, increasing gradually with depth upto 1500 m. In the deep layers thePCO2 value was about 4 or 5 times more than that at the surface. The trend ofvariation was consistent with the expected changes in other species of the system(HCO 3

- and CO 3

2 -).

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(iv) Carbonate dissolution in the Northwestern Indian Ocean

Occurrence of higher calcium concentration in deep waters in this regionis attributed to a high rate of calcium removal at surface due to biological productivityand its input to the bottom waters. A more rapid upward movement of deep watersin the Indian Ocean than in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans appears to result in afaster upward flux of calcium in the region. An increase in the Ca/Cl ratio was observedbelow the lysocline.

Studies on calcite saturation profiles indicated the saturation depth between2500 and 3000 m. Carbonate content of the sediments, however, does not show anyappreciable decrease above 4000 m, which supports kinetic models of CaCO3 dissolu-tion. The variations in the lysocline depth in the oceans could be by and large dueto variations in carbonate ion concentration. The ' critical carbonate ion concentra-tion ' for the region is 90 ± 5 μΜ/kg. It is concluded that calcite dissolution does notoccur above 4000 m.

(v) Variations in calcium and magnesium concentrations in the Laccadive Sea

Analysis of water samples collected from Minicoy lagoon and two stationsin the Laccadive Sea, during 102 cruise of RV Gaveshani, showed much lower concen-tration of both calcium and magnesium than in the open ocean. The average calciumand magnesium than in the open ocean. The average calcium and magnesium con-centrations were 405 and 1255 mg/kg for the lagoon, and 433 and 1325 mg/kg for theLaccadive Sea. The lower concentrations observed in the Minicoy lagoon appear toresult from a high rate of biological precipitation of calcium carbonate by the organisms.

(vi) Studies on boron in the Central Arabian Sea and Wadge BankIn the Central Arabian Sea the boron concentration was found to vary

between 0.6 to 5.3 mg/1 as shown by the analysis of 110 samples.

Analysis of 90 samples from the Wadge Bank area showed boron concen-tration between 3.9 and 4.95 mg/kg. The boron to chlorinity ratio varied from 0.159to 0.263 with a mean value of 0.228. A negative correlation between boron and dis-solved oxygen was observed. The suspended matter was found to vary widely (2-39mg/1). However, absence of correlation between boron and suspended load does notnecessarily lead to a high rate of boron removal unless it is associated with adsorbingmaterial with affinity to boron.

(vii) Studies on fluoride, bromide and iodide

Mandovi-Zuari Estuarine System: A seasonal study on bromide, fluorideand iodide in the Mandovi and Zuari estuaries was conducted. These halides werelowest during the monsoon season. In the post-monsoon season, fluoride increasedto 1.21 mg/1. Maximum values (1.30 mg/1) were encountered during the premonsoonperiod. Iodide also showed similar trends with the peak values in pre-monsoon.

The concentration of iodate was estimated both in nearshore and offshorewaters of the southwestern Bay of Bengal. A general trend of low concentrations at the

25

surface (ca. 0.2 μg-at/1) and an increase in deeper layers (ca. 0.55 μg-at/1) was observed.A nutrient-like behaviour of iodate was also found and the relation between iodateand phosphate indicated a major role of biota in surface waters in the iodine system.A mole ratio of NO3-:PO4

3 - :IO3-was found to be 94:10:1. Depletion of iodate, calcu-lated in two ways, showed a linear model with the depletion of other nutrients in sur-face waters (above oxycline) which suggests a direct coupling of iodate with phosphateand nitrate during assimilation and/or photosynthesis.

(viii) Chemical speciation of some important metals

(a) Complexing capacity of estuarine water: Preliminary studies werecarried out to determine the complexing capacity of the estuarine water, a measure offree ligends available to react with the metals. Different concentrations of zinc andlead were added separately to the sample and the free unbound metal was determinedby differential pulse anodic stripping voltametry (ASV). It was found that the linearrelation between the added metal and the ASV signal attained only after the additionof 24 μg/l of Zn and 16 μg/l of Pb. It was deduced that the water sample containedfree ligends which could bind 24 μg/l of Zn and 16μg/l of Pb.

(b) Labile, organically bound and particulate forms of cadmium, lead andcopper: Surface water samples from the Arabian Sea were analysed for Cd, Pb andCu occurring in different forms. Labile form of cadmium varied from 0.1 to 0.5 μg/1.Out of the 29 samples analysed, very few contained organically bound cadmium; andconstituted 0 to 50% of the total. Higher concentrations of lead were observed withthe labile form varying from 1 to 5 μg/1. As in the case of cadmium, the concentra-tions of organically bound lead were very low. Copper was found to occur in levelsranging from 0 to 7 μg/l in the labile form and the organically bound fraction variedfrom 0-50% of the total metal. Particulate cadmium occurred in very low levels inall samples, the highest being 0.06 μg/l. Participate lead varied from non-detaciablelevels to 0.5 μg while particulate copper occurred in levels ranging between non-detectable to 0.4 μg/l of the sample filtered.

(ix) Organic constituents in sea water

(a) Vitamins: Two local algal species, viz., Navicula sp. and Nitzchiaseriata have been isolated and maintained in the laboratory in F2 medium. Theirgrowth and sensitivity studies for vitamin B12 showed that the latter alga responds verywell to B12.

(b) Amino acids: The most common amino acids encountered were glycine,Iysine, alanine and glutamic acid with Rf values 0.64, 0.89, 0.61 and 0.31 respectively.These were separated two dimensionally on F253 silica plates. Quantitative analysisby HPLC is in progress.

(x) Studies on ionic potential

Theoretical studies were carried out to determine the role of oxygen andionic potential in controlling the abundance and residence time of some of the consti-

26

tuents of sea water. It was found that both oxygen, in oxides and hydroxides, andionic potential (IP) affect significantly the chemistry of various elements in the oceans.Linear relationship was found between IP and (a) sea water—crustal rock partitioncoefficients, (6) phytoplankton enrichment factors, (c) stability constants for metalsand organically coated particulate matter interactions and (d) mean oceanic residencetime in sea water. Ll elements showed an inverse relationship with IP where L2,L3-siderophilic and chalcophilic elements exhibited a positive linear correlations forsea water—crustal rock partition coefficients and residence times. But lanthanide ele-ments (Ll) on the other hand gave positive linear correlations in contrast to the otherLl elements. Thus these observations strongly suggest the dependence of differentelements on their ionic potential for their chemical behaviour.

(xi) Variations in ionic product of sea water

Ionic product of water (pkw) as a function of salinity, temperature anddepth has been studied. It has been observed that pH and pkw vary in exactly oppo-site manner with depth. Computations were made based on some recent data and theresults indicated that the ionic products of sea water (12.4) is much different from thepreviously considered value (13.77).

(xii) Speciation of phosphorus, chlorine, chromium and uranium

Oxidation state diagramsfor phosphorus indicated orthophosphate (PO43-)

to be the most stable species in anoxic and oxic environments, for both acidic andbasic media. Similarly chloride (Cl) is most stable in all solutions followed by mole-cular chlorine (Cl2) and hypochlorite (HClO-). In oxic acidic solutions and in seawater, dichromate (Cr2O7

2-) showed higher stability. Whereas in oxic basic solutionschromate (CrO4

2-) is stable. But in anoxic acidic and anoxic basic solutions the moststable species are chromium ion (Cr3+) and chromium hydroxide respectively. Uraniumoccurred in 6t oxidation states in both oxic acidic (UO4

2+) and oxic basic (UO2(OH)2)solutions. In the reducing environments U4+ occurred in acidic media while U (OH)4

was encountered in basic media.

(xiii) Chemical studies in inshore and estuarine areas of Cochin

Progress made under this investigation is reported under " Regional CentreCochin ".

3.2.2 Organic chemicals (drugs) from the sea

(i) Screening of extracts

Porites lutea, Codium elongatum, Gelidiella acerosa, Corallina officinalisand Dictyopteris australis, which showed promising biological activities in preliminaryscreening, have been extracted again and fractionated. The polysaccharide free watersoluble fraction of Codium elongatum was found to exhibit mild hypotensive activity.Petroleum-ether and chloroform soluble fractions of Dictyopteris australis exhibiteddiuretic and hypotensive activities. Eleven new and three repeat extracts of marineorganisms have been sent to Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow forgeneral screening.

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(ii) Chemical investigations for isolation of active components

Detailed chemical investigations on the coral Porites lutea which exhibitedantifertility activity, led to the characterization of n-octadecyl alcohol (I), correspond-ing acid (II) and its methyl ester (III) from the lipid fractions besides the sterols andn-batyl alcohol reported earlier.

CH3-(CH2)16-RI R = CH2OH

II R = COOHIII R = COOCH3

Anti-implantation agents isolated from corals so far have been reportedto be mainly prostaglandins and their analogs, but in the present instance, investiga-tions on this species of Porites Iutea an absence of prostaglandins was noted. A water-soluble compound exhibiting 60% antifertility activity and also 6 other compoundswere isolated from the water soluble fraction. Chemical and spectral data showed itto be a sulphated, long-chain—-(CH2). compound with high molecular weight. Exactmolecular weight of the compound by mass spectra could not be determined as thecompound do not vapourise. In addition, six more sulphated compounds have beensolated and are being characterized.

Chemical investigations on red alga Cladophora sp. revealed that stigmasterolis the major constituent (0.4%) of the lipid fraction, which could be easily convertedto progesterone and other hormones. Commercial processes for such conversions basedon stigmasterol are well-known.

Hot water extraction of the seaweed Codium elongatum and precipitationwith acetone gave the polysaccharide fraction which exhibited antiviral activity. Thispolysaccharide on hydrolysis for 14 hours in 1 N H2SO4 gave mainly galactose, whichwas detected by TLC using the solvent system butanol : pyridine : water ( 6 : 4 : 3 ) withanisidine as the spraying agent. The polysaccharide-free water soluble fraction showedmild hypotensive activity.

The previous work had revealed the occurrence of hypotensive activity inthe alga Gemmaria sp. which was found to be located in the water soluble fraction.Subsequent work has indicated the presence of histamine in this alga which was detec-ted by TLC using histamine dihydrochloride as reference and ninhydrin as sprayingagent. The presence of histamine may thus account for the observed activity.

Marked analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities have been observed inalga Acanthus illicifolius. Follow-up studies indicated that the activities are located inchloroform and water sotuble fractions. The plant was collected for detailed chemicalinvestigations but this time, surprisingly, the activity was absent in the-crude extract.The activity thus appears to be seasonal, and therefore efforts are being made to collectthe material at the right time for the isolation of active components.

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3.2.3 Protection of marine environment and monitoring of pollutants along the Indiancoast

From 1982-83, this project has been included as a ' Thrust Project' of CSIR.

(I) Petroleum hydrocarbons

NIO was requested by ONGC to survey the oil pollution caused by the blow-out of the drilling rig ' Sagar Vikas' at Bombay High in July-August, 1982. Accord-ingly, two scientists went out in very rough sea on a fishing trawler charatered by theCoast Guard Organisation. Samples were collected as requested by ONGC only fromthe surface. The concentrations ranged from 72 μg/l to 3097 μg/1 decreasing from thesource towards the shore. Although no oil slick was observed during the sampling,the high concentrations should indicate that any oil spill during the blow-out mayhave been dispersed and dissolved immediately as a result of the turbulent and unfavour-able weather conditions at that time.

(ii) Establishment of reference standards for heavy metals

Through the courtesy of the Glaciology Division of Geological Survey ofIndia, snow samples collected from Himalayan glaciers at altitudes ranging from 2880to 4100 m were analysed. Excluding one high value, the mean concentrations wereFe 82.5, Cu 4.1, Mn 17.0, Ni 1.8, Co 1.1, Pb 3.1, Cd 9, all in μg/1.

Samples of ice from the Antarctic Ice Shelf collected about 30 cm belowthe surface gave the following concentrations in μg/1: Fe 1.4, Zn 14.4, Cu 3.0, Mn 6.8,Ni 2.0, Co 0, Pb 0, Cd 0.

The samples were acidified immediately after collection. They were filteredin the laboratory and only the filtrates have been analysed. The results, therefore, wouldindicate concentrations of the dissolved and acid-leachable fractions of the metals.

It is our expectation that these values could be used as reference standardsunder uncontaminated conditions at the northern and the southern ends of the IndianOcean. Hopefully this would help us in assessing the degree of pollution in the IndianOcean.

(iii) Analysis of fish samples

Several samples of fish and zooplankton were analysed for the essential andnon-essential heavy metals. The results generally confirm earlier analyses. Low con-centration? of practically all the metals were found in different tissues of fishes, molluscsand zooplankton. Hg, Cd and Pb were generally low with a few exceptions, i.e.,Cd and Pb concentrations were high in liver and gills and Hg showed an increase inorganisms higher up in the food chain. With these analyses, nearly the entire northernIndian Ocean has been surveyed at the present level. However, regular monitoring willbe continued.

(iv) Experimental studies

A few experiments were conducted to determine the effects and the rate ofaccumulation of the three toxic heavy metals, viz., Hg, Cd and Pb in fish, mussels

29

and clams for a period of 30 days divided into two sets of observations. During thefirst fortnight, the animals were exposed to 0.5 ppm of the metals and were sampledevery 48 hours. Only clams showed effects of toxicity in the order Hg > Cd > Pb,and the animals died at the end of the experiment. During the second fortnight, thesame animals were exposed to natural sea water to see how much they can eliminatethe accumulated metals. They were sampled every 48 hours. Compared to the essen-tial heavy metals, these toxic metals showed a different pattern of accumulation. Theessential metals showed a linear accumulation with time, the toxic metals did not.Preliminary observations indicate that not all the accumulated metals are removed whenthe organisms are exposed to natural sea water.

(v) Intercalibration exercises

NIO, as representative from India, is participating in the IOC (GIPME)international intercalibration exercise for contaminants in biological tissues. Threesolutions and five biological samples have been received for the analyses of Hg, Cd,Pb, Cu and Zn. This exercise is being coordinated by the Environmental ProtectionAgency, Hong Kong. This valuable exercise will help us in assessing our capabilitiesand efficiency as well as the quality of our data in marine pollution monitoring.

3.2.4 Characteristics of estuarine regions of major rivers of India

This multi-disciplinary project was initiated in 1980 to survey the environ-mental features of the estuarine regions of the seven major rivers of the country, alongthe east coast. Observations carried out in three sets in years 1980 and 1981 havebeen reported earlier. During the year under report one set of observation was carriedout during July 1982 at 5 anchor stations for over 13 hours (one tidal cycle) at Sand-heads (off Hooghly mouth), off the mouths of rivers Krishna, Godavari, Mahanadiand off the New Moore island. The important findings of the work carried out duringthe year are reported below:

(i) Physical observations

Observations carried out off the mouths of the rivers Krishna, Godavari,Mahanadi and at Sandheads and off the New Moore Island, using Aanderaa currentmeter systems and T-S Bridge, indicated the following salient features concerning thephysical aspects of the waters:

Off Krishna, the observations taken at a location where the water depthwas 22 m temperature varied from 25°C to about 28°C in the lower half of the watercolumn, fluctuating at approx. 50 minute intervals, superimposed on a large scalefluctuation having a periodicity of 2 hours. The temperature of the surface watercolumn, however, did not show the above features. There is a weak salinity gradientnoticed, with the average values of salinity being around 34%0. The currents in thelayer (5 m) close to the bottom are of the order of 35 cm/sec, and are directed towardsS.W. A gradual directional change was also noticed with a relatively stronger on-shorecomponent. The influence of the tide on the observed flow field was not conspicuous.

Off Godavari, over the period of observation (13 hours.) temperature variedfrom 26.5°C to 27.1°C and salinity more or less remained constant at about 33.75%O.The currents are mostly directed towards S.W. with an average magnitude of 20 cm/sec.

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Off Mahanadi, temperature was of the order of 29.75°C while the salinity(< 33°/oo) was conspicuously low compared to the other two stations south of it. Herethe observed currents show the influence of the tide more clearly. The mean directionof the currents was towards N.E. with a magnitude of 20 cm/sec.

Off Sandheads, temperature of the water near the bottom layer varied from29.2 to 32.9°C. Here the currents are influenced by tide. During the flood tide, thecurrents are directed towards N.W. and during the ebb phase they are directed towardsS.E. The magnitude of these flows were around 50 cm/sec.

Off the New Moore Island, salinity showed fluctuations from 32.2 to 32.5 °/oo

and temperature from 28.80 to 29.25° C. The currents, influenced by tide, were foundto be directed towards N. W. and S.E. during the flooding and the ebbing phases res-pectively. Currents very close to the bottom present greater offshore component com-pared to the upper layers (< 5 m).

At all the stations the progressive vectors indicated the possible existenceof three-layered system. The dominant feature of the currents was the clockwise rota-tional tendency influenced by the semidiurnal tides

(ii) Biological observations

(a) Primary Production: Primary production (PP) measurements and chloro-phyll a estimations were carried out at river mouths, Sandheads and off New MooreIsland. The average values of primary production and chl. a at the mouths of therivers Krishna, Godavari and Mahanadi were as follows:

PP : 362, 442, 315 mgC/m2/dayChl. a : 4.35, 6.65, 7.93 mg/m2

At Sandheads and off New Moore Island, the respective values of PP andchl. a were 193 and 432 mgC/m2/day and 6.28 and 5.72 mg/m2.

Maximum production was found at the Godavari river mouth and chl aat the Mahanadi river mouth.

(b) Microbiology: Because of the general acceptance of the unreliability ofthe coliform index as an indicator of the quality of water, pathogenic forms such asVibro, Salmonella were estimated directly in addition to coliforms and total heterotro-phic bacteria (THB) in both overlying waters and sediments. Variations were observedin the populations of different groups of bacteria. Except faecal streptococci (FS) allthe forms could be recovered in all stations both from water and sediments. Thefailure to recover FS may possibly be attributed to the unsuitability of the mediumused. Results indicated that sediments at all the stations harboured more bacterialpopulation compared to overlying water. Maximum population was recorded in samples

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collected from stations off New Moore Island and at Sandheads as compared toKrishna (3040/100 ml) and Godavari (6450/100 ml). Total coliform and E. coli popu-lations fluctuated widely in each station even during the same day. One of the signi-ficant findings of this study is the occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the etiologicagent in foodborne gastroenteritis, like organisms in water and sediments at all thestations. The number varied from as low as 28/100 ml off Godavari to as high as1860/100 ml at Sandheads. In sediments their number was much higher, 73 X 103/gm(Sandheads). Other Vibrio spp. also occurred in varying quantities at different stations.Salmonella like organisms also could be recovered from all the stations, however, theirnumbers were very low compared to other groups.

During these observations, two scientists from Sri Lanka were given train-ing on board in physical, chemical and biological methodologies and techniques ofobservations in the estuarine region.

(iii) Chemical observations

Water samples were collected from surface, mid-depth and close to bottomevery 3 hours. They were analysed individually and the samples collected from mid-depth were integrated over the entire tidal cycle.

In general, the chemical parameters, as expected, showed variation duringthe high and the low tides. During the high tide, pH and oxygen showed high valueswhich reduced considerably during the low tide period. However, the nutrients phos-phate, nitrate and silicate showed the reverse pattern. The alkalinity increased duringthe low tide. All this would indicate an addition through the river runoff. The varia-tions were similar, at all the anchor stations.

Samples from mid-depth of all the anchor stations were analysed on shorelaboratory for calcium, magnesium, sulphate, boron, fluoride, bromide, iodide, dissolvedsolids and suspended solids. A part of the integrated sample was filtered and thefiltrate as well as the residue on the filter paper were analysed for several toxic andnon-toxic heavy metals. This will eliminate the tidal effect on the components and canbe expected to give the net transport of material from the rivers.

Analysis of water samples from the mouths of the rivers Krishna, GodavariMahanadi, Hooghly and Ganges for halides showed an average fluoride concentrationof 1.25 mg/1. The F/Cl ratio observed in the Bay of Bengal (6.98 X 10-5) was higherthan the oceanic averages, presumably because of immense riverine runoff into thearea from several river systems. Lowest bromide concentrations were obtained for thenorthern bay varying from 5 1.1 to 62.5 mg/1 in the Hooghly estuary and higher valuesfor the southern bay and the Godavari confluence which ranged between 59.5 to 69.0mg/1. Iodide was maximum in the northern (0.015 mg/1) and southern regions(0.017 mg/1).

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3.3

Geological Oceanography

3.3.1 Geological and geophysical surreys to decipher the regional geology and to assessthe petroleum and mineral prospects of the continental margins of India

3.3.2 Regional geology and manganese nodule deposits in the Arabian Sea and theCentral Basin of the Indian Ocean

3.3.3 Geochemistry of the sediments of the continental margins of India

3.3.4 Sediments of the western continental margin of India

3.3.5 Paleoclimatic studies on the nature of the summer monsoon over India during thepast 10,000 years

3.3.6 Foraminifera as indicators of pollution in the marine environment

3.3.1 Geological and geophysical surveys to decipher the regional geology and to assessthe petroleum and mineral prospects of the continental margins of India

The occurrence of heavy mineral placers on the Indian coasts is known, butno systematic attempt has so far been made to explore their offshore extensions. TheInstitute carried out detailed offshore surveys of 130 km long strip along KonkanCoast which included 1889 line km of echosounding, 895 line km of shallow seismicand 1228 km of magnetics and collection of 1117 grab and 66 piston gravity coressamples.

The coastal area is marked by 13 arcuate bays and tidal inlets. The onshoresediments of these bays contain heavy mineral placers and these extend into the bay.The surficial sands in these bays cover an area of 96 km2 and contain upto 91 percent heavy minerals of which 64 per cent is ilmenite.

The textural analysis and variations in heavy minerals in the placers provide abrief idea about the environment of deposition in the above bays. An attempt has alsobeen made to find out the reasons for variation in the heavy mineral concentration inthese bays.

Magnetic surveys in this area indicate that the magnetic picture is related tothe basement configuration and structural trends over which are superimposed theanomalies due to heavy mineral placers. The magnetic data in general show N-S trends

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in all the bays. The typical N-W trends noticed off Jaigarh, Varavada may be theoffshore extension of onshore features. The inferences have been verified by the useof landsat imageries.

The correlative study between magnetic anomalies and heavy mineral con-centrations has been undertaken for the Mirya Bay. The low amplitude and mediumto short wave length anomalies may be correlated with the known magnetic mineralconcentrations in the bay.

Sedimentological analysis (heavy mineral separation, ilmenite magnetite separa-tion), X-ray studies of heavy minerals, SEM studies of the surface texture and elementalvariation across the grains are in progress.

3.3.2 Regional geology and manganese nodule deposits in the Arabian Sea and the centralbasin of the Indian Ocean

Under this project which is a joint one between CSIR and Department ofOcean Development, New Delhi (DOD), detailed surveys for polymetallic nodules inthe Centra! Indian Ocean Basin have been carried out with the help of the Institute'svessel RV Gaveshani and the chartered vessels MV Skandi Surveyor and MV Farnella.A number of cruises have been undertaken exclusively for these surveys and a largenumber of stations were occupied so far. The recovery at many of these stations wereencouraging. Simultaneously a large area of the basin has been surveyed for bathy-metry and magnetics.

Manganese nodules collected from these cruises were weighed and analyses ofthe nodules for selected elements was carried out using AAS. In addition, nodulesamples were sent to BARC, GSI and other organisations for inter-laboratory standardi-sation of analytical methods. Latest literature on methods of exploration, mining andindustrial processing of the nodules were collected and compiled.

3.3.3 Geochemistry of the sediments of the continental margins of India

The geochemical analyses both in bulk samples as well as different fractionsof the sediments from the western continental shelf between Ratnagiri and Mangalorewere completed and the distribution map for several elements prepared. The analyticaldata were statistically analysed by correlation regression and R-mode factor matrix onthe eastern continental shelf. The overall distribution patterns of Mn, Ni, Cr, Cu andZn have been completed. Some of the results of the above studies are listed below:

(i) Western continental shelf

A comparative study on distribution of calcium carbonate in the sedimentsof Ratnagiri-Mangalore shelf with that of the northern and southern portions of west-ern shelf, indicates that the occurrence of high CaCO3 content (> 80%) between Gulfof Kutch and Karwar is mainly due to the presence of large amount of oolites. Thissuggests that the paleoenvironmental conditions on the shelf between Cambay andRatnagiri were different from the rest of the shelf region.

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Organic matter content ranged from 0.4 to 6.88%. The average organicmatter content of 2.85% of shelf sediments is higher than the world average of 2 .5%for nearshore sediments. The shelf and slope region represent oxic and anoxic environ-ments respectively and the organic matter values encountered here for these two envi-ronments are comparable with those reported for oxic and anoxic environments else-where. An examination of the primary productivity data and organic carbon contentof the sediments shows no systematic relationship between the two. The degree ofpreservation may be a more important controlling factor.

Of the 9 major elements studied, Al, K, Na and Mg are held in clay minerals.Less than 30% of these elements are associated with felspars and other accessoryminerals. About 60% of Ti present in these sediments is held in the accessory mineralilmenite and micas, the remaining amount being located in the crystal lattice of clayminerals. Nearly 60% of Fe present in the sediments is either held in the crystallattice of clay minerals or occurs as oxide grin coating. About 30% of it is presentin the accessory mineral suite like ilmenite pyroxenes, amphiboles, etc. The remain-ing 10% occurs in the adsorbed form on clays and as colloidal hydroxides and oxidesof Fe and Mn. Mn is present in the clay mineral lattice and as colloidal hydroxidesand oxides. A small amount is present in the accessory mineral suite.

On the outer shelf and slope sediments, a greater part of phosphorus is in theacetic acid soluble fraction. It is not present in the accessory mineral suite and isfound associated with organic matter in the inner shelf sediment.

Trace elements: Among the trace elements studied, lithium is held in clayminerals and shows a strong correlation with Al. Sr is mainly located in the carbonatefraction of the sediments. Ni and Zn are associated with organic matter whereas Cuand Co are associated with Fe-Mn oxides coatings, hydroxides of Fe and Mn and theadsorbed form. Partition data indicates that 7-30% of Ni, Zn, Cu and Co are alsopresent in accessory mineral suite.

Factor analyses was formed on the bulk and leach data. These varimaxmatrix suggests that 3 factors control the distribution of these elements. These threefactors were found to account 96% of the total variance. The first one is identifiedas fine grained aluminosilicate and organic carbon factor. Factor 2 is having highloading on CaCO3 and Sr and it is identified as the carbonate factoi. The third ishaving significant loading on organic carbon, P2O5, Ni and Zn and is recognized asthe organic carbon factor. The matrix indicates that factor i accounts for most ofthe variance of many elements except calcium carbonate and strontium.

(ii) Eastern continental shelf

The geochemical investigations of sediments of the eastern continental shelffrom Ganges to Calimere point included AAS analyses of Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn and Crin 116 bulk samples. The area under study was divided into four sectors, viz., theGanges shelf, Visakhapatnam-Kakinada shelf, Kakinada-Penner shelf and Penner-Calimere point shelf. Of the five elements studied, manganese exhibited the highestconcentration followed by nickel, chromium, copper and zinc. Results indicate that

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manganese ranged from 56 to 1162 ppm with highest concentrations in Visakhapatnam-Penner shelf. Nickel and chromium ranged from 49 to 2 9 m and 37 to 295 ppmrespectively and exhibited a similar distribution trend. Copper ranged from 29 to 197ppm and was mostly concentrated in Kakinada-Penner shelf sediments. Zinc variedbetween 23 to 133 ppm with uniform values from north to south except off Calirnerepoint where lower values were observed.

3.3.4 Sediments of the western continental margin of India

(i) Shelf sediment dynamics

The distribution and dispersal studies of clay minerals in the sediments ofthe continental shelf and slope of Kerala, and in the sediment around the AndamanIslands were carried out. Off Kerala more than 70 samples ranging in depth from20 to 1000 m were analysed. In addition to the common clay minerals, these sedimentsshowed the presence of gibbsite which is useful as a tracer of continental sediments inthe deeper parts of the Arabian Sea. The study of the clay minerals around theAndaman Islands indicates distinct clay mineral provinces in the Bay of Bengal andthe Andaman Sea. Because of this, it is provisionally inferred that the Andaman-Nicobar ridge system prevents the intermingling of the above mentioned two daymineral provinces.

(ii) Marine phosphorite

Analyses of the dredge samples of the limestones from the continental shelfhave lead to the finding of phosphorite bearing limestones. The phosphorites are foundin a water depth ranging from 80 to 150 m off the central west coast of India. Thephosphorite occurs in the form of francolite in algal limestones and the maximumrecorded P2O5 content is about 11 %. The high phosphate content of these limestonesmay be of economic importance and further field and laboratory studies are planned.

3.3.5 Paleoclimatic studies on the nature of the summer monsoon over India during thepast 10,000 years

(i) Efforts to understand the variation in the Holocene climate were continued.To this end, the clay minerals present in late Pleistocene limestones from the conti-nental shelf were studied. The basis of the study is the fact that variation in theclimate are reflected in variations in the clay mineral contributed to the oceans. Thesestudies are in progress, and are expected to yield a better understanding of the earlierderived conclusions on late Pleistocene aridity that prevailed over the Peninsular India.

(ii) Preliminary investigations have been carried out on the calcareous nanno-plankton from the Niell Islands, Andaman. Based on the nannoplankton assemblage,the sediment have been assigned middle Miocene age. Detailed studies are underway.

A joint project on " the study of miliolite limestones from the Saurashtracoast" has been undertaken with the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad.About 50 samples collected from the coast 300 km landward have been studied. Coarsefraction component like oolites, foraminifera and inleraclasts were estimated for each

36

gram of sample. In addition thin section studies were also undertaken. Based on theseinvestigations it was concluded that the miliolite limestones are of marine origin. Fur-ther investigations are underway.

3.3.6 Foraminifera as indicators of pollution in the marine environment

(i) Pollution effect monitoring

The pollution effect on the foraminiferids is intense in the Bombay Harbour-Thana Creek area and hence provides a highly reliable index of the degree of pollution.The relative sensitivity of tolerance of the biota is sharply variable and dependent uponthe nature of the pollutants discharged. The degree of pollution of this environmentcan be monitored through delineations of zones of effects of pollution.

(ii) Upwelling along western Indian continental margin and foraminiferal evidence

Upwelling along the western Indian continental margin is recorded eachyear from Kanyakumari to Cochin and further north up to Goa from June to Sep-tember during the southwest monsoon. Distribution of organic carbon, opaline silica,benthic and planktonic fauna and the preservations of biogenic sediment componentscan be correlated to the characteristics of the watermasses and also to the intensityand magnitude of upwelling. It has been found that the invasion of immigrant popu-lations of Globigerina bulloides and of dextrally coiled Neogloboquadrina pachydermatypica, the absence or irregular occurrence of Globorotalia menardii as does the presenceof benthic foraminifers Hyalinea balthica and Ehrenbergina sp. are characteristic featuresof upwelling in the study area.

(iii) Ostracods in Vestfold Hill Lake sediment, Antarctica

Five species of ostracods (Xestoleberis sp., Bradleya dictyon, Poseidonamicuscf. major, Paradoxostoma antarcticum and Loxoreticulatum tallax) were recorded fromtwo transects of deep lake, terraces, Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. Linocheles vagans isrestricted to Recent and only to Antarctica. Bradleya and Poseidonamicus were typicalpsychrospheric forms during Paleocene to Oligocene as today but they were found inshallow depths (—45 to —37 m) here. Dissolution effect, loss of ornamentation, thinn-ing and fragmentation of the fauna are considered to be mainly due to high salinity,low temperature and high dissolved carbon dioxide content of the Deep Lake waters.Disparity in abundance is attributed to wind erosion, differential deposition after abla-tions of ice from ice sheets, physiographic variations of the region and high rate ofdissolution of calcareous forms including foraminifera.

(iv) Living benthic foraminiferal response in estuaries

Benthic foraminifera are highly responsive to the subtle changes in theestuarine environment. Analyses of the living foraminifera revealed that they are richin the upper estuarine zones of Mandovi and Zuari rivers and the Cumbarjua Canaljunctions and characterised by Ammonia-Trochammina suite with Milliammine fuscawhile the Cumbarjua canal zone is enriched in agglutinated forms. Ammonia-Elphidiumsuite dominates with larger tests in the lower estuarine zones indicating a typical marine

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environment. Ammonia and its variants and other agglutinated species become domi-nant where the environment is influenced by high content of organic matter broughtin through various pathways.

(v) Microfossils from cores of Arabian Sea

Dinoflagellate cysts and aeritarchs (15 genera and 22 species) were recoveredfrom five sediment cores from the Arabian Sea between lat 17°57.9' & 20°10.0' Nand long. 69°17.2' & 71°21.5' E. Ornatasphaera gen. nov., and O. globata, O. reticu-lota and O. elliptica are new. The distribution of these microfossils in the coresappears to have a direct relationship with the location of cores, water depths, anddistance from the coast. The frequency of these cysts increases with the increase inwater depth and distance from the coast.

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3.4

Biological Oceanography

3.4.1 Survey of biological resources of the seas around India

3.4.2 Coastal aquaculture

3.4.3 Biogeographical, ecological and experimental studies on phytoplankton and zoo-plankton from the Indian Ocean

3.4.4 Biology of ecosystems under different environmental stresses

3.4.5 Marine microbiological studies in the seas around India

3.4.6 Studies on marine fouling, wood preservation and corrosion along the Indian coast

Primary productivity, planktonology. benthic biology, aquaculture and marinemicrobioloby are some of the major fields of interest in biological oceanography. Otherimportant research activities include mangrove and seaweed ecology and effect of envi-ronmental stress on various marine animals. A resume of the work done in the diffe-rent projects are given below:

3.4.1 Survey of biological resources of the seas around India

(1) Primary production

Studies from the Zuari estuary indicated chl a variation from 0.14 to3.53 mg/m3; ATP from 1.46 to 7.45 ng/m3 14C assimilation from 1.69 to 69.34 mgC/m3/h; particulate organic carbon (POC) from 0.33 to 8.52 g/m3 and phytoplanktoncell counts from 10.15 x 103 to 122.5 x 103/l.

Studies from the Minicoy lagoon (cruise no. 102) showed that chl a variedfrom 0.80 to 3.52mg/m3; ATP 1.59 to 31.86 ng/m3; 14C assimilation 0.24 to12.8 mgC/m3/h; particulate organic carbon from 0.35 to 2.01 g/m3 and phytoplanktoncounts from 0.42 to 1.17 x 103/l.

Primary production measurements made from the Bay of Bengal during thecruise 110 showed the average production rates for the river mouths of Krishna, Goda-vari and Mahanadi to be 362, 442 and 315 mgC/m2 /day, and chl a concentration 4.35,6.65 and 7.93 mg/m3 respectively.

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Most of the studies on primary production are aimed to determine theamount of carbon assimilated. However, since the carbon content of the prey alonedoes not determine its nutritive value for the predator, studies backed by laboratoryculture on the assimilation patterns of 1 4 C upto major end products of metabolismwere conducted over a year for the Zuari estuary. Similar studies were also carriedout on board RV Gaveshani during cruise 102 and at Minicoy lagoon. Preliminaryresults indicate that environmental variable and physiological state of the cells affectcarbon fixation patterns.

(ii) Organic production and nutrients

Seasonal changes in organic production in relation to the limiting activityof nutrients indicate that the nitrate is often in short supply in the coastal waters offGoa. However, the deficiency of nitrate was found to be compensated by the regene-rated ammonia-nitrogen. Annual distribution of urea which is one of the readilyutilisable forms of organic nitrogen by phytoplankton was examined for the first timein these tropical waters. This form of nitrogen was found to occur in significantproportions (varying from 0.0 to 4.6μg at N/l) and compensate further any defi-ciency of inorganic nitrogen supply to the primary producers.

The content of total organic nitrogen and dissolved organic phosphorusin the water indicate that the variation of these fractions could have occurred as aconsequence of the activity of planktonic organisms. The linear correlation observedbetween the chlorophyll and the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content of particu-iate materials suggest that although phytoplankton is the major source of the parti-culate matter, large fractions of these materials could have been derived from the riverbora detritus. Nevertheless, the overall analysis gives a very good idea about theprocesses tike the uptake, retention and regeneration of the organic matter in the tro-pical coastsl environment.

(iii) Extracellular production

The technique of TLC for the separation, identification and quantificationof organic acids from the extracellular exudate of phytoplankton was standar-dized and sea water samples collected during the cruise 91 and 105 were analysed.Results obtained by this technique indicated the presence of a second organic acid,yet to be conclusively identified in addition to glycollic acid. The nature of the un-identified fraction seemed to change with depth of water/intensity of available light asindicated by its RF value.

Uptake of dissolved organic compounds by the unicellular algal membersin culture and also in the natural environment was measured. Glycollate, lactate,acetate and glucose are taken up and metabolized by natural populations and unicellularalgae in culture.

' (iv) Seaweeds

A checklist of marine algae from Indian coast has been prepared. In all624 algal species have been listed. Statewise distribution, the abundance, etc., shown

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in the maps and tables is also included in this list. The observations made on themarine macrophytes along the Minicoy showed the presence of 37 species of marinealgae.. 5 seagrasses and one mangrove species.

A comparative study of the biochemical composition, trace metal distri-bution and seagrass ecology of the species found in Minicoy atoll, with other regionslike Maldives, Mauritius was made.

(v) Mangroves

In continuation to the earlier work, survey, mapping, ecology and taxo-nomy of the mangroves along the Maharashtra coast has been undertaken.

Studies on the ontogeny, decomposition and nutrient regeneration of man-groves along with general ecology has been undertaken along the Mandovi-Zuari estua-rine complex. This helps in assessing the total nutrient budget of the environmentand the role of mangrove detritus.

(vi) Secondary production

The zooplankton samples collected during 82nd cruise of RV Gaveshaniwere analysed for biomass composition and biochemical constituents. Annual harvest-able yield computed from total energy contributed by phytoplankton and zooplanktonfor an area of 1,69,400 km2 was 3,56,939 tons. Estimated average zooplankton biomassof the south central west coast of India was 8.76 ml per 100 m.

Zooplankton investigations from the Minicoy lagoon (Gaveshani, cruiseno. 102) revealed high incidence of epibenthic forms especially in the night collec-tions. Fish eggs and larvae were numerous in the plankton samples collected at themouths of the major rivers on the east coast of India (Gaveshani, cruise no. 110). Thezooplankton standing stock values ranged from 92 to 813 ml/1000 m3 (Krishna river),88 to 455 ml/1000 m3 (Godavari river), 113 to 926 ml/1000 m3 (Mahanadi river) and94 to 754 ml/1000 m3 (Hooghly river).

(vii) Benthic production

Studies on the structure of deep sea benthic communities of the CentralIndian Ocean basin; community structure, tropic relationship and ecology of intertidalbenthos and assessment of environmental impact on estuarine benthos, exposed tomining refuse and sewage outfall, were carried out and some of the results are asfollows:

(a) Abyssal benthos: Studies on abyssal (below 3000 m depth) benthosof central Indian Ocean were continued. Abundance of macrofauna ranged from2/170 cm2-5/170 cm2, with an average population count of 3.3/170 cm2. Populationdensity was 6.2/10 cm2 and many times more than reported for the deep sea suchas central north Pacific, east and west Atlantic and 10 times more than the northwestIndian Ocean.

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Distribution of meiofauna exhibited a negative trend with increasing depthbut a positive one with the increasing distance from the shore. No significant influenceof depth on the distribution of benthic standing crop was observed. However, thecorrelation between the macrofaunal biomass and the distance from the shore wassignificant. A positive trend was observed between the type of bottom deposits andthe magnitude of standing crop.

(b) Intertidal benthos: Studies on the community structure and annualcycle of benthic populations in relation to temporal variations at Dias Beach, DonaPaula revealed the high magnitude of benthic production. Macrofaunal communitywas heterogenous and the order of hiearchial dominance comprised of polychaetes,amphipods, taenids, decapods, bivalves, mysids and chironemid larvae. Meiofaunalassemblages were rather impoverished and mainly consisted of harpacticoids and nema-todes. Discernible, spatial and temporal variations in biotic and environmental para-meters were observed.

A comparative study on the production, ecology and population dyna-mics of an open marine sandy beach (Candolim) and a sheltered estuarine sandy beach(Siridao) was continued. Candolim foreshore, formed of coarse deposits, was mostunstable as against the most stable fine sandy estuarine beach of Siridao. Differencesin environmental parameters have their manifestation in the distribution, abundanceand production. Accordingly, Pisionodens indica, Eurydice peraticis and Tolarchestiaspinipalm were exclusively found at Candolim as against Dotilla mycteroides andScotollana sp. in Siridao. Benthic production at Siridao was two times more than inCandolim. The main factors for this being enrichment of surf water, beach stabilityand grain size.

(c) Coral reef off Mormugao Harbour: A subtidal reef, dominated byspreading type of corals was discovered, within 2 nautical miles west-southwest offMormugao Harbour. The reef occupied an approximate ground area of 1.5 sq. kmin the depth range of 6-10 m. Detailed investigations on the structure, association andnatural history of this coral reef are in progress.

3.4.2 Coastal aquaculture

(i) Aquacalture in waters of Goa

(a) Unialgal culture: The unialgal culture such as Fragilaria oceanica,Nitzschia bilobata, N. closterium, Licmophora paradoxa, Skeletonema cos/a turn, Bacillariaparadoxa and Melosira spp. are maintained for experimental and aquaculture purposes.

(b) Seaweeds: Standardization of technique for the cultivation of agaro-phytes, alginophytes and edible seaweeds like Hypnea, Gracilaria, Sargassum and Mono-stroma are being continued. Rope net and tank cultures with running seawater showedencouraging results.

(c) Mass culture of feed organisms: Nematodes, turbellarians and harpacti-coid copepods, separated from the intertidal biotopes of Goa and Malvan were grown

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under laboratory conditions for survival, propagation, growth, nutrition and reproduc-tion. These are being studied.

(d) Commercial culture of mussels: Work under the TOKTEN Schemeof the United Nations Development Project (UNDP) and CSIR, for commercial cultureof green mussels, by raft and on long lines, is continued.

(e) Induced spawning of mullet : Experiments, on the breeding of greymullet by the administration of hypophyseal extract were continued. Spawning occurredwithin 24 hours, followed by fertilization in the rearing tanks. However, embryonicand larval development were not found to be very satisfactory, possibly because of veryhigh temperature. Experiments are being conducted in newly set-up controlled tempe-rature room.

(f) Pathobialogy of laboratory reared mullets: Grey mullets reared inlaboratory tanks were heavily infected with an ectoparasite, Caligus bombayensis, result-

Grey mullet showing shedding of scales due to infection

Caligus bombayensis — a copepod ectoparasite from grey mullet

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ing either in the deterioration of prime quality of fish or total mortality. Experimentsto eradicate the infection revealed the effectiveness by treatment with 0.02% formal-dehyde. It was observed that a dip in formaldehyde of the above concentration ismore effective than treatment with aqueous solution.

(g) Artemia culture: A survey for the Artemia resources was undertakenalong the Andhra coast of India. Even though there is no natural occurrence ofAnemia, there are suitable areas especially around Masulipatnam and Kakinada, whereit can be easily cultured. The salt pan owners were briefed about the advantages oftaking up brine shrimp (Artemia) cutlure in their saltpans to earn additional income.Brine shrimp culture was initiated at saltpan around Veppalodai near Tuticorin. Anarea of one hectare was inoculated in the beginning of the year by April and nearly12 kg of brine shrimp cysts were harvested and marketed to the local consumers.

(ii) Aquacalture in the waters of Cochin

The progress made under this, as a part of the aquaculture project is

reported under the report of 'Regional Centre Cochin'.

3.4.3 Biogeographical, ecological and experimental studies on phytoplankton and zoo-plankton from the Indian Ocean

During this year also, the work has been done at Regional Centre, Cochin andaccordingly details have been incorporated under R.C. Cochin.

3.4.4 Biology of ecosystems under different environmental stresses

(i) Environmental impact on the benthic populations of Goa estuaries

A regular programme for assessing the impact of mining refuse and sewagepollution on the colonization, metabolism and ecology of benthic populations in theMandovi, Cumbarjua Canal and Zuari estuarine complex of Goa, has been started.Data on sediment load, refuse aggregates, BOD, iron content, bacterial count, organicload in relation to qualitative and quantitative distribution of benthic communities fromknown areas, are being collected.

(ii) Effect of suspended solids on biota

Analysis of zooplankton samples from Mahi river, coastal waters ofMithapur and off the channel between Mithapur and Dwarka belt were carried out tofind out any effect on the biota due to release of waste water containing high levelsof suspended solids. Bioassay studies have been undertaken using effluents from Mitha-pur on the fish Therapon jarbua to determine L50 for 96 hours.

(iii) Effect of environment on serum patterns of fish

Serum pattern of the fish Tilapia mossambica were determined by electro-phoresis using mercury as toxic pollutant. This was found to be a good rapid meansof studying the impact of entire environment on the fish.

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3.4.5 Marine microbiological studies in the seas around India

Water samples (24 Nos.) collected from 3 stations in the Arabian Sea duringcruise 102 were analysed on board RV Gaveshani for total heterotrophic bacteria withspecial reference to Vibrio spp. In addition to this, 10 samples from Minicoy (Laccadive)lagoon were also analysed. In all 260 isolates were examined in detail for their morpho-logical, staining and biochemical characteristics. One of the interesting observationswas the occurrence of V. parahaemolyticus like organisms in many of the samplesanalysed.

During the 110th cruise of RV Gaveshani water and sediment samples fromthe mouth of rivers, Krishna, Godavari, Mahanadi, Hooghly (Sandhead) and New MooreIsland were examined for total heterotrophic bacteria. The details of investigationare given under item 3.2.4.

Strains isolated from manganese nodules were tested for their manganese oxidis-ing and reducing properties — two main activities essentially responsible for the forma-tion and dissolution of these nodules. Though some of them were found to be inactive,a significant percentage of the isolates were found to be oxidizers and reducers (32.2%and 48.3 % respectively). Most of the isolates associated with the nodules were foundto be Gram positive strains and 17.6% of them were spore formers.

A survey of marine fungi in the coastal waters around Goa was initiated.Several fungi have been isolated from the Zuari river decaying leaves of mangroveRhizophora and waters from the mangroves at Orda. Thraustochytrids, a group ofobligate marine heteroplus were found to be abundant in all the samples. Mycelialfungi were common on decaying leaves.

3.4.6 Studies on marine fouling, wood preservation and corrosion along the Indian coast

Studies conducted under this project covered aspects, viz., bio-fouling, wooddestruction and corrosion. In later part of the year, a new section for this work hasbeen established. Results obtained on the work done by this section are brieflyreported below:

(i) Biofouling

Studies on biofouling of mild steel and timber were continued in nearshoreand estuarine environments. In Mandovi estuary the fouling biomass on mild steelpanels of 10 x 15 cm was minimum in July (0.290g) and maximum in December(27.130g). The values for the timber panels varied from 1.242 g in September to101.04 g in December.

The biofouling in Zuari estuary was found to be minimum in July andmaximum in September both on timber and on mild steel panels. The values observedwere 0.380g and 24.00 g (max.) for mild steel and 0.71 g (min.) and 22.85 g (max.)for the timber respectively. Collection of data for the nearshore environment has beencontinued.

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Fouling settlement on mild steel panel

In addition to the biofouling, observations were also made on the concen-tration of various metals such as Cu, Zn, Fe, Co, Mn, Ni in Balanus amaryllis. Theobservations indicated a high concentration of most of these metals.

(ii) Corrosion

Data on corrosion of various metals particularly of mild steel in the estua-rine and nearshore stations were collected. At the estuarine station in Mandovi highestrate of corrosion was observed during March and in splash zone its value was 43.55mpy whereas it was minimum in July at 6 m depth (8.47 mpy). In Zuari the maximumvalue was 53.4 mpy in December and the minimum value (9.7 mpy) in April at thesame depth.

The experimental studies on corrosion under laboratory conditions showeda corrosion rate varying from 2-4.69 mpy.

(iii) Wood-boring

Studies on wood destruction and wood-borers were continued both inMandovi and Zuari estuaries. Untreated panels exposed to subsurface to 6 m depthshowed the highest destruction during the monsoon months in Zuari but minimum inMandovi. In Mandovi, the destruction was maximum during the post-monsoon period.

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The dominant species of wood borers encountered were Lyrodus pedicella-tus, Quatrefages, Nausitara hadleyi Schepman, Martesia striata Linnaeus and Bankiacompanellata Mole/Roch. These organisms had also a different rate of growth.

Monthly variation in fouling assemblage on mild steel in Zuari estuary

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3.5

Ocean Engineering

3.5.1 Ocean engineering studies related to coastal and offshore development

3.5.2 Marine geotechnical engineering studies

3.5.3 Energy from the sea

3.5.1 Ocean engineering studies related to coastal and offshore development

Improved mooring systems for installing Datawell Wave Rider Buoys forobtaining time series data on waves off Gujarat coastline in the presence of strongtidal currents were developed and used successfully. Acoustic releases were used for thefirst time in NIO for installing Aanderaa Recording Currentmeter arrays for obtainingtime series on current speed, current direction, temperature, conductivity and depth.Successful techniques were developed for retrieving the wave rider buoys and current-meters both during the monsoon and non-monsoon periods (of 1982). 20 minute-waverecords were obtained every 3 hours both on the chart paper as well as on the digitalmagnetic tapes off Daman and Umbergoan for the period May-November 1982. Thechart paper records were analysed using Tucker's method and the digital wave recordsobtained on cassette tapes were analysed using sophisticated software package atDEC-10 Computer of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bombay.Various statistical parameters including spectral estimates have been computed usingthe 20 minute digital wave records. The ABC Microprocessor system recently procuredunder NORAD assistance programme was also used for analysing the currentmeterdata comprising current speed, current direction, temperature, conductivity and depth.Aanderaa Weather Station was also used to obtain time series data on wind speed,wind direction, air temperature, etc. The weather data were also analysed using theabove microprocessor. Typical wave parameters computed for the station located 25 kmoff Daman with a water depth of about 25 m are given below:

May-June 1982: Hs. = 0.5-2.5 m; Hmax = 1.0-4.4 m; Tz = 4.5-7 sec; Spec-tral width parameter = 0.4-0.7.

July-August 1982: Hs = 1.5-3.3 m; Hmax = 3.0-5.2 m; Tz = 5-8 sec; Spec-tral width parameter = 0.6-0.7.

September-November 1982: Hs = 0.25-1 m; Hmax = 1-2.5 m; Tz = 5-10 sec.

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The maximum wave heights were recorded during the cyclone which hit Gujaraton 8th November, 1982. The 20 minute wave record obtained at 1930 hrs. at thepeak of the cyclone gave values of Hs = 5.97 m, Hmax = 8.4 m, Tz = 7.36 sec andspectral width parameter = 0.3.

Current observations off Daman and Umbergaon indicated that they are pre-dominantly tidal in nature. The maximum current speed measured at a station 25 kmoff Daman was on 1st November, 1982. The magnitude of 3 knots was measuredby the currentmeter installed at 15 m above bottom and 1.9 knots by the current-meter installed at 3 m above bottom where the water depth was about 30 m. At astation 20 km off Umbergaon a maximum current speed of about 3.5 knots was obser-ved by the currentmeter installed at 15 m above bottom and 2.5 knots by the current-meter installed at 3 m above bottom on 25th June, 1982. Here the water depth wasabout 30 m.

The storm surge model acquired from the University of Oslo, Norway has beenslightly modified to make it suitable for the Indian coasts and has been used to hind-cast storm surge levels for the cyclone which hit the Andhra coast in 1977. Computerprogrammes have been implemented at NIO's TDC-316 computer for undertakingrefraction studies on waves, current data analysis and storm surge computation. It isproposed to develop and implement a linear, single point, shallow water ocean wave-hindcasting model. Field experiments are being planned to calibrate this ocean wavemodel. Steps are also being taken to develop and implement a nonlinear storm surgemodel with moving boundaries taking into consideration the interaction between thestorm surge and tides. An extensive field programme on water level observations inshallow as well as deep water is planned off the east coast of India for calibrating thestorm surge model.

3.5.2 Marine geotechnical engineering studies

The recently set up Marine Geotechnical Laboratory has been further up-datedto enable to undertake any type of soil testing. The offshore sea-bed samples collec-ted along the proposed pipeline route off Gujarat coast were tested and analysed.Suitable samplers for obtaining undisturbed sea-bed soil samples have been developedfor use at different depths of water in the sea. Studies are being carried out to under-take the soil-structure interaction problems with particular reference to the stability ofsubmarine pipelines and coastal structures. Beach samples were studied to obtain grainsize Distribution, density, etc., in order to assist in the understanding of shoreline pro-cesses subject to varying wave and current forces.

3.5.3 Energy from the sea

Subsequent to preparation of status reports on Extraction of Energy from thewaves, tides, salinity gradients and ocean thermal energy conversion, further progresshas been achieved in the development of a laboratory demonstration model of an OTECplant. Various components such as evaporator, condenser, connecting pipes and joints,working fluid, etc., have been procured after necessary studies. National AeronauticalLaboratory (NAL), Bangalore has almost completed the construction of a suitable tur-bine and DC generator for this purpose. Arrangements are being made to assemblethis mode! after receiving the components and carry out experimental work.

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3.6

Marine Instrumentation

3.6.1 Development of marine instruments

3.6.2 Development of multi-parameter buoy

3.6.3 Development of microprocessor based instruments

3.6.4 Development of underwater acoustic instruments

The Marine Instrumentation group of the Institute is involved in the designand fabrication of various instruments needed for the oceanograpbic research anddevelopment. In addition to the R & D projects, 2 Grant-in-Aid projects have beentaken up, details of which are given in the appropriate section.

The progress achieved under each project is given below:

A. R & D Projects

3.6.1 Development of marine instruments

(i) Sound Velocity and Depth Display Meter

The Sound Velocity Meter (SVM) available in the Institute does not havea depth indicator. A unit was designed that measures the depth of deployment ofthe SVM and displays sound, velocity and depth. The unit consists of a pressuretransducer and electronics which is attached to the Sound Velocity probe and thecomposite unit lowered overboard. A seven core slip ring winch, designed at the Insti-tute's workshop, powers both the sound velocity and the depth probe and also carriesthe depth and sound velocity signals to the deck unit.

The output of the SVM is a frequency, which is displayed on a 4 and half digitLED. The sound velocity can be measured with 1 m/sec resolution, and 1 m/sec accu-racy. System stability is achieved by a quartz crystal controlled oscillator.

The depth sensor is a strain gauge bridge and is excited from a voltagereference. Its output is amplified to give one volt for 5 00 meters. This voltage is con-verted to a frequency in the range 0 to 5000 Hz. A front panel switch on the deckunit enables the selection of either sound velocity or depth.

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The specifications of the depth probe are—Linearity: 1 m, Hysteresis: 1 m,Resolution: 1 m, Accuracy: 3 m.

The system is built to operate on AC mains or on, dual polarity DC voltages.The unit has been tested in shallow depths and found satisfactory.

(ii) Rotor Current Meter

The Rotor Current Meter designed three years ago has, after feedback fromusers, gradually been modified into a more versatile instrument. It was taken up forfurther upgrading with the newer and more powerful ICs available in the market.

Rotor Current Meter designed at NIO

An Aanderaa compass and rotor, an imported 7 core cable, quartz crystaloscillators and special purpose driver/decoder/display chips have been used in this newdesign. All knobs, switches and other user controls have been removed from the frontpanel as they created a number of problems in the field.

The rotor revolutions are counted over a 12 sec period which has beenseen to give the current velocity directly in cm/sec. The compass track excited from a360 mV reference gives a direct readout of the direction.

The electronics is designed to display the velocity and direction alternativelyfor 12 seconds on separate LEDs.

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The specifications of the unit are—Speed: 2 to 250 cm/sec, Accuracy:± 2cm/sec, Direction: 0 to 360°, Accuracy: ± 5°.

(iii) Electronic Bathythermograph

Work on an electronic bathythermograph (BT) has been initiated to replacethe mechanical BT with the added advantage of having data storage and a read outfacility. The instrument is being designed around a single chip micro-computer, INTEL8748, and will measure and store temperature at every metre on static CMOS memories.The system will work on rechargeable batteries incorporated in the underwater unit.Prior to every cast the instrument will be fed with the station number, date and themaximum operating depth and a self test routine will ensure that the instrument is ingood working order. The indentity of parameters is maintained and the data can beretreived immediately after the cast on a digital printer or an analog recorder.

The specifications of the system are proposed as:

Depth Range: Upto 750 m Temperature Range: —5° C to +40°CAccuracy: ±5 m Accuracy: ±0.2° CResolution: lm Resolution: 0.1°C

3.6.2 Development of multi-parameter buoy

An oceanographic data buoy for offshore meteorological observations has beendeveloped at the Institute. The basic mechanical and electronic structure has founduses in several different areas.

(i) Unmanned weather station at Antarctica

The electronics developed for the buoy was used to establish a weatherstation at Antarctica. The changes made were a shortening of the mast from 10 to4 m, the introduction of a tetrapod base, data recording on magnetic tape instead ofEPROMS, and an extra set of heavy duty lead acid batteries to secondary charge theprimary cells. Further details have been given under "Antarctic Research Programme".

(ii) Weather station at Daman

Another weather station was deployed at Daman for meteorological obser-vations. This weather station was installed on an available slotted angle mast andthe buoy electronics was further adapted to write on EPROMs as well to acousticallysignal the user during the periods of data collections. Data were successfully collec-ted for one month during the monsoon.

(iii) Oceanographic data buoy

The first oceanographic data buoy designed and developed was success-fully launched on November 27, 1982. It was deployed 8 km off Mormugao Harbour.

The buoy structure is a circular array of equally spaced High DensityPolyethylene (HDPE) cylinders which provides a total buoyancy of 2200 kg and a net

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Data buoy deployed off Mormugao Harbour

buoyancy of 440 kg, useful when work has to be carried out, whilst the buoy ismoored. The parameters that the system measures are—Wind speed and direction.Air and sea surface temperature. Relative humidity and Buoy temperature and othervoltage monitors.

The entire system is powered by sealed lead acid batteries and rechargedby a solar panel array.

The data is collected hourly and stored on EPROMs which are collectedat monthly intervals for data analysis on shore. The advantage of this type of datacollection is that it is flexible and a wide variety of requirements can be met withoutmajor hardware changes.

It is proposed to interface the buoy to transmitters, that will transmit datavia the Argos packages on the NOAA satellites. This adaptation will fill a much neededrequirement in the field of oceanographic data collection in the country.

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3.6.3 Development of Micro-processor based instruments

The Division has been working on 8 and 16 bit micro-processors and havedesigned and developed several processor based instruments.

(i) Ship borne data logger

The ship borne processor based data logger was designed for on-line dataacquisition of 3 ship borne instruments namely, Satellite Navigation, Magnetometerand Echosounder.

The datalogger is built around the SDK-86 microprocessor kit. The hard-ware of the SDK-86 was extended to include additional I/O lines and an extra serialcommunication channel. The data logger communicates with the user via an inter-active CRT which allows heading information and other reports to be logged on acassette tape besides the three oceanographic parameter detailed above. The datafrom the 3 devices is collected asynchronously in real time and stored on the digitalcassette for transmission via a Satellite communication terminal modem to the shorestation at NIO.

The data logger is presently installed on a chartered vessel MV Farnella.The modem attachment will be completed in the next phase of this project.

(ii) Wave and CSTD Digitizer

A multi-channel data acquisition system based on the INTEL 8085 proces-sor was designed for data acquisition from a ship borne wave recorder and the Guildline Conductivity-Temperature-Depth unit.

The system software is designed so as to allow easy adaption to a generalpurpose data acquisition system later. The unit can record the data on \ inch magnetictape as well as on an 18 column digital printer and a paper tape.

The system control is through a key pad/display which has been providedon the front panel. The unit has been used on RV Gaveshani and has worked satis-factorily.

(iii) Data transfer from 1/4 to 1/2 magnetic tape

Present recording oceanographic instruments of the Aanderaa type recordoceanographic data on 1/4" magnetic tape. The read out of the tape via a tape recorder,if interfaces directly to the mainframe computer tape station, would take up valuabletime of peripherals. An off line processor based tape transfer circuit was designedwhich allows the Aanderaa tape recorder to interface to a stand alone 1/2" Kennedymagnetic tape recorder. The unit has been extensively used for transcribing wave dataon to 1/2" magnetic tape.

(iv) Key board/display interface

An important accessory for designing and use of processor based instru-ments is a key board and display. A key board with LED display was designed to

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interface with the standard processor cards designed in Division. This interface maybe incorporated wherever field use requires the entry of information to the processorand whenever the processor has to display data for the user.

3.6.4 Development of underwater acoustic instruments

(i) Digital Echosounder

A digital echosounder was designed using special purpose ICS. The unitutilises commercially available" 150 kHz acoustic transducers and displays the length ofthe water column with 10 cm resolution. The unit can be operated from normal carbatteries and has been tested successfully for depths up to 20 metres.

(ii) Development of Acoustic pinger

A project was initiated for the development of a pinger in collaborationwith the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). The work allocated to NIO was thedevelopment of the clock circuitry, oscillators, grating and power amplifier. The firstvisit of NPL scientists to NIO was made in October 1982 when the transducer andelectronics were tested out in the field.

Further work will involve the design of a lower frequency broader angletransducer and matching pulse transformer. A pressure casing for the transducer, elec-tronics and batteries will also have to be designed.

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3.7

Planning and Data

3.7.1 Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation

3.7.2 Publication and Information

3.7.3 Indian National Oceanograpkic Data Centre (INODC)

The Planning and Data Division consists of four sections, viz., Planning,Publication, Information and Indian National Oceanographic Data Centre. The workcarried out by each of these sections during the year under report is briefly given below:

3.7.1 Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation

This section carried out a review of the R & D Projects of the Institute andalso formulated new projects. On the basis of requirements given under various pro-jects the following three documents were prepared:

(i) Development profile of NIO for the next twenty years;

(ii) Annual Plan 1983-84, Project Budget 1982-83 and Budget Estimate for1983-84;

(iii) Sixth Five Year Plan Projections (1980-85).

The section also completed and prepared necessary documents in connectionwith the meetings of the Research Advisory Council of NIO and the CoordinationCouncil of the Physical and Earth Sciences group of the CSIR laboratories.

3.7.2 Publication and Information

(i) Publication: The following regular publications of the Institute were broughtout during 1982.

(a) Mahasagar—Three numbers of Mahasagar representing the first threequarters of the year were published.

(b) Annual Report—Annual Report of the Institute for the year 1981 wasfinalised and printed.

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(c) NIO Newsletter—The newsletter of the first two quarters was released.

(d) Cruise Report—RV Gaveshani undertook 13 cruises druing the year1982 and the detailed reports in respect of these cruises were compiledand distributed.

(e) Collected Reprints—The collected reprints for the year 1979 and 1980(Vol. 11 & 12) were released and distributed. Compilation of theCollected Reprints for the 1981 is underway.

(ii) Information: The following informatory documents were brought out bythis section:

(a) A new illustrated brochure on NIO

(b) The brochure ' What is NIO ?'

(c) News items on research activities of NIO from time to time.

The Institute participated in an exhibition held at Delhi. Chaits, modelsand panels representing the various activities of NIO were prepared for display at theexhibition.

In addition, this Section attended on the numerous distinguished visitors,students parties, Scientists who visited the Institute, and explained to them about theInstitute and its achievements.

3.7.3 Indian National Oceanographic Data Centre (INODC)

The work carried out in this Centre is listed below:

(i) Acquisition: The centre acquired a magnetic tape containing sub-sets forwave and current data on GF-3, an international format. Action was initiated for theuse of this format.

The data collected by RV Gaveshani particularly under MONEX-79 Programmewere received. Data holding continued to increase and by the year end, INODC helddata for about 20,000 stations mainly on physical, chemical and biological aspects.

(ii) Products and services: Indian and foreign data held by INODC is theresult of enormous investment of time and money. Today the cost to operate a deep-sea research vessel may be around Rs. 70,000 per day. To increase the return for thisinvestment, INODC has developed various application software to generate useful dataproducts. A catalogue for the physical and chemical oceanographic data availablein the Centre is nearing completion.

During the year, INODC prepared the data charts for Exclusive EconomicZone (EEZ) of the maritime states of India. These charts provide the hydrographic,surface current and biological data. INODC Newsletter for 1980 was compiled andpublished during the year. ROSCOP (Report of Observations/Samples Collected by

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Oceanographic Programmes and ROMBI (Results of Marine Biological investigations)forms were completed for RV Gaveshani cruises undertaken in 1981.

(iii) Software services: During the year, INODC developed many applicationsoftware and other programmes. In addition to the programmes developed for pro-cessing the oceanographic data, some of the application oriented software programmesdeveloped are:

SCOPF — System for conversion of PASCAL program to FORTRAN.GSI — To retrive the Geological Sample Inventories data.MANBIB — For the retrival of Bibliographic data.BIBSUB — For printing of the Bibliographic sorted indexes.BIBFL — Fortran program for the preparation of different types of Biblio-

graphic Indexes.MBIB-6 — For the checking and correction of Bibliographic data.SELCTR — For processing the Bio-data of the applicants applied for

Trainee Scientists.TRAINCR — Fortran program for the correction of personnel bio-data.RESULT — Fortran program for the preparation of selected candidates

files.JTA-I — For processing the bio-data of the candidates applied for JTA

post.JTA-4 — Fortran program for selection of candidates for the written

test for JTA posts.JTA-5 — Printing of selective bio-data.

(iv) Data Dissemination: Many requests for the oceanographic data fromscientists, research scholars from research institutes and universities were attended anddata supplied as mentioned below:

Data type Supplied to

Hydrographic data for Arabian Sea R.E. College, Surathkal

Ocean current data charts off Institute of Hydraulics and Hydrology,Tamil Nadu Poondi

Oceanographic data off Bay of Bengal Department of Meteorology and Oceano-and Arabian Sea graphy, Andhra University, Waltair, A.P.

MONEX and MBT data on magnetic Naval Physical & Oceanographic Labo-tape ratory, Cochin

Hydrographic data off Gulf of Kutch Institute of Drilling Technology, ONGC,and Cambay Dehradun

Physical and chemical data at equator Department of Marine Sciences, Universityof Cochin, Cochin

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Besides these, many requests for oceanographic data from scientists ofthis Institute were processed and data supplied.

(v) Training: Two students from Birla Institute of Technology and Science,Pilani, were imparted training on processing of oceanographic data and developingprograms and systems.

Lectures on data and information management were delivered to the traineescientists.

(vi) Additional services: Computer facilities were made available every monthto Mormugao Port Trust for the processing of their commercial data and pay roll.During the year 1982, computer facilities were continued to be provided to Engineer-ing College, Farmagudi, Goa and Zuari-Agro Chemicals Ltd., Zuari Nagar, Goa.

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3.8

Regional Centres

3.8.1 Regional Centre, Cochin

3.8.2 Regional Centre, Bombay

3.8.3 Regional Centre, Waltair

3.8.1 Regional Centre, Cochin

This centre continued to give emphasis on aqua-culture work being directlyuseful for rural development. The research activities of the centre are described below:

(i) Aquaculture in the waters of Cochin

(a) Culture of shrimps: A systematic survey of seed resources of Penaeusindicus was initiated. Survey revealed a maximum catch (75000/hr) in January and mini-mum (750/hr) in November. An average catch of 2836 seeds/hr during the seasonwas not found sufficient for the demand.

Mono culture of P. indicus was carried out in two identical enclaves-they were stocked with 2,00,000 post larvae/ha measuring 15.30 mm. To one batch,a formulated diet made from shrimp head meal, tapioca, ground nut cake and ricebran was given with 5% of the body weight of shrimps. The experiment indicated thatin natural feed enclave the shrimp attained a size of 75.8 mm in 6 weeks with a dailygrowth of 1.3 mm and survival was 80 %. In another batch with the supplementaryfeeding the survival rate was 85 % and daily growth was found to be 1.39 mm.Environmental parameters were also monitored.

(b) Culture of Etroplus suratensis: A new technique for collection of finger-lings of E. suratensis was developed. This provided very encouraging results. In thisculture technique sluice shutters are inserted during the low tide so that a thin jet ofwater enters through the gaps between the shutters. This increases the dissolved oxygenconcentration and attract the fingerlings which are trapped by placing a screen at theinner mouth of the sluice shutter.

For culture of E. suratensis,coconut grove canals were utilized after clearing.In one of the culture experiments 2,000 fingerlings of 30.55 mm size group and weigh-ing 2.5 g on an average were stocked and fed with washed tapioca leaves. The result

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A view of coconut grove canal for culture of Etroplus suratensis.

indicated that in six months the fish grew to a size of 100-150 mm with a modal sizeof 125 mm and weighing on an average 40 g. Survival rate was found to be about95%.

(c) Studies on growth dynamics: The experimental studies on the growth ofP. indicus and M. dobsoni indicated that growth could be enhanced by proper scientificfeeding. Γη some forms, sigmoid curve appeared to be the growth pattern. Attemptsto fit Gompertz curve to the data gave inflated values of the asymptotic length andsuggested an earlier inflection growth curve than indicated by the data. This indicatedthe experience of more than one physiological stanza for these forms.

Studies on growth in relation to moulting showed that intermoult perioddecreased with frequency of feeding resulting in higher moulting rate. But an increasein the intermoult period and a corresponding decrease in relative growth incrementswith increase in size groups was noticed in those having smaller ration. This suggestedthat physiological adjustments by these specimen to decreased availability of food tomaximise the consequent fall in the growth rate.

(d) Environmental studies: Detailed ecological studies of the prawn fieldsin two different areas of the Cochin backwater with various environmental characteristics

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have been completed to assess their influence on the production and growth of prawn.The data are being processed.

(ii) Oceanography of the waters around Lakshadweep

(a) Ecology of the sandy beach at Kavaratti atoll: Analysis of the faunabeach sand samples collected over a period of fifteen months have been completed.Major contribution was from different species of polychaetes. The bivalve Mesodesmaglabratum showed the maximum quantity.

The anomuran crab Hippa adactyla showed no specific seasonal breedingpattern. During monsoon the bivalves were found to move into the lagoon and returnto the beach during postmonsoon periods.

(b) Ecology of the lagoon benthos: Patches of live corals and large deadcoral boulders and coral pebbles in certain areas were also encountered. Sea-grassspecies of Thalassia and Cynodocea were found to grow in a stretch of 1500 m closerto the shore. Monthly samples of the lagoon benthos collected consisted mainly ofgastropods, besides bivalves, polychaetes, nematodes, crabs, mole crabs and occasionalAmphioxus species.

(c) Studies for the conservation of marine ecosystem: As a result of thesurvey of lagoons of Bangaram and Suheli, these two have been identified, for immedi-ate development of marine parks and marine reserves respectively.

(d) Studies on benthic foraminifera: Analyses of grab sediment samplesfrom the atolls of Kavaratti, Agatti and Suheli were continued. In addition to 36species belonging to the families, viz., Nubeculariidae, Soritidae, Alveolinidae, Amphiste-ginidae, Cymbaloporidae, Planorbulinidae and Calcarinidae have been identified, duringthe period under study.

(iii) Protection of the marine environment and monitoring of pollutants along theIndian coast

(a) Bacteriological pollution: The quantitative occurrence and distributionof the indicator bacteria, viz., Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis anda pathogen, viz., Vibrio parahaemolyticus in bottom mud and surface water at Tholtap-paliy, Astamudi and Veli estuaries of Kerala showed that the highest counts of E. coliand S. faecalis registered from Thottappally during the period of study were 41/g and17/g respectively.

Qualitative, quantitative and seasonal distribution of Thiobacilli from sixstations in the Cochin backwaters indicated their dominance in the sediment samplesthan in the water samples. The corrosive activity of Thiobacilli isolated from mudsamples was also demonstrated in the laboratory and in field.

Bacteriological studies conducted on board RV Gaveshani during the 96thcruise indicated large population of denitrifiers especially in bottom flora, while chromo-

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genic bacteria reducers and nitrifying bacteria dominated the surface flora. Pseudo-monas, Flavobacterium, Achromobacter and Vibrio sp. were the common genera. Inone of the samples the red Serratium sp. was recorded. Typical black coloured Bacillussp. also occurred in one of the bottom samples.

(b) Aquatic pollution: Indicator organisms of organic pollution in two loca-lities in the Cochin backwaters have been identified. Paraheteromastus tenuis, a capita-lid polychaete, totally dominated the benthic community of the retting ground maintain-ing high population densities during the pre-monsoon season when the adverse effectsof pollution are severe. In the area of municipal discharge, the community was domi-nated by a spinoid worm Prinospio polybranchiata.

(iv) Biogeographical, ecological and experimental studies on phytoplankton andzooplankton from the Indian Ocean

(a) Copepoda: Distribution and species composition of the family Acartidaewas studied from the Indian Ocean. The following seven species (with one new record)were encountered in the ΙIΟΕ collections: Acartia pietsclimani, A. fossae (new to IndianOcean), A. amboinesis, A. erythraea, A. pacifica, A. danae and A. negligens.

Ecological studies indicated Pleuromamma indica (Calanoida) to be verytolerant to salinity variations, occurring in waters from 37%o, salinity tc as low as 32%o.

(b) Amphipoda: Investigations on the family Paraphronimidae and Oxyce-phalidae showed that the former consists of only one genus with two species, Para-phronima gracilis and P. crassipes. The study showed that P. Clypeates—once a validspecies currently being grouped together with P. crassipes, should be revalidated. Boththe species, P. crassipes and P. clypeates were dominant in the Bay of Bengal and werepresent only in a few stations in the Arabian Sea. Metalycaea globosa, a species underthe family Oxycephalidae, was recorded for the first time.

(c) Decapod larvae: The key for some of the larvae and postlarvae of thepenaeid prawns was prepared. Of the 13 genera of decapod larvae both of commer-cial and less commercial value, the common genera were Penaeus, Metapenaeus, Para-penaeopsis, Trachypenaeus, Atypopenaeus, Trachypenaeopsis, Parapenaeus, Penaeopsis,Sicyenia and Funchalia.

(d) Fish larvae: Fortyfive groups of fish larvae were identified and theirlarval characters and spatial distribution were dealt with in detail. The numerical abun-dance and frequency of occurrence of larvae to zooplankton biomass, temperatureand salinity were studied.

Among the various groups of fish larvae collected from the Arabian Seaand Bay of Bengal during the IIOE, Myctophidae outnumbered all the other families,contributing to 25.3% of the total larvae.

The record of engraulid larvae in the offshore waters indicated an exploitable

resource of this group in the offshore waters.

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Arabian Sea recorded the highest number of larvae in the collections inJuly and the lowest in December. In the Bay of Bengal, the maximum yield wasduring February and the minimum in December.

Analysis of the day and night catches of the fish larvae indicated the nocturalabundance more than double that of day.

(e) Analysis of UNDP and RV Gaveshani Samples

Mysidacea: Two new species of the genus Anisomysis and two newspecies of the genus Leptomysis were identified from the west coast of Australia. Aniso-mysis bipartoculata is a new record from the Indian Ocean.

Studies on distribution of planktonic foraminifera in the Wadge Bankarea: Out of the 12 identified species, some such as Pulleniatina obliquiloculata, Globi-gerinoides sacculifer, G. conglobatus and Sphaeroidinella dehiscens which are characteri-stic of low latitude regions of the world oceans were encountered in the Wadge Bankarea.

Marine foraminifera from Thar desert: Analysis of 5 6 dune sandsamples covering a wide area of the desert, for foraminifera, revealed marine origin ofthe sand in Thar desert mainly by the presence of forams of the Indian Ocean. Foramnumber varied from 100 to 292,400 species per g.

(v) Chemical studies in the coastal and offshore waters in the Arabian Sea and Bayof Bengal

(a) Chemical studies in the inshore and estuarine areas of Cochin: Silicates,fluoride and boron in the waters of the Cochin backwater and its upper reaches werestudied for their behaviour during the estuarine mixing. A preliminary analysis of thedata indicated that silicate concentration from the sea water to the fresh water regionvaried from < 0.3 to 4.5 mg/1; showing a regular increase towards the upper reaches.The value showed a linear relationship with chlorinity upto 10 % 0 . In the freshwaterzone the variation in the concentration of silicate with tide is also negligible. Fluoridecontent in the river water showed very high values and varied from 0.4-2.5 mg/1whereas these values varied between 3 and 4 mg/1 for the estuarine region. The dataindicated a nonconservative behaviour of fluorine during the mixing of fresh and salinewater.

(b) Statistical studies on the concentration of particulate trace metals in theCochin backwaters: Distribution and time series analysis, autocorrelograms and auto-regressive models, for the particulate trace metals like iron, manganese, zinc, copper,nickel and cobalt collected from the Cochin backwaters were worked out.

(vi) Studies on land-sea interaction and nearshore circulation along the Indiancoastline with an application to coastal zone management (studies along thesouthwest coast of India)

Hydrography of the Wadge Bank

(a) Thermal structure: During June the vertical thermal structure of the

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Wadge Bank region was obtained using the bathythermograph at 10 stations duringthe 109th cruise of RV Gaveshani.

Isothermal water varying in temperature from 26.5 to 28°C existed at thesurface where depths at the bottom ranged between 50 and 100 m. The colder waterwas found nearshore and the thickness of the isothermal layer increased from 20 mnearshore to 60 m offshore.

(b) Shelf characteristics: The bottom profile of the continental shelf offthe Muttum point was drawn using the continuous echograms taken during the survey.This profile showed a shelf width of 65 nautical miles with an average slope of 0° 5.6'.The shelf break occurred at a depth of 120 fathoms.

(c) Nearshore circulation: The nearshore current during premonsoon offMuttum point indicated the predominance of the coastal drift over the tidal componentand a net offshore component of the flow aiding the upwelling process. At the stationoff Cape Comorin, the flow rather is weak. These observations indicated influence ofthe orientation of the coastline and the bottom topography on the nearshore circulation.

(d) Temperature distribution: During the premonsoon season the surfacetemperature varied between 27.8 to 29.5°C, the lower temperature occurring nearshore.The thickness of the thermocline layer varied between 40 and 100 m in the WadgeBank. The lower temperature nearshore indicated that upwelling gets intensified duringthe monsoon season. The vertical temperature structures drawn across the shelf alsoindicated upward tilting of the isotherms nearshore.

(e) Salinity distribution: During the premonsoon salinity in the WadgeBank varied between 34.45 and 35.48%o. But in the monsoon it varied between 43.64and 35.29%o. High salinity water exists near the shore in the premonsoon season, whichagain indicates an upwelling process.

3.8.2 Regional Centre, Bombay

The centre continued to work on waters under the project " Waste assimilationcapacity of coastal waters along the west coast of India and the impact of pollutionon the marine ecosystem". Work carried out is described below:

(i) Physical Oceanography

Under this project routine samplings were made at selected stations. Studiespertaining to general hydrography, circulation and waste dispersion capacity of thereceiving waters were conducted off Mithapur, Porbandar and Mahi estuary. Underthe studies on beach processes and coastal phenomena it was observed that erosion atJuhu-Versova beach is an annual phenomenon, during the monsoon period followedby depository accretion during the postmonsoon and fair weather seasons.

(ii) Chemical Oceanography

(a) Trace metals in the sediments off Thal (Alibaug): Radiometric datingwith excess Pb210 and chemical analysis of sediments of core samples from the near-

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shore region of Thal (Alibaug), a place about 30 km south of Bombay were carried out.Former technique indicated a sedimentation rate of 6-7 mm per year. The depth dis-tribution of metals such as iron, manganese, nickel, copper and zinc were more or lessuniform which thus revealed an absence of gross metal contamination of the sediment.It therefore, appears, that the pollution loads in Thana Creek Bombay Harbour havenot evicted the upper layers of Thal sediment with heavy metals. The fact that thereis no appreciable down core variation for the past 100 years, indicates that the levelsobserved are background levels and therefore would form the basis for comparison toassess the impact of wastewater release from the giant fertilizer plants in future.

(b) Studies on the behaviour of fluoride: Distribution of fluoride in theestuarine waters of the rivers of South Gujarat, viz., Auranga, Ambika, Purna andMindola and also in the coastal waters of the area was studied to understand the beha-viour of fluoride in polluted and unpolluted marine environments. The unpollutedestuarine regions of Auranga and Purna showed the mean fluoride to chlorinity valueto be 6.8 χ 10-5 with chlorinity greater than 10%o. Similar features were noted forAmbika estuary though it is severely polluted due to the release of untreated wastesfrom textile, pulp and paper mills. However, in Mindola estuarine system significantlyhigher values of fluoride/chlorinity were observed even at higher chlorinities. This wasperhaps due to the industrial waste with high levels of fluoride, not removed completelyon reaching the estuarine environment.

(c) Biological Oceanography

Primary production: Regular survey carried out at four stations—two inManori and Basin creeks and the other two off the creeks showed both abundance anddiversity of phytoplankton more in the offshore area than the creek stations. A conco-mitant increase in the rate of carbon assimilation was also observed at the offshorestations. The most common genera of phytoplankton in the area encountered wereNitzschia, Thalassisira, Thalassiothrix, Navicula, Coscinodiscus, Stauroneis, Biddulphia,PIeurosigma and Synedra.

Studies on bioaccumulation of metals: Preliminary investigation on the metalcontent in zooplankton from Mahim, Versova and Thana creeks was carried out. Maxi-mum concentration of copper was recorded in zooplankton from the sewage pollutedarea of Mahim and relatively high values of cobalt, magnesium and cadmium from thesamples off Versova. Maximum concentration of nickel was recorded in zooplanktonof the Thana creek.

Estimation of the selected metals in benthos was also taken up. Maximumaccumulation of iron, zinc and lead were found in organisms collected from Thanacreek, whereas higher concentration of copper occurred in benthic organisms fromVersova, cadmium could be detected at its maximum level only in the animals fromMahim.

Bioassay studies: Tolerance limits of selected groups of zooplankton tosewage and some metals were obtained by conducting bioassay tests. Larvae of stoma-topods, gastropods and chaetognaths were found to be the most sensitive organisms to

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sewage pollution. Copepods and decapods larvae were moderately tolerant to sewagewhile Acetes was the most resistant organism among the different groups tested.

3.8.3 Regional Centre, Waltair

Coastal studies off Waltair and adjacent areas

(a) Geology and Geophysics: The surface sediments of the shelf region havebeen collected upto 30 m water depth in the areas where the large amplitude and highfrequency magnetic anomalies were- recorded earlier. Those samples were analysed fortheir grain size distribution and also to estimate the total heavy mineral percentage.From the grain, size distribution the surface sediments have been classified into fine.medium and coarse sands and the map showing their distribution has been prepared.A comparative study of the distribution patterns of sediments- and the heavy mineral

Structural features of the Bay of Bengal

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percentage have shown that higher percentage of heavy minerals are associated with thefine sands and lowest percentage with coarse sand.

Continuous magnetic, gravity and topographic data collected in Bay of Bengalhas been analysed and interpreted to delineate the regional extension of the surface andsubsurface structural features. The low gravity recorded in the Central Bay of Bengaland extending almost northsouth direction, has been associated with high amplitudemagnetic anomaly but no topographic features have been recorded in this region. Theanalysis and interpretation of this data have revealed the regional structures such as themarginal high, marginal basin, the graben which were hitherto unknown. The exten-sion of the ninetyeast ridge as the subsurface feature upto 17° N has been observed. Inbetween ninetyeast ridge and the graben a deep basin called central basin has beenidentified. So far there is no definite indication whether the crust of the Bay of Bengalis of oceanic or continental type. From the present studies it is inferred that the Bayof Bengal might have been formed due to the faundering of continental mass. Fromthe same data, studies were undertaken to identify the nature and origin of the conti-nental margins along the east coast of India. It is observed that the eastern margin ofIndia can be divided into three portions called as southern margin, central margin andnorthern margin. The continental margin from the southern tip of India upto 15°latitude appears to be much wider and progressively becomes narrow towards north.Over the central margins between 15° and 19° N several topographic features with therelief of about 200 m and associated with fairly strong magnetic anomalies have beenrecorded. It appears that large scale vertical movements have occurred in this regionthat resulted in the flow of lava. However, these have been covered by thick sedimentlayers near the coastal regions. This data also led to the conclusion that the grabenstructure which extends in northsouth direction may be of oceanic origin and abetsalmost with the continental slope and shelf just north of Visakhapatnam and may forma junction. Studies are in progress to formulate the suitable methods for the analysisand interpretation of the magnetic data collected on board RV Gaveshani in the CentralIndian Ocean covering the structures such as the mid-ocean ridges and the abyssal plains.Computer programmes have been developed to interpret magnetic anomalies causedby the ridges using the block model and also to estimate the magnetic distribution fromthe anomalies recorded in the midocean ridges.

(b) Physical Oceanography: Collection of temperature, salinity and currentdata along three transects, one each of Waltair, Pudimadaka and Errayyapalem havebeen initiated in February 1982 and are being continued to collect the data at monthlyinterval to cover one year cycle. Each profile extends upto 40 m water depth and thetemperature measurements have been made at different depths at each station. Thecurrent measurements and the BT data are being collected at 40 m water depth on eachprofile covering a tidal cycle for each month. From this data, stability calculations havebeen made at Waltair profile and the maximum static stability (6.7 and 10.5 X 10-7cm-1)has been analysed during February at about 15 m water depth. This was associatedwith the introduction of more colder, more saline, and denser water in the upper layersin the nearshore due to upwelling. The temperature, salinity and density have also shownsignificant seasonal variations which have been indicated by the upward movement ofisotherms and isopycnals from February to March. The downward movement of iso-

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pycnals are observed after March. The density at all depths decreases considerablybetween September and October possibly due to sinking. Similar studies have alsobeen undertaken in Visakhapatnam inner and outer harbour areas and the vertical gradi-ents of density have been calculated during a tidal-cycle for different months. Tempera-ture, salinity and density sections have been drawn mainly to correlate these parameterswith seaward dispersion of pollutants.

(c) Chemical Oceanography: Studies on the distribution of chemical para-meters, viz., dissolved oxygen and nutrients were made along two transects off Pudi-madaka and Errayyapalem in continuation of earlier studies made along the transectsbetween Bhimunipatnam and Appikonda. Repetition of the oceanographic processesis noticed with the onset of upwelling during February, and varying by May. Maximumundersaturation of oxygen with a rise in the nutrient levels in the water column during

STATIONS

DISTANCE IN KILOMETRES

Microdistribution of NH3 and PO4.

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the season indicates the presence of upwelled water. The investigations at Waltair pro-file were continued to know the input of nutrients from harbour, which is highly polluted.

Studies on the distribution of pollutants in Visakhapatnam harbour waters werecontinued to know the effect of flushing into the nearshore waters by the observationsmade over a tidal cycle on monthly intervals. The influx of nutrients from the harbourshows that maximum flushing occurs during low tide and the nutrient rich waters areflowing at the surface extending to a few kilometres from the mouth of the harbour. Thedispersion of these pollutants in the monsoon season makes the pollutant concentrationless in the nearshore waters.

(d) Biological Oceanography: Zooplankton variability and the biomass wererecorded during the low tide period in Visakhapatnam harbour at three stations during1982. The suspended solids, BOD were also measured over a tidal cycle on monthlyintervals to know the water quality of harbour which is receiving industrial effluentsand domestic sewage. In order to know the impact of pollution on the nearshore waters,studies were also made on zooplankton variation and biomass along the vertical transectoff Waltair. A rich zooplankton population observed throughout the period of studywith the high values encountered during March/April and October/November coin-cides with the primary and secondary phytoplankton peaks, respectively, along this coast.A definite pattern in the seasonal distribution of biomass has been observed in the un-polluted nearshore waters, whereas no such trend has been observed in the highly pollu-ted harbour water. The value of mean zooplankton biomass varied between 3.73-4.12 ml/100 m3 and 0.32- 8.28 ml/1003 at Visakhapatnam harbour and transect offWaltair, respectively.

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3.9

Sponsored Projects

3.9.1 Beach erosion studies

3.9.2 Submarine pipeline surveys

3.9.3 Biofouling studies

3.9.4 Pollution studies

3.9.5 Development of microprocessor based marine instruments

3.9.6 Marine archaeological studies in Indian waters

3.9.7 Consultancy services

During the year under report following sponsored projects were undertaken forthe various governmental agencies and other organizations. A brief report on eachproject is given below:

3.9.1 Beach erosion studies

Studies on beach erosion and remedial measures along the coast from Campal toCabo, Goa

The aim of this project, sponsored by the Government of Goa. Daman & Diu,is to understand the coastal processes affecting the region and to suggest remedial mea-suies for the protection of the shore line. In pursuance of this objective data on waves,currents, tides, beach profiles, etc., were collected and are being processed.

3.9.2 Submarine pipeline surveys

(i) Studies on waves and currents along the submarine pipeline route of Damanand Umbergaon

This work was done at the request of ONGC. Data on waves and currentsalong the pipeline route were collected using arrays of rotor current meters and waverider buoys for the period May-November, 1982 and the report was submitted to thesponsorers.

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(ii) Analysis of sea-bed sediment samples along the submarine pipeline route offGujarat

This work was sponsored by ONGC. The samples were collected and ana-lysed for various engineering parameters in order to determine the suitable sea-bed routefor laying submarine pipeline and subsequent determination pipeline stability in thesea-bed and the report was submitted to the ONGC.

(iii) Sea-bed surveys off Redi point, Maharashtra

The objective of this survey is to locate a suitable site off Redi point forjacking up of LV Priyadarshini. The surveys were carried out with a Mini Rangerand comprised echosounding, side scan sonar and seismic profiling. The report isunder preparation. This project was sponsored by M/s. V.S. Dempo & Co. Pvt. Ltd.,Panaji, Goa.

(iv) Surveys for the selected submarine pipeline routes from Bassein to Gujarat

This work was sponsored by the Oil and Natural Gas Commission. Thesurveys were carried out on Syledis and comprised over 700 line km of echosound-ing, side scan sonar and shallow seismic profiling. The report is under preparation.

(v) Post-lay survey of the effluent discharge pipeline of Binage, Karwar

In this project sponsored by M/s. Ballarpur Industries Ltd. Karwar, thesurvey comprised echo-sounding, side scan sonar and ORE sub-bottom profiling. Thepipeline has been demarcated and remedial measures suggested to protect the pipeline.

3.9.3 Biofouling studies

Biofouling of the offshore platforms

This project sponsored by Oil and Natural Gas Commission is of three yearsduration. The objective of this project is to study the magnitude of biofouling andto suggest remedial measures to protect the offshore platforms from biofouling orga-nisms.

3.9.4 Pollution studies

Selection of site for waste water disposal and unloading facility for the fertilizerplant at Thal (Phase II)

Bombay Regional Centre conducted extensive oceanographic survey during 1980-81 to evaluate the water quality of the coastal water and to determine a suitable dis-charge point off Thal, for the waste water generated from the huge fertilizer complexbeing set up by the Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd. (RCF), Bombay. Basedon the report, a tentative discharge site was identified. At the request of RCF andBalfours Consulting Engineering Ltd., London, additional observations on the circula-tion and dispersion at the discharge site was taken up to ascertain the pollutant dis-persion capabilities of the selected site. The study was taken up during March 1982and a report has been submitted to RCF.

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3.9.5 Development of microprocessor based marine instruments

A Grant-in-Aid of Rs. 9.79 lakhs has been received from the Electronics Com-mission of India for the development of three microprocessor based instruments. Theyare:

(i) Electronic bathythermograph

Work on this instrument has been initiated and is well under way. Theproposed specifications and capabilities of the instruments have already been describedunder " Marine Instrumentation ".

(ii) Microprocessor based interfaces

The ship-borne data logger, the wave and CSTD Digitizer, the 1/4" to 1/2"tape transfer and the keyboard display interface have been developed under the Grant-in-Aid programme and have been described under " Marine Instrumentation".

(iii) Tidal data logger

Under this project a novel tidal logger with data storage on EPROMS andon site calculation of the tidal height in metres was designed and tested vigorously fora period of two weeks at INS Mandovi dockyard. The system is one of the first of itskind in India employing microprocessor based electronics with substantial softwareinvolved features that allow the user to interact with the instrument on site during thedata aquisition process.

3.9.6 Marine archaeological studies in Indian waters

This project which started in June 1981, envisages the exploration and excavationof submerged ports of Dwarka and Kaveripatnam and the prospecting for identificationand salvaging of shipwrecks in Indian waters. After the completion of the first phasewhich involved the exploration off Kaveripatnam and Tranquebar in Tamil Nadu,studies for the exploration of Dwarka was taken up.

3.9.7 Consultancy services

(i) Feasibility survey and action plan for developing sea farming in Saphala SaltWorks

As per the request of Managing Director, Development Corporation ofKonkan Ltd. (A Government of Maharashtra Undertaking), Bombay, a consultancyproject for advice and assistance in developing sea-farming in the 400 acres of SaphalaSalt Works, District Thane, Maharashtra, was undertaken. A survey was carried outin August 1982 and a report highlighting the feasibility of starting a phased programmeof seafarming alongwith an action plan, incorporating time schedules for implementationof phased programme, investment patterns and income generation trends, was submittedto the sponsorers in October 1982.

(ii) At the sponsorship of Mangalore Fertilizers and Chemicals Ltd., observa-tions were made over one tidal cycle to study the water quality and characteristics of

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the biota in the vicinity of the sea outfall near Mangalore harbour. The study wascarried out at 8 stations covering the entire area for pH, phosphate and urea.

(iii) Bio-assay tests for selected pollutants

A series of bioassay tests for selected pollutants were conducted during theyear 1981. As per the request of RCF a further series of bioassay tests were carriedout to study the synergestic effect of various pollutants that will occur in the factoryeffluent. Experiments were done using two different species of fish. Studies arecontinuing.

(iv) A liquid sample from the compressor sent by Zuari Agro Chemicals Ltd.,was analysed for copper, iron, zinc, chromium and nickel.

(v) Six nylon fibre samples of Madras Rubber Factory were analysed for copper.

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3.10

International Training Programme

National Institute of Oceanography, Goa organised an International TrainingProgramme on 'Marine Resources Management and Conservation in the Indian OceanBasin and Adjacent Seas' in collaboration with the International Ocean Institute, Maltafrom 4th October-l0th December, 1982 at Panaji, Goa. Co-sponsorers of this pro-gramme were Government of India (Department of Ocean Development and Ministryof External Affairs, New Delhi), CIDA, FAO, UNEP, Commonwealth Secretariat andIOC.

The objectives of this training programme were to assist developing countriesof the midlevel manpower and also to find out a mechanism for integrated approachtowards utilisation of marine resources and develop a suitable strategy for oceanmanagement.

The major themes covered during this training programme were: General intro-duction to Indian Ocean region; management of living and non-living aquatic resources;environment and development; navigation and shipping in the Indian Ocean and adja-cent seas; marine scientific research and planning and policy. In addition, it also coveredfield trips to important organisations within India as well as Maldives and Sri Lanka.At the end of this course, a panel discussion was held to evaluate the project reportsprepared by the participants. The panel had foreign as well as Indian experts as mem-bers. In all there were 23 participants (10 from India representing Geological Surveyof India, Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Coast Guard, Indian Navy, Central MarineFisheries Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research and Indian Insti-tute of Technology) and 13 from neighbouring countries representing Iran (1), Iraq (1),Philippines (3), Sri Lanka (1), Thailand (1), Vietnam (2) and Sudan (1).

About 40 Indian and 30 foreign experts were invited to deliver lectures/takepart in discussions during the training programme. At the end of the training pro-gramme, the following points emerged:

(i) There was a general consensus that the next regime of the oceans followingthe signing of the UNCLOS convention by majority of the countries imposesgreat responsibility for proper utilization of Ocean Resources; both in EEZas well as in the International Sea-bed Regime on all the members.

(ii) It was felt that regional as well as international cooperation are essentialfor the proper management of the marine resources.

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(iii) It was felt that a regional centre should be established in the Indian OceanRegion for transfer of technology among the developing countries.

(iv) A model structure for administering and planning of ocean developmentshould be established in. each of the participating countries.

(v) There is need for proper organisation with reference to monitoring, surveil-lance and enforcement both at the national and international levels.

Dr. T. S. S. Rao, Deputy Director of this Institute was one of the two coursedirectors for the training. The other was Dr. G. L. Kestevam from Australia. ShriP. S. N. Murty and Dr. (Mrs.) Sumitra Vijayaraghavan, Scientists from NIO, acted asorganising secretaries. The following scientists of NIO delivered lectures: Dr.V.V.R.Varadachari, Dr. T. S. S. Rao, Shri H. N. Siddiquie, Dr. J. S. Sastry, Dr .B .U. Nayak,Dr. R. Sen Gupta, Shri P. S. N. Murty, Dr. C. S. Murty, Dr. (Mrs.) SumitraVijayaraghavan, Dr. Joseph Royan.

Dr. Varadachari inaugurating the International Training Programme

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4

Infrastructure

The available infrastructure facilities in the Institute were upgraded and theservice to the user community continued. Main facilities provided are briefly describedbelow:

RV Gaveshani: The research vessel Gaveshani was mainly deployed this yearin the survey of polymetallic nodules—a multiagency project of national importance.Similarly a cruise was arranged for training young scientists from universities and otherorganisations. This year also scientists from Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory,Cochin, CIFT, Panjim, SAC, Ahmedabad, ONGC, participated in the cruises underdifferent programmes. The details of the cruises have already been given in this report.

Computer Centre: The computer centre provided necessary back up facilitiesfor processing of oceanographic data. A large number of requests for data were dissemi-nated to various organizations like Indian Navy, Engineering College, Surathkal, Instituteof Hydraulics & Hydrology, Poondi, ONGC, Cochin University, etc. Two studentsof Birla Institute of Science and Technology, Pilani were imparted training in data pro-cessing and development of computer programme.

In addition, the computer facility was made available to other outside agencies,particularly Mormugao Port Trust and Goa Engineering College.

Library: During the year, 1374 books, 400 technical reports and 10 new journalswere added to the library. This brought the total number of books and reports to morethan 12,200 and 3400 respectively. 220 journals are being received in the library onsubscription and exchange basis.

The library continued current awareness, literature search and inter-library loanschemes. This includes regular services 'New Arrivals' and ' Aquatitles', while insearch scheme bibliographies on 'Antarctic Ocean' and 'Manganese Nodules' werebrought out.

Workshop: During the year workshop was further upgraded with the installa-tion of HMT lathe NH 22 and a D.C. welding machine. Major work carried out bythe workshop were development of prototypes of data buoy, tide gauges, echosounderwith deck unit, current meters, under water respiratory system, etc. A large numberof service jobs involving electroplating, fabrication of equipment, servicing and mainte-nance of various gadgets etc., were carried out.

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Administration: The administration continued to provide and handle the matterspertaining to establishment, Purchase, Accounts, Stores, Dispensary and Works.

A new 28 room hostel has been built and most of the rooms have been allotedto the staff of NIO. The construction of the second phase of the NIO laboratory hasprogressed very well. Construction of a new hostel has been started.

Other Services: The Institute has developed other infrastructure services tosupport the R & D work of the Institute. The photographic section developed facilitiesfor processing of colour films. Reprographic facilities were expanded. Printing, bind-ing, drawing section were useful and these important facilities supported the work toits full.

S. S. Bhatnagar Memorial Tournament: One of the important events duringthis year is conducting XV S. S. Bhatnagar Memorial Tournament by this Institute.This is done by NIO on behalf of CSIR. These are held every year involving all CSIRlaboratories and other offices. This year about 800 participants took part in six eventsfor 10 days. The events were Badminton, Tennis, Volley ball. Table tennis, Cricketand Basket ball. The tournament inaugurated by Chief Minister of Goa, Daman &Diu, Shri Pratap Singh Rane, was a grand success. The valedictory address was givenby Dr. G. S. Sidhu, DGSlR, and prizes were given by Mrs. Sidhu.

Dr. G.S. Sidhu, Director General, CSlR, delivering the valedictory address at the SSBMT.

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Mrs. Sidhu giving away the prize to the winners of SSBMT.

Basket-ball match being played.

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Shn Pratap Singh Rane, Chief Minister of Goa, Daman & Diu taking a salute at themarch past by the participants of SSBMT.

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5

Composition of various committees of NIO

5.1 CRUISE PLANNING AND PROGRAMME PRIORITIES COMMITTEE FORRV GAVESHANI

Dr. S, Z. Qasim ChairmanSecretary to the Government of IndiaDepartment of Ocean DevelopmentNew Delhi

Capt. M. Sethi MemberShipping Corporation of IndiaBombay

Shri S. N. Batra „Technical ManagerShipping Corporation of IndiaBombayShri A. Ananthakrishnan „Director (Development)Ministry of Shipping & TransportNew DelhiShri V. R. Venkoba Rao „Geological Survey of IndiaCalcuttaCapt, V. Ravindranath „Director (OPS)Coast Guard H.Q.New DelhiShri R. K.. Kutkar „Assistant Wireless AdviserMinistry of CommunicationNew Delhi

Shri P. Satyanarayana „Naval Hydrographic OfficeDehra Dun

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Shri K. R. G. K. MurtyNaval Physical & Oceanographic LaboratoryNaval BaseCochin

Dr. V. L. N. SastryChief GeophysicistO.N.G.C, Bombay Offshore ProjectBombay

Dr. K. L. KaitaProject CoordinatorDeep Seismic Survey ProjectNational Geophysical Research InstituteHyderabad

Dr. D. K. RakshitDepartment of Science & TechnologyNew Delhi

Dr. V. V. BhartiyaPrincipal Scientific OfficerDepartment of Science & TechnologyNew Delhi

Shri K. N. JohryHead, International Scientific CollaborationCSIR, Rafi MargNew Delhi

Dr. D. Shankar NarayanAdditional SecretaryUniversity Grants CommissionNew Delhi

Prof. D. Lal, FRSDirectorPhysical Research LaboratoryAhmedabad

Dr. S. P. JagotaJoint Secretary and Legal AdviserMinistry of External AffairsNew Delhi

Dr. E. G. SilasDirectorCentral Marine Fisheries Research InstituteCochin

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Dr. A. K. GangulyNational Fellow in Environmental SciencesBhabha Atomic Research CentreTrombay-Bombay

Commodore I. K. PuriAdviser, NIO (Ship matters)CSIR, Rafi MargNew Delhi

Dr. V. V. R. VaradachariDirectorNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa

5.2 RESEARCH ADVISORY COUNCIL

Dr. S. Z. QasimSecretary to tht Government of IndiaDepartment of Ocean DevelopmentNew Delhi

Dr. V. V. SastriGeneral Manager (Sp! Duties)Institute of Petroleum ExplorationDehra Dun

Dr. D. SrinivasanDirectorNaval Physical & Oceanographic LaboratoryCochin

Commodore A. G. MoraesChief Hydrographer to the Government of IndiaNaval Hydrographic OfficeDehra Dun

Dr. Supriya RoyProfessor of GeologyDepartment of Geological SciencesJadavpur UniversityCalcutta

Dr. P. V. DehadraiFisheries Development CommissionerMinistry of AgricultureNew Delhi

Vice Admiral R. H. Tahiliani, A.V.S.M.Flag Officer Commanding Southern Naval CommandNaval BaseCochin

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Prof. M. N. SastriProfessor in ChemistryAndhra UniversityVisakhapatnam

Dr. P. K. DasDirector General of MeteorologyIndia Meteorological DepartmentNew Delhi

Dr. M. K. Ghosh RoyProfessor & HeadIndian Institute of TechnologyMadras

Shri C. K. TandonManager of ProjectsEngineers India LimitedNew Delhi

Dr. V. V. R. VaradachariDirectorNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa

Dr. T. S. S. RaoDeputy DirectorNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa

Dr. E. DesaHead, Instrumentation DivisionNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa

Ex-Officio Member(i) Director-General, SIR or his nominee and

(ii) Chairman, Coordination Council of Physical andEarth Sciences Group of Laboratories, CSIR

5.3 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Dr. V. V. R. VaradachariDirectorNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa

Vice Admiral R. H. TahilianiRag Officer CommandingWestern Naval CommandBombay

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Prof. Supriya RoyProfessor of GeologyDepartment of Geological SciencesJadavpur UniversityCalcutta

Dr. P. V. DehadraiFisheries Development CommissionerMinistry of AgricultureNew Delhi

Dr. T. S. S. RaoDeputy DirectorNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa

Shri H. N. SiddiquieDeputy DirectorNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa

Dr. E. DesaHead, Instrumentation DivisionNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa

Shri Lakhbir SinghAdministrative OfficerNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa

Shri A. RajachandranSr. Finance & Accounts OfficerNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa

Permanent Invitees] Director-General, SIR or his nominee2. Chairman, Coordination Council of Physical and

Earth Sciences Group of Laboratories, CSIR.

5.4 FINANCE AND BUILDING COMMITTEE

Dr. V. V. R. VaradachariDirectorNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa

Dr. S. P. DeshpandeDirector, Environmental Planning &Design Consultancy ServicesGovernment of Goa, Daman and DiuPanaji, Goa

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Shri H. N. SiddiquieDeputy DirectorNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa

Shri R. S. PanesarHead, Engineering Division, CSIRNew Delhi

Dr. B. N. DesaiScientist-in-ChargeRegional Centre of NIOBombay

Administrative OfficerNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa

Finance & Accounts OfficerNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa

Civil EngineerNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa

5.5 RV GAVESHANI COMMITTEE

Dr. T. S. S. RaoShri H. N. SiddiquieDr. R. Sen GuptaDr. A. B. WaghShri A. RajachandranShri S. P. MittalShri R. K. Nair

5.6 EXECUTIVE CELL FOR TRAINING PROGRAMME

Dr. T. S. S. RaoShri P. S. N. MurtyDr. D. ChandramohanDr. S. Y. S. SingbalShri Lakhbir SinghShri A. RajachandranShri S. P. Mittal

5.7 POLICY PLANNING COMMITTEE

Director, NIOHead, Physical Oceanography DivisionHead, Chemical Oceanography Division

86

Head, Geological OceanographyHead, Biological OceanographyHead, Ocean Engineering DivisionHead, Instrumentation DivisionHead, Planning & Data DivisionScientist-in-Charge, Regional Centre, CochinScientist-in-Charge, Regional Centre, BombayScientist-in-Charge, Regional Centre, WaltairAdministrative OfficerSection OfficerPurchase OfficerStores OfficerCivil EngineerResident Medical OfficerLibrary In-chargeScientist-in-Charge, Biofouling & Corrosion SectionDr. R. Sen GuptaDr. T. S. S. Rao

5.8 STORES & EQUIPMENT COMMITTEE

Shri H. N. SiddiquieShri J. S. SastryDr. E. D'SaDr. B. U. NayakShri C. V. G. ReddyShri R. M. S. BhargavaShri P. M. A. BhattathiriShri R. R. NairShri R. K. NairShri S. P. Mittal

5.9 GRIEVANCE COMMITTEE

Dr. T. S. S. RaoDr. B. U. NayakShri Lakhbir SinghShri V. Kesava DasShri R. M. S. Bhargava

5.10 STAFF QUARTERS/HOSTEL ALLOTMENT COMMITTEE

Dr. T. S. S. Rao ChairmanShri H. N. Siddiquie MemberShri Lakhbir SinghShri A. Rajachandran „Shri George Philip

5.11 BUDGET

The budget of the Institute for the year 1982-83 is as follows:(Rs. in lakhs)

Plan 212.367Non-Plan 156.609

Total 368.976

5.12 SCIENTIFlC AND TECHNICAL STAFF

The staff (upto a level of JSA/JTA) as on December 31, 1982.

DirectorDr. V. V. R. Varadachari

A. Divisions at the Headquarters

1. Physical Oceanography Division

Head of the DivisionDr. J. S. Sastry

ScientistsMr. L. V. Gangadhara RaoDr. C. S. MurtyDr. D. Panakala RaoMr. M. J. VarkeyMr. P. K. Das (on long leave)Mr. C. K. GopinathanMr. K. K. Varma (on lien)Mr. G. Narayana SwamyMr. V. Ramesh BabuDr. M. K. AntonyMr. V. Kesava DasMr. A. F. AntoMr. A. D. GouveiaMr. P. V. SatheMr. D. V. Rama Raju (on deputation)Mr. Y. K. SomayajuluMr. V. V. GopalakrishnaMr. R. J. K. CharyuluDr. (Miss) S. S. Nath

Senior Scientific AisistantsMr. A. A. FernandesMr. G. Venkata ReddyMr. M. S. S. Sarma

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Senior Technical Assistant

Mr. G. Nampoothiri

Junior Technical Assistants

Mr. R. NagarajanMr. Almeida A. MichaelMr. Kasturi SantanamMr. Damodaran SundarMr. M. T. BabuMr. G. Selvan MichaelMr. Krishna Kumar

Research Associates

Dr. N. BahulayanDr. Satish R. ShetyeDr. T. V. Ramana Murty

Junior Research Fellows

Mr. N. K. ViswambharanMr. M. Venkateswara RaoMr. M. V. S. S. Seshagiri Rao

2. Chemical Oceanography Division

Head of the Division

Mr. C. V. G. Reddy

Scientists

Dr. R. Sen GuptaMr. S. P. AnandDr. S. Y. S. SingbalDr. S. Y. KamatDr. A. RajendranDr. C. G. NaikMr. M. ManoharanMr. S. N. De SousaMr. S. W. A. NaqviDr. N. B. BhosleMrs. Solimabi WahidullahMr. S. P. FondekarMr. M. D. GeorgeMr. M. D. RajagopalMiss S. S. Naik

Senior Scientific Assistants

Mr. R. S. Topgi (on deputation)Mrs. C. D'SilvaDr. K. SawkarMr. T. W. KureishyMiss S. M. SanzgiriMrs. L. De SousaMrs. A. Mesquita

Senior Technical Assistants

Mrs. C. F. DiasMrs. B. Das

Junior Technical Assistants

Mr. R. J. NoronhaMr. P. ShirodkarMrs. A. RaoMr. D. A. JayakumarMr. R. Alagarsamy

Junior Research Fellows

Miss F. D'SousaMr. H. Rao

3. Geological Oceanography Division

Head of the Division

Mr. H. N. Siddiquie

ScientistsDr. M. G. Anantha Padmanabha

SettyMr. P. S. N. MurtyMr. R. R. NairMr. Ch. Madhusudan RaoMr. D. Gopala RaoDr. M. VeerayyaMr. G. V. RajamanickamMr. B. G. WagleMr. M. V. S. GupthaMr. N. H. HashimiMr. F. AlmeidaMr. G. C. BhattacharyaMr. A L. ParopkariMr. L. V. Subba RajuMr. K. H. VoraMr. A. R. GujarMr. R. NigamDr. S. M. KarisiddaiahMr. M. V. RamanaMr. R. M. KidwaiMr. A. MascarenhasMr. V. SubrahmanyamDr. A. B. Valsangkar

Technical OfficerMr. M. C. Pathak

Senior Scientific AssistantMr. V. Purnachandra Rao

Senior Technical AssistantsMr. K. L. KotnalaMr. E. DiasMr. P. Marathe

Junior Technical AssistantsMr. S. K. NanyasiMr. N. V. AmbreMr. A. S. MuralinalhMr. P. G. MislankarMr. B. VijaykumarMr. V. K. Chidambara RaoMr. B. R. Lingeswara RaoMr. Pakale S. ManiklalMr. Jayam Kamalakar

89

Mr. P. R. M. VijayanMr. P. GaneshanMr. K. M. SivakholundoMr. N. AthiyamanMr. N. PrabhakaranMr. A. GhoshMr. Ganeshan JanikramanMr. Fernando VijayanMr. R. VenkateshanMr. V. S. RajaramanMr. J. KannaiyanMr. G. M. PhadteMr. T. T. JosephMr. Vijay D. KhedekarMr. B. Umamaheshwar RaoMr. T. SudhakarMr. B. Sudhakar RaoMr. Y. Satyanarayana RajuMr. Uthysankar

Junior Mechanical AssistantMr. A. V. Sonawane

Junior Research FellowsMr. Maria Suresh RajMr. Birajdar Shankar Manik

4. Biological Oceanography Division

Head of the DivisionDr. T. S. S. Rao

ScientistsDr. A. H. ParulekarMr. V. P. DevassyDr. A. G. UntawaleDr. (Miss) Aditi PantDr. S. C. GoswamiDr. (Mrs.) Sumitra VijayaraghavanDr. D. ChandramohanMr. P. M. A. BhattathiriDr. (Miss) Loka BharathiDr. Joseph RoyanDr. (Mrs.) Usha GoswamiDr. M. Madhu PratapDr. R. A. SelvakumarMr. C. T. Achuthankutty

, Mr. S. N. Harakantra

Mr. Z. A. AnsariMr. S. R. Sreekumaran Nair

Senior Scientific AssistantsMrs. L. KrishnakumariMr. X. N. VerlencarMrs. Sayeeda WafarMr. T. G. Jagtap

Senior Technical AssistantsMr. V. SubramanianDr. V. K. DhargalkarMr. S. G. P. MatondkarDr. (Miss) Maria Menezes

Junior Scientific Assistant

Dr. M. V. Mohindeen Wafar

Junior Technical AssistantsMr. J. GoesMr. B. S. IngoleMr. J. Roy

Research AssociatesDr. A. K. ChatterjeeDr. Raghu KumarDr. (Mrs.) Shailaja Rao

Senior Research FellowC. L. Rodrigues

Junior Research FellowMiss H. R. Gomes

Biofouling & Corrosion Section

Scientist-in-ChargeDr. A. B. Wagh

Junior Technical Assistant

Mr. S. S. Sawant

Junior Research FellowsMr. A. C. AnilMr. T. V. RaveendranMr. V. P. VenugopalanMr. Lakshmikantha Bhat

90

5. Ocean Engineering Division

Head of the Division

Dr. B. U. Nayak

Scientists

Mr. N. M. Anand (on study leave)Dr. P. S. RenukaradhyaMr. S. G. DiwanMr. T. BalasubramanianMr. B. A. RameshMr. P. ChandramohanMr. S. MandalMr. A. V. PradeepkumarDr. K. Kodandaramaswamy

Senior Research Fellow

Mr. D. Sen Gupta

6. Instrumentation Division

Head of the DivisionDr. E. Desa

Scientists

Mr. M. R. NayakDr. E. S. DesaMr. R. G. Prabhu Desai

Senior Scientific Assistant

Mrs. V. B. Peshwe

Senior Technical Asiistants

Mr. A. P. SelvamMr. Md. WahidullahMr. V. M. DateMr. A. JosephMr. S. Chellam

Senior Mechanical Assistant

Mr. S. B. Tengali

Junior Technical Assistant

Mr. O. D'Souza

Junior Mechanical AssistantMr. V. N. Chodankar

Senior DraughtsmanMr. V. N. Mohanan

Junior Research Fellow

Mr. Eurico D'sa

7. Planning & Data Division

Scientist-in-ChargeMr. R. M. S. Bhargava

ScientistsDr. R. MahadevanMr. J. S. SarupriaMr. G. R. ItigiMr. P. V. S. S. R. Sarma

Statistical OfficerMr. S. G. Dalal

Senior Scientific AssistantsMr. S. R. BhatMr. Arvind Ghosh

Proof ReaderMr. S. P. Sharma

Junior Technical AssistantsMrs. R. ThomasMr. Andrew MenezesMiss Vilma Vaz

8. Library

Junior Documentation OfficerMr. M. P. Tapaswi

Senior LibrarianMrs. S. H. Oka

91

B. Regional Centres

1. Regional Centre, CochinScientist-in-Charge

Dr. M. KrishnankuttyScientists

Mr. V. S. Rama RajuDr. R. V. UnnithanDr. V. N. SankaranarayananDr. P. SivadasMr. P. Udaya VarraaMr. U. K. GopalanDr. K. J. PeterMr. B. M. PanikkarDr. (Mrs.) M. SaraswathyMr. P. N. AravindakshanDr. V. T. PaulinoseDr. T. BalachandranMrs. C. B. Lalithambika DeviMr. K. Kameswara RaoMr. P. S. GoreDr. T. C. GopalkrishnanDr. (Mrs.) V. SanthakumariMr. K. K. C. NairMrs. U. P. SarammaMrs. Rosamma StephenMrs. P. P. M. KunjammaMrs. K. V. JayalakshmiDr. George PeterMr. P. VenugopalMr. P. Haridas

Senior Scientific AssistantsMrs. K. Sarala DeviMr. T. BalasubramanianMr. S. Kumaran

Senior Technical AssistantsMr. Abraham PyleeMr. B. NarayananMr. O. Raveendran

Junior Scientific AssistantMrs. Thresiamma Joseph

Junior Technical AssistantsMr. K. R. ShyamMr. K. K. Balachandran

Junior Research FellowsMr. Domanic Zacharias

Mr. Pradeep KumarMr. K. V. Sanilkumar

2. Regional Centre, BombayScientist-in- Charge

Dr. B. N. DesaiScientists

Dr. S. A. H. AbidiDr. M. D. ZingdeMr. V. JosantoDr. (Mrs.) Vijayalakshmi R. NairDr. K. GovindanMr. M. M. SabnisMr. R. V. SarmaDr. S. N. Gajbhiye

Junior Technical AssistantsMr. A. V. MandaliaMiss Prabha D. GoreMr. Prashant SharmaMr. Jiyalal RamMr. M. A. RokadeMr. M. Srinivasa Rao

3. Regional Centre, WaltairScientist-in-Charge

Dr. T. C. S. RaoScientists

Dr. K. S. R. MurthyDr. V. V. SarmaMr. M. M. Malleswara RaoMr. K. Subrahmanyam

Senior Scientific AssistantsMr. T. V. Narasimha RaoMr. B. Prabhakara RaoMr. P. Vijayakumar RathodMr. K. Mohana Rao

Junior Scientific AssistantMr. K. V. L. N. S. Sarma

Junior Technical AssistantsMr. S. KannanMr. M. K. Prema KumarMr. S. L. NarayanaMr. K. S. R. Jagannadha Rao

Senior Research FellowMr. G. R. K. Raju

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6

Visitors

6.1 Visitors at Headquarters

Shri K. P. Singh Deo, Union Deputy Minister for Defence, New DelhiShri Lakhan Mehrotra, Ambassador Designate of India to ArgentinaDr. R. Thiagarajan, Director, (I&D) Department of Science & Technology, New DelhiDr. J. N. Baruah. Director, Regional Research Laboratory, Jorhat, AssamShri C. R. Krishnaswamy Raosahib, Cabinet Secretary, Government of India, New DelhiDr. A. P. Mitra, Director, National Physical Laboratory, New DelhiShri C. Venkataraman, Additional Secretary, Ministry of Commerce, Government of

IndiaMaj. Gen. G. R. Narayanan, Senior Consultant (Medicine), Armed Forces Medical ServicesDr. P. R, Rao, Deputy Director, Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu

Dr. Varadachari welcoming the Russian delegation.

93

Dr. B. N. Niyogi, Central Regional Geological Survey of India, NagpurMiss Inderjit Kaur, Chairman Staff Selection Commission, New DelhiProf. O. G. Houmb, NTH, Trondheim, NorwayMr. V. Isaksen and L. Nymoen, NORAD Experts, University of Oslo, NorwayMr. K. Haugland and L. Eides, Assistant Professors, University of Bergen, NorwayMr. P. Bartolonei, Marine Technology Department, Snamprogetti, ItalyMr. Saetnan, VHL, Trondheim, NorwayDr. G. F. Grancini, Snamprogetti, ItalyDr. L. H. Holthiijsen, Dr. T. Overvik & Dr. T. E. Kollstad, NTH, Trondheim, NorwayProf. Yovnne Herman. Micropaleontologist, Washington University, U.S.A.Prof. J. Thiede and Dr. G. Qvale, Oslo University, NorwayDr. K. R. Bjorkuland, Bergen University, NorwayDr. Peter Often, Schlichting—Werft, West GermanyDr W. Henanig, West GermanyDr. D. S. Cronan, Imperial College, LondonDr. Supriya Roy, Professor of Geology, Jadavpur University, CalcuttaDr. S. Z. Qasim, Secretary to Government of India, Department of Ocean Develop-

ment, New Delhi

Dr. A. K. Malhotra, Member Offshore, Oil & Natural Gas Commission, BombayDr. S. M. Naqvi, Scientist, NGRI, HyderabadShri S. K. Bhutani, Ministry of External Affairs, New DelhiMaj. Gen. K. B. Mehta, Cos. Hq. Southern Command, CochinProf. S. K. Rasul, Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarhshri T. R. Prasad, Chairman Port Trust, VisakhapatnamShri R. P. Singh, Director, Traffic Railway Board, New DelhiDr. K. J. Mahale, Rector, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New DelhiDr. Z. Haider, Regional Director, I.C.C.R., Bombay

Lt. Gen. T. S. Oberoi, General Officer Commander-in-Chief of Southern Command,Cochin

Prof. K. Venkata Ramiah, Member, UPSC, New DelhiProf. V. C. Kulandaiswamy, Vice-Chancellor, Anna University, MadrasDr. L. S. Srinath, Indian Institute of Science, BangaloreDr. S. K. Mukerjee, Director General, Geological Survey of IndiaVice Admiral R. H. Talihiani, Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Southern Command,

CochinShri K. L. Wadhawan, Joint Secretary (Adv.), CSIRProf. M. M. Taqui Khan, Director, Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute,

BhavnagarDr. V. L. C. Pieterz, FAO/SIDA Bay of Bengal Program, MadrasMr. Joquim Josefan, Ministry of Fisheries, Oslo, NorwayMr. Tigdis Tan, NORAD, New Delhi

94

Mr. J. Bruce Amstutz, American Consul General, Bombay

Mr. Robert Wade Gery and Sally Wade Gery, British High Command

A high power 3 member Sri Lanka delegation headed by Dr. Hiran Jeyawardane,Chairman, National Aquatic Research Agency (NARA), visited the headquarters of theInstitute from 9-11, June 1982, to explore the possibilities of collaboration with theInstitute in oceanographic research.

6.2 Visitors at Regional Centre, Cochin

Dr. T. H. Moller, International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation, London

Shri A. M. Deshmukh, Department of Civil Engineering, ΠΤ, New Delhi

Shri M. Divakaran, Assistant Director of Fisheries, Trivandrum

Dr. M. Vamucci, UNESCO, New Delhi

Dr. A. G. Mathew, Regional Research Laboratory, Trivandrum

Prof. C. T. Mathew, Principal, Mar Thoma College, Thiruvalla

Dr. Motohiko Kogo, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan

Dr. D. Srinivasan, Director, Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory, Cochin

Shri C. Madhavan, Assistant Director, Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory,

Cochin

6.3 Visitors at Regional Centre, Bombay

Dr. B. Srikantan, Deputy Director General & Dr. V. R. Venkoba Rao, Director, Geo-

logical Survey of India, Calcutta

Capt. Shasi Kant, Seaspan Shipping & Trading Pvt. Ltd., Bombay

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7

Colloquia

96

1-2-1982 Shell fish culture research inConway, U.K.

12-2-1982 Predictability of the atmosphere—the role of oceans

20-2-1982 Indian Expedition to Antarctica

9-3-1982 Ocean Thermal Energy Conver-sion: a tropical alternateenergy technology

10-3-1982 Deep ocean mining—-its pros-pects and impact

20-3-1-982 A few aspects of seismic dataacquisition

18-6-1982 Savings

24-7-1982 Screened VTRs mysteries ofthe sea

5-10-1982 Cyclonic V State

Mr. J. F. WickinsFisheries Experiment StationConway, U.K.

Dr. J. ShuklaNational Aeronautical SpaceAdministration, U.S.A.

Dr. S. Z. QasimSecretary, Government of India,Department of Ocean DevelopmentNew Delhi

Mr. Glyn Ford,University of Manchester, U.K.

-do-

Dr. Kristea HauglandAssociate ProfessorThe Earthquake DivisionUniversity of Bergen

Shri S. Ranganath RaoDeputy Regional DirectorNational Savings Organisation, Goa

The U.S. International Communi-cation Agency, Bombay

Dr. J. N. NandaVisiting Professor in PhysicsPunjab University, Chandigarh

29-10-1982 Fishery Science and thedemands it makes upon andthe contribution it makes tooceanography

16-11-1982 On the new oceanographicresearch vessel Sagar Kanya

29-11-1982 1. Submergence and emergenceof logarithmic law

2. Hot wire anemometer forturbulence measurements

30-11-1982 1. Turbulent flow in a conicaldiffuser—an overview and itsimplications

2. Ocean mixing processes

Dr. G. L. KestevanUNESCO Consultant & DirectorMalta Training Programme

Dr. Peter Otten

Prof. Ram S. Azad,University of Manitoba,Manitoba, Canada

-do-

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8

Awards, honours and membership ofvarious committees

Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari was elected as a— Member of Scientific Review Board of IOC— Fellow of the Association of Exploration Geophysicists— Member, Board of Ocean Engineering Centre, IIT, Madras— Member, Board of Studies in Physical Oceanography, University of Cochin, Cochin— Member, Marine Sciences Advisory Committee for Centre for Earth Sciences

Studies, Trivandrum

Dr. T. S. S. Rao served as— Member, Task Force on Ecodevelopment, Government of Goa, Daman & Diu,

Panaji, Goa— Member (co-opted), Committee on Fishing Harbour, Government of Goa, Daman

& Diu, Panaji, Goa— Member, Committee on Gangetic Fan, Department of Science & Technology,

Government of India, New Delhi— Member, Committee on Coral Reefs, Department of Science & Technology,

Government of India, New Delhi— Member, Committee on ' Protection and Management of Beaches , Department of

Environment, Government of India, New Delhi— Member, Secretary, Committee on Sea Aquarium, Government of Goa, Daman

& Diu, Panaji, Goa— Member, Marine Biological Association, India— Member, Fisheries Coordination Committee, Ministry of Agriculture, Government

of India, New Delhi— Member, Editorial Board, Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, published by PID,

CSIR, New Delhi— Adviser, Marine Ecology Progress Series, published by International Research,

Federal Republic of Germany

Shri H. N. Siddiquie was elected as a Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy(INSA), New Delhi and continued to serve as a

—. Member of Boards of Studies in Marine Sciences, in Geology and Marine Geo-logy of Cochin, Bombay and Mangalore Universities respectively

98

— A Member of the Editorial Board for the Proceedings of the Indian Academy ofSciences (Earth and Planetary Sciences)

— A Member of RAC of National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad— A Member of the Committee in the Panel on Physico-Chemical and Earth Sciences

of Bureau of Promotion of Urdu, New Delhi.

Dr. J. S. Sastry continued to serve as Member of the joint IOC/WMO WorkingCommittee for IGOSS and has been nominated as a

— Member of Indian Ocean Panel—IOC/ICSU Committee on Climatic Changes andthe Oceans

— Alternate Member for SCOR Working Group 56 on Equatorial Upwelling.

Dr. R. Sen Gupta was nominated as a— Member of the Task Force for Planning the Polar Research Vessel— Member of the Working Group of the Department of Environment, New Delhi

for the protection of beaches.

Dr. B. N. Desai— Member, ICAR Committee on Fishery Resources Group— Member, DST Committee on Ganga Alluvial Project— Member of the Committee of Department of Agriculture on Evaluation of Explo-

ratory Fisheries

Dr. M. Krishnankutty served as Member, Board of Studies in Environmental Studies,University of Cochin.

Dr. A. H. Parulekar— Member, Consultative Group, Exploratory Fisheries Project, Ministry of Agriculture— Expert Member, Aquaculture Development in Coastal Area, Government of

Maharashtra— Member, Task Force on Environmental Protection, Government of Goa, Daman

and Diu— Member, Board of Examiners in Marine Biology & Fisheries, Karnataka University— Member, Syllabus Committee on Marine Sciences, University of Bombay.

Dr. E. Desa— Continued as a Member on the Joint IOC/WMO Working Committee for IGOSS

in the sub-group of Experts on Operations and Technical Applications— Member,' Department of Electronics, NRC Working Group on Sonars and Under-

water Electronic SystemsMember, Technical Advisory Council, Economic Development Corporation ofGoa, Daman & Diu.

Dr. R. V. Unnithan continued to serve as— Senate Member, University of Cochin— Member, National Academy of Sciences of India.

99

Shri L. V. G. Rao continued to serve as a— Member of ISI Hydrometers Sub-Committee CDS-33.3 and has been nominated— Member of Peer Group VI (Marine Resources, Oceanography and Coastal Engi-

neering) of Standing. Working Group (SWG) on National Natural ResourcesManagement System (NNRMS) in connection with the utilization of remote sensingdata and the Indian remote sensing Satellite

— Member of IODE/IOC Task Team on Ocean Data Management for ClimaticStudies.

Shri R. R. Nair served as Member, International Union for Quaternary Research(INQUA) Sub-Commission for Indian & Pacific Ocean Shorelines.

Dr. V. N. Sankaranarayanan served as— Member, Board of Studies in Mariculture, University of Cochin— recognized as a guide for Ph.D. by University of Cochin.

Shri R. M. S. Bhargava served as— National Coordinator for IODE of IOC/UNESCO— Member Group of Experts on Format Development of IODE of IOC/UNESCO— Member, Task Team on Development of IODE Data Centre Services— Member, Task Team on Marine Biological Data of IODE.

Dr. A. G. Untawale acted as— Member, Executive Committee, Seaweed Research & Utilisation Association of

India— Secretary, World Wild Life Board, Goa Chapter.

Shri U. K. Gopalan— was elected as a member of the Executive Committee of the Marine Biological

Association of India— continued to serve as Member, Kerala Branch Committee World Wild Life Fund

of India

Dr. S. A. H. Abidi— appointed as an External Adviser for Fisheries, Department of Gujarat, for selec-

tion of personnel by the Gujarat Public Service Commission, Ahmedabad— held additional charges as Project Officer, CSIR Polytechnology Transfer Centre,

Bombay for two months.

Shri V. Josanto acted as— Member of the Support Group formed by GOC-in-C Coast Guard to combat the

possible pollution due to blow out at Bombay High Platform SJ-5—· Member, Task Force to formulate Contingent Master Plan for oil pollution con-

trol, coordinated by the DG (Shipping), Ministry of Shipping & Transport, Govern-ment of India.

100

Shri V. Ramesh Babu was awarded Junior Associateship of International Centre forTheoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy for the period Januarv 1982 to December1985.

Shri A. D. Gouveia was nominated as a member of Environmental Action Group andLocal Action Group to deal with pollution resulting from blow out of oil wellat Bombay High.

Dr. (Mrs.) Vijayalakshmi R. Nair was awarded degree of D.Sc. in Marine Biology bythe University of Kerala for her thesis entitled " Studies on zooplankton with specialreference to Chaetognaths ".

The following scientists were awarded the degree of Ph.D. during the year:

Shri T. C. Gopalakrishnan for his thesis entitled ' Studies on the planktonic copepods—Calanoida: Scolecithricidae of the Indian Ocean' by the University of Cochinunder the guidance of Prof. C. V. Kurian, Department of Marine Sciences, CochinUniversity.

Shri K. J. Peter for his thesis entitled Studies on some fish larvae of the ArabianSea and Bay of Bengal' by the University of Cochin, under the guidance of Prof.C. V. Kurian, Department of Marine Sciences, Cochin University.

Shri S. N. Gajbhiye for his thesis entitled Ecology of zooplankton with special referenceto polluted environments off Bombay' by the University of Bombay under theguidance of Dr. B. N. Desai, Scientist-in-Charge, Regional Centre of NIO, Bombay.

Shri V. K. Dhargalkar for his thesis entitled " Studies on marine algae of the Goa coast "by the University of Bombay, under the guidance of Prof. S. G. Torne, Departmentof Botany, S. P. Chowgule College, Margao, Goa.

Miss Maria Menezes for her thesis entitled " Studies on some physiological changesin fishes from polluted and un-polluted environments " by the University of Bombayunder the guidance of Dr. S. Z. Qasim, Secretary to Government of India, Depart-ment of Ocean Development, New Delhi.

Shri V. T. Paulinose for his thesis entitled " Decapod larvae of Indian Ocean " by theUniversity of Kerala under the guidance of Dr. S. Z. Qasim, Secretary to Govern-ment of India, Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi.

Shri P. Alfred Selvakumar for his thesis entitled " Effects of copper, zinc, and cadmiumon Therapon jarbua " by the Annamalai University, under the guidance of Prof.V. K. Venugopalan, Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Porto Novo.

Shri K. Premchand for his thesis entitled " Some aspects of intermediate water massstructure in the western Indian Ocean " by the Andhra University under the gui-dance of Dr. J. S. Sastry, Head, Physical Oceanography Division, NIO, DonaPaula, Goa.

101

Shri N. B. Bhosle for his thesis entitled "Microbial degradation of petroleum hydro-carbon " by the University of Bombay, under the guidance of Dr. (Miss) SunilaMavinkurve, Centre of Post-graduate Instruction & Research (Bombay University),Panaji, Goa.

Shri K. Sawkar for his thesis entitled " Studies of active sites on metal catalysts " byUniversity of Bombay under the guidance of Dr. M.A. Bhakta, Dhempe Collegeof Arts and Science, Panaji, Goa.

Following staff members obtained M.Sc. degree during the yearShri B. S. Ingole for his dessertation entitled ' On standardization of phased fertiliza-

tion techniques for mass culture of macrostomid turbellarian Macrostomum ortho-stylum (M. Braun 1885) and harpacticoid copepod, Amphiocoides subdebilis (Willy,1935) by the Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth Dapoli, Ratnagiri.

Shri R. Nagarajan for his thesis entitled " Physico-chemical study of spring waters ofGoa " by the University of Bombay under the guidance of Dr. R. V. Tamba, GoaCollege of Pharmacy, Panjim, Goa.

Shri. V. Ambre in Geology from Poona University.

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9

Deputations

Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari was deputed to

— Paris to attend the Executive Council Meeting of IOC from March 1-6, 1982

— Paris to attend the meeting of the Committee of Experts (IOC) on Ocean Sciencesfor the year 2000, held at Ville Franche Sur Mer from 12-17 April, 1982

— Paris to participate in the XVI Session of the Executive Council and the XIISession of the Assembly of IOC, from November 2-20, 1982.

Dr. T. S. S. Rao was deputed to— attend the meetings of Government Experts on Regional Seas Programmes at

UNEP Hqs. at Nairobi from January 14-23, 1982

— Germany (Hamburg) as Project Coordinator of ORV Sagar Kanya for discussionsfrom 19 September to 8 October, 1982.

Shri. H. N. Siddiquie on an invitation from the IOC/UNESCO attended the III Inter-national Workshop on Marine Geosciences at Heidelberg, FRG and subse-quently visited the Schlichting Werft, Travemunde to see RV Sagar Kanya andCNEXO, Brest France from July 27-30, 1982.

Dr. J. S. Sastry was deputed to Paris, to participate in the meeting of experts to devicean implementation plan for oceanographic observations for the Committee onClimatic Changes and the Ocean (CCCO) of IOC/ICSU from February 1-3, 1982.

Dr. R. Sen Gupta was deputed to England, Norway and Sweden as a member of theCoast Guard delegation from August 22 to November 1, 1982.

Dr. B. N. Desai was appointed on deputation as Director in the Department of OceanDevelopment, Cabinet Secretariat, New Delhi. After the period of deputation heresumed his duties as Scientist-in-Charge at Regional Centre of NIO, Bombay onNovember 4, 1982.

Dr. E. Desa was deputed to Magnavox, USA on integrated Navigation System fromDecember 4-20, 1982 under ORV Sagar Kanya Programme.

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Shri P. S. N. Murty was deputed to Male and Sri Lanka from November 29-December4, 1982 to accompany the participants of Malta Training Programme on MarineResources Management & Conservation.

Dr. A. G. Untawale was deputed to various laboratories in USA, under exchange pro-gramme of scientists between National Science Foundation, Washington andCSIR, from February 27-May 10, 1982.

Dr. (Mrs.) Sumitra Vijayaraghavan and Dr. Joseph Royan were deputed to Cochin,Trivandrum, Male, Sri Lanka and Bombay from November 2 to December 10,1982, to accompany the participants of Malta Training Programme on MarineResources Management and Conservation.

S/Shri M. V. S. N. Guptha and N. H. Hashimi were deputed to Physical ResearchLaboratory, Ahmedabad to work on Scanning Electron Microscope from 29thSeptember to 10th December, 1982.

S/Shri N. H. Hashimi, L. V. Subba Raju, A. R. Gujar, V. Subramanyam and Dr. S. M.Karisiddaiah were deputed for training to the Federal Republic of Germany underthe Oceanographic Research Vessel Programme from May 11-August 6, 1982.

Shri V. Ramesh Babu was deputed to— Dakha (Bangladesh), to attend the Winter workshop on " Monsoon Dynamics "

organised by the International Centre of Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy, fromJanuary 11-February 19, 1982

— Dehra Dun to attend a short-term course on " Remote Sensing Applications " heldat Indian Photo Interpretation Institute, from November 3 to December 1, 1982.

Shri V. Kesava Das was deputed to attend a short term course on Application ofRemote Sensing in Water Resources Studies held at IIT, Bombay from April 19-23,1982.

Shri A. V. Pradeepkumar attended a short-term course at IIT, Bombay on " Applica-tion of remote sensing to geotechnical engineering, terrain evaluation, urban deve-lopment and land use planning from November 8-12, 1982.

S/Shri A. L. Paropkari and P. Marathe were deputed to participate in the oceanographiccruise on board RV Sonne in the South China Sea from July 25-August 31, 1982under the FRG Oceanographic Research Vessel Programme.

Dr. (Miss) Shubha Sathyendranath was deputed to attend a two day course on " Anoverview of digital image processing systems ", organised by National RemoteSensing Agency (NRSA) on November 9-10, 1982.

Shri A. P. Selvam and Shri O. D'Souza were deputed to Magnavox, USA for ORVSagar Kanya training, from November 17 to December 23, 1982.

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Shri G. Nampoothiri was deputed to Norway, Netherland and United Kingdom fortraining in Servicing and maintenance of various oceanographic instruments underNORAD fellowship during May-June, 1982.

Shri S. Chellam was sent to Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Bombay fora training in " Electroplating processes ", in August 1982.

S/Shri A. V. Sonawane, G. M. Phadte, T. T. Joseph and J. Kannaiyan were deputed fortraining to Federal Republic of Germany under the FRG Oceanographic ResearchVessel Programme. Shri J. Kannaiyan also visited U.K. under the same pro-gramme.

Shri U. S. Sirsat was deputed to Indian Photo Interpretation Institute, Dehra Dun, fortraining in black and white photography from April 4-22, 1982.

Shri A. Shirgaunkar was deputed to Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Bombay,for training in fabrication of printed circuit boards, from August 1-8, 1982.

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10

Meetings, exhibitions, seminars, symposia andspecial lectures

Shri H. N. Siddiquie

— attended the 3rd International workshop on " Marine Geosciences", at Heidel-berg, FRG, during third week of July, 1982.

— presented a key paper at the INSA seminar on Research and Development forplanned utilization of mineral resources, during October 4-6, 1982.

— alongwith S/Shri G. C. Bhattacharya, A. L. Paropkari, K. H. Vora and Dr. S. M.Karisiddaiah attended the workshop on Polymetallic Nodules held at New Delhifrom December 1-4, 1982.

Dr. R. Sen Gupta— delivered twenty talks during the year in West Bengal, Orissa, Kashmir and Goa,

on the first "Indian Expedition to Antarctica".

— attended ISI Expert Panel meetings at New Delhi on March 4th and July 12-14,1982 for the finalization of " Handbook of Water and Waste Water".

— attended the First National Conference for Legislators on Environment, at NewDelhi from April 30-March l, 1982.

— attended the workshop on " Planning and Management in Scientific Research "organised by CSIR at Srinagar from July 19-21, 1982.

Dr. B. U. Nayak

— presented a paper on " Beach erosion problems in India and their remedialmeasures", during a seminar on "Tourism & Environment" held at Panaji, Goa.

Dr. M. G. Anantha Padmanabha Setty

— attended the 69th Session of Indian Science Congress Association, held at Mysorefrom January 3-4, 1982 and presented a talk " Recent advances in oceanographywith special reference to Indian Ocean".

— delivered a lecture on " Marine Instrumentation and its Impact in Oceanography ",on October 13, 1982 at the CSIO, Chandigarh.

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Dr. A. Ή. Parulekar

— presented a paper entitled ' Indian capabilities in survey of coastal resources', atINDO-US "workshop on " Conservation and management of biological diversities ",held at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore from March 2-11, 1982.

— presented a paper entitled " Marine exploration — a resume ", at the workshopheld by CASTFORD (Centre for Application of Science and Technology for RuralDevelopment) and Indian Institute of Education, held at Dr. Shirodkar EducationSociety, Malvan from May 14-15, 1982.

Dr. E. Desa delivered a talk on "Microprocessors" at Menezes Braganza Hall, Panjim,Goa on April 16, 1982.

Drs. E. S. Desa and E. Desa presented a paper on " Transducers for oceanographicstudies" at a National Symposium on Instrumentation.

Shri S. P. Anand

— participated in Get-together of CSIR, NRDC and Entrepreneurs held at Patna fromSeptember 17-19, 1982.

— represented NIO at the International Trade Fair, held at New Delhi from November1-14, 1982.

— participated in the National Solar Energy Convention, 1982, held at New Delhifrom December 17-19, 1982 and presented a paper entitled " A study of Dehydra-tion of farm products by conventional sun drying and solar heating techniques".

Dr. T. C. S. Rao presented a paper entitled " Marine environment—natural andmanmade causes", on World Environmental Day at Department of Environ-mental Sciences, Andhra University, Waltair.

Dr. R. V. Unnithan— delivered a talk on " Fisheries Research ", during the seminar on Fisheries Educa-

tion and Research' organised by Kerala Agricultural University Fisheries FacultyMembers Association on November 13, 1982 at CIFT, Cochin.

— participated in the regional symposium held at Trivandrum from 26-27 February,1982 on "Alternate Energy Sources and Pollution Control", sponsored by Indo-French Technical Association and the Association of Franco-Ceylonese Techno-logists.

Dr. Joseph Royan delivered a lecture on "Brine shrimp and its role in aquaculture"at the Post-graduate Department of Zoology, Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna-nagar on August 5, 1982.

Shri S. G. Dalal attended a workshop on " Acquisition and dissemination of data onMarine living resources of Indian seas " from October 21-23, 1982 at the CMFRI,Cochin.

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Shri S. W. A. Naqvi attended the ISI Expert Panel Meeting at New Delhi, from July 12-14,1982 for the finalization of Handbook of Water and Waste Water.

Shri V. Kesava Das attended the National Space Science Symposium held at IndianInstitute of Science, Bangalore from February 2-6, 1982.

Dr. V. K. Dhargalkar attended the meeting held at CSIR, New Delhi on April 16, 1982to discuss various aspects of seaweed research.

Shri Arvind Ghosh, Kolli, attended a summer school on " Recent Developments oncomputer methods of data analysis, conducted by the Indian Statistical Institute,Calcutta, at University of Mysore, from May 31-June 12, 1982.

S/Shri N. K. Viswambharan, M. V. Rao and L. V. G. Rao presented a paper entitled" Comparison of sea surface wind speeds derived from Bhaskara-II (SAMIR) datawith sea-truth measurements from RV Gareshani at the seminar-cum-workshopon "Applications of Bhaskara-II (SAMIR) data" held at Space Applications Centre,Ahmedabad, from October 6-7, 1982.

Workshop on Marine Micropaleontology

A workshop on Marine Micropaleontology was organised from May 24-29,1982, at the Headquarters by the Institute and the Norwegian Agency for InternationalDevelopment (NORAD). It was attended by participants from Oil & Natural GasCommission, Geological Survey of India, Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleontology, IndianInstitute of Technology, Bombay & Kharagpur, and the Universities of Bangalore,Mysore, Andhra and Sri Venkateshwara.

The workshop was conducted by Prof. J. Thiede and Dr. G. Quale of OsloUniversity, alongwith Dr. K. R. Bjorkuland of Bergen University. Various subjects suchas Calcareous microfossils, special techniques for isolation and mounting fossils, etc.,were discussed.

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109

11

Radio Talks

Speaker Topic

Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari — Nodules from the Sea

— Ocean floor mining for minerals

Dr. A. H. Parulekar — Experiences of Antarctic Expedition

(Marathi)

— Antarctica—Why ? What ? Where ? How ?

— Food from the Sea (English & Marathi)

Dr. E. Desa — Microprocessors in Antarctica

Dr. T. C. S. Rao — Antarctica Expedition and its prospects

Dr. A. B. Wagh — Energy from the Sea (Marathi)

Dr. S. Y. S. Singbal — The furry of nature (Portuguese)

Dr. S. A. H. Abidi — Bonaza from the Sea: Nodules

— Science ki duniyan samudra mein chhipeykhazane (Urdu)

— Nobel ek science dan ki haisiyat say aurunke inamat (Urdu)

Mr. S. S. Sawant — Antarctica Expedition—How will it benefitmankind (Konkani)

12

Publications

12.1 SCIENTIFIC PAPERS

Achuthankutty, C. T. and S. R. Sreekumaran Nair. Penaeid prawn population andfry resources in a mangrove swamp of Goa, India. Proc. Symp. Coastal Aqua-culture, CMFRI, 1:190-195.

Ansari, Z. A., C. L. Rodrigues, A. Chatterjee and A. H. Parulekar. Distribution ofmeiobenthos and macrobenthos at the mouth of some rivers of the east coast ofIndia. Indian J. mar. Sci, 11: 341-343.

Anto, A. F., L. V. G. Rao and Y. K. Somayajulu. Surface layer conditions of theatmosphere over western Bay of Bengal during MONEX. Indian J. mar. Sci., 11:15-20.

Aravindakshan, P. N., V. T. Paulinose, T. Balasubramaniam, P. Gopala Menon andM. Krishnankutty. On the growth of Penaeus indicus experimented in cages atdifferent densities in a selected nursery ground. Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquaculture.

Chandramohan, P. and B. Prabhakara Rao. Beach changes at Visakhapatnam due tothe cyclone of May 1979. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 15: 1-8.

Chatterjee, A. and Z. A. Ansari. Fecundity of dolphin fish Coryphaena hippurus.Mahasagar — Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 15: 129-133.

Chatterjee, A., B. S. Ingole and A. H. Parulekar. Effectiveness of faunal dehyde inCaligus infection of laboratory reared grey mullet. Indian J. mar. Sci., 11: 344-346.

De Sa, E. Program evolution from concept to machine code. Boletin do InstitutoMenezes, Braganca, 132: 67-76.

Desai, B. N., S. N. Gajbhiye and Jiyalal Ram. Zooplankton population in the pollutedenvironment of Thana Creek and Bombay Harbour. J. Indian Fish. Assoc.,7: (1 & 2).

De Souza, F. P. Fluoride, bromide and iodide in the Arabian Sea. Indian J. mar.Sci, 11: 173-174.

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Dwivedi, S. N. and S. A. H. Abidi. Studies on the occurrence of Coliforms and Strepto-cocci in coastal waters of Bombay. J. Indian Fish. Assoc., 7(1 &2): 77-81.

Gopalan, U. K., K. S. Purushan, V. Santhakumari and P. P. Meenakshi Kunjamma.Experimental studies on high density short-term farming of shrimp Penaeus indiciain a Pokkali field in Vypeen Island, Kerala. Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquaculture.CMFRI, 1: 151-159.

Gopalan, U. K., P. P. Meenakshi Kunjamma and V. Santhakumari. Incidence ofdiseases of Penaeid shrimps from Cochin backwaters. Symp. on the Diseases ofFin-Fish and Shell Fish, Mangalore.

Goswami, S. C. Occurrence of swarms of Sagitta enflata (Chaetognatha) and Pleuro-brachia globosa (Ctenophora) in the coastal waters of Goa. Mahasagar — Bull.natn. Inst. Oceanogr.. 15: 163-166.

Goswami, S. C. Distribution and diversity of copepods in the Mandovi-Zuari estua-rine system of Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci., 11: 292-295.

Goswami, U. and S. C. Goswami. Chromosomal aberrations found in Paracalanusaculeatus (Giesbrecht) at the time of solar eclipse. Mahasagar — Bull. natn. Inst.Oceanogr., 15: 59-62.

Goswami, U. and S. C. Goswami. Juveniles of prawn, Metapenaeus monoceros, fedupon chemically preserved zooplankton. Aquaculture, 29: 379-382.

Goswami, U. and S. C. Goswami. Formulation of cheap prawn diets and their bio-logical evaluation on some penaeid prawn. Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquaculture,CMFRI, 1: 211-214.

Govindan, K., R. Kasinathan and B. N. Desai. Biomass and composition of zooplank-ton in and around Gulf of Kutch. J. Indian Fish. Assoc., 7(1 &2): 64-76.

Harkantra, S. N. Studies on sublittoral macrobenthic fauna of the inner Swansea Bay.Indian J. mar. Sci., I I : 75-78.

Harkantra, S. N., C. L. Rodrigues and A. H. Parulekar. Macrobenthos of the shelfoff north eastern Bay of Bengal. Indian J. mar. Sci., 11: 115-121.

Hashimi, N. H., R. R. Nair, R. M. Kidwai and V. Purnachandra Rao. Carbonatemineralogy and faunal relationship in tropical shallow water marine sediments:Cape Comorin, India. Sediment Geol., 32: 88-98.

Joseph, A. and E. Desa. Rotor current meter. Bulletin SOSEUTI, 3, 9-12.

Joshi, L. U., M. D. Zingde and B. N. Desai. Radiochemical determination of uraniumand studies of 234/238 and 235/238 activity ratios in estuarine sediments of MindolaRiver. J. Radio and Chem., 75: 97-104.

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Murty, C. S., M. Veerayya and V. V. R. Varadachari. Morphological changes of thebeaches of Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci., 11: 35-42.

Naik, S. and C. M. Dias. On the distribution of fluoride, calcium and magnesium inthe waters off the central west coast of India. Mahasagar — Bull. natn. Inst.Oceanogr., 15: 23-28.

Naik, C. G., S. Y. Kamat and R. S. Topgi. Marine natural products: Part I — Occur-rence of batyl alcohol and brassicasterol in Porites lutea. Indian J. Chem., 21 B:76.

Nair, R. R., N. H. Hashimi and V. Purnachandra Rao. On the possibility of high-velo-city tidal streams as dynamic barriers to longshore sediment transport: evidencefrom the continental shelf off the Gulf of Kutch, India. Marine Geology, 47:77-86.

Nair, R. R., N. H. Hashimi and V. Purnachandra Rao. Distribution and dispersal ofclay minerals on the western continental shelf of India. Mar. Geol., 50: M1-M9.

Nair, Shanta and P. A. Lokabharathi. Bacteriological studies off Mangalore coast.Mahasagar — Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 15: 215-222.

Nair, S. R. S., H. Krishna Iyer, C. B. Lalithambika Devi and M. Krishnankutty.Studies on the growth of penaeid prawns: I. Length-weight relation and condi-tion factor under different levels of feeding. Mahasagar — Bull. natn. Inst. Oceano-gr., 15: 95-104.

Naqvi, S. W. A., R. J. Noronha and C. V. G. Reddy. Denitrification in the ArabianSea. Deep-Sea Research, 29: 459-469.

Nigam, R. Plastic pellets on the Caranzalem beach sands, Goa. Mahasagar — Bull,natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 15: 125-127.

Nigam, R. and M. G. A. P. Setty. Ecological regimen and distribution of Virgulinellasp. in the inshore sediments of western India. Internat. Jour. Paleoclimat. Paleo-geor. and Paleoecol., Amsterdam, 38(1-2): 57-61.

Panampunnayil, S. U. Description of a new species of Petalopthalmus (Mysidacea)with a revised definition of the genus. Jour, of Plankton Research, 4 (3): 643-650.

Parulekar, A. H., S. G. Dalai, Z. A. Ansari and S. N. Harkantra. Environmentalphysiology of raft-grown mussels in Goa, India. Aquaculture, 29: 83-93.

Parulekar, A. H., S. N. Harkantra, Z. A. Ansari and S. G. P. Matondkar. Abyssalbenthos of the Central Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Research, 29(12A): 1531-1537.

Parulekar, A. H., S. N. Harkantra and Z. A. Ansari Benthic production and assess-ment of demersal fishery resources of the Indian Seas. Indian J. mar. Sci., 11:107-114.

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Paulinose, V. T. Key to the identification of larvae and postlarvae of the penaeidprawns (Decapoda: Penaeidea). Mahasagar — Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 15:223-229.

Psulinose, V. T. Larval and postlarval stages of Sicynnia H. M. Edwards (Decapoda:Penaeidea: Sicynoiidae). Mahasagar — Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 15: 231-235.

Paulinose, V. T. Decapod Crustacea from the International Indian Ocean Expedition:Larval and postlarval stages of Trachypenaeus curvirestris (Simpson) (Penaeidae).J. nat. Hist. London. 16: 663-672.

Prabhu Desai, R. G. EPROMS Programming. Jour. Institution of Electronics andTelecommunication Engineers, 28(3): 121.

Qasim, S. Z. Oceanography of the northern Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Research, 29(9A): 1048-1068.

Radhakrishna, K., P. M. A. Bhattathiri and V. P. Devassy. Chlorophyll a, phaeo-pigments and particulate organic carbon in the northern and western Bay of Bengal.Indian J. mar. Sci., 11: 287-291.

Rajendran, A., S. N. De Souza and C. V. G. Reddy. Dissolved and particulate tracemetals in the western Bay of Bengal. Indian J. mar. Sci., 11: 43-50.

Ramana, M. V. Magnetic and their possible relations with heavy mineral placers andbasement configuration in Mirya Bay, Konkan coast, Maharashtra, India. Instituteof Geology, Oslo Univ. Internal. Series, 37: 24

Ramesh Babu, V. and J. S. Sastry. Total solar eclipse of February 1980 and verticalprofiles of atmospheric parameter in the 0-200 m. Proc. Indian natn. Sci. Acad.,48 A (Supplement): 196-201.

Rodrigues, C. L., S. N. Harkantra and A. H. Parulekar. Sub-littoral meiobenthos ofthe northeastern Bay of Bengal. Indian J. mar. Sci., 11: 239-242.

Sankaranarayanan, V. N., S. Kumaran, T. Balasubramanian, Rosamma Stephen andS. U. Panampunnayil. Carbohydrates in the waters of ponds of RamanthuruthuIsland, Cochin. Indian J. mar. Sci., 11: 253-255.

Sankaranarayanan, V. N., S. Kumaran, T. Balasubramaniam, Rosamma Stephen andS. U. Panampunnayil. Studies on environmental conditions of tidal ponds in theRamanthuruthu Island (Cochin). Proc. Symp. Coastal Aquaculture, 1: 362-368.

Santhakumaran, L. N., S. Udaya Bhaskar, A. B. Wagh and T. S. S. Rao. On theefficacy of indigenous method employed along Goa coast for protecting fishingcraft against bio-deterioration. Mahasagar — Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 15 :237-242.

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Santhakumari, V. The exposure of host shipworms to external factors and its influenceon associated organisms. J. mar. Biol. Ass. India, 18(3): 637-641.

Santhakumaii, V. and N. Balakrishnan Nair. Observations on parasites of wood boringmolluscs and crustaceans of the south west coast of India. J. Fish. Technol., 19 (2):65-73.

Saraswathy, M. and V. Santhakumari. Sex ratio of five species of pelagic copepodsfrom Indian Ocean. Mahasagar — Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 15: 37-42.

Saraswathy, M. Siphonostones from Indian Ocean. Jour. of Plankton Research,4(3): 633-641.

Sarma, V. V. and G. R. K. Raju. Determination of copper in natural waters and sedi-ments by extraction spectrophotometric method. Indian J. mar. Sci., 11: 79-80.

Sarma, V. V., G. R. K. Raju and T. Bose Babu. Pollution characteristics and waterquality in the Visakhapatnam harbour. Mahasagar— Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr.,15: 15-22.

Sathe, P. V. and A. D. Gouveia. Wave persistence in central Bay of Bengal duringthe southwest monsoon. Mahasagar— Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 15: 9-13.

Sathyendranath, S. and V. V. R. Varadachari. Light penetration in the coastal watersoff Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci., 11: 148-152.

Saxena, R. K., A. Chandra and M. G. A. P. Setty. Palynological investigation of thesediment cores from the Arabian Sea, 2 Sinoflagellata cysts and Acritarchus.Geophytology, 12: 81-91.

Sen Gupta, R. and S. Z. Qasim. Oil pollution studies in the northern Indian Ocean.Pet. Asia Jour., 5: 33-37.

Sen Gupta, R. Environmental problems in the Indian Ocean region. UNEP RegionalSeas Report and Studies.

Setty, M. G. A. P. Pollution effects monitoring with foraminifera as indices in theThana Creek, Bombay area. Intern. J. Environmental Studies, U.K., 18: 205-209.

Setty, M. G. A. P. and R. Nigam. Foraminiferal assemblages and organic carbonrelationship in benthic marine ecosystem of western Indian continental shelf. IndianJ. mar. Sci., 11: 225-232.

Setty, M. G. A. P. Recent marine microfauna from continental margin, west coast ofIndia. Jour. Sci. Ind. Res., 41: 674-679.

Shirodkar, P. V., S. Y. S. Singbal and R. Sen Gupta. Studies on boron along thecentral west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 11: 251-252.

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Siddiquie, H. N., A. R. Gujar and V. V. R. Varadachari. Seabed mining — prospectsfor India. Seminar on Metallurgy in Ocean Technology.

Siddiquie, H. N, G. V. Rajamanickam, A. R. Gujar and M. V. Ramana. Geologicaland geophysical exploration for offshore ilmenite placers off the Konkan coast,Maharashtra, India. 14th Annual OTC, 4296 in Houston Texas, 749-755.

Singbal, S. Y. S., M. D. George, R. S. Topgi and R. Noronha. The levels of certainheavy metals in marine organisms from Aguada Bay (Goa). Mahasagar — Bull.natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 15: 121-124.

Swamy, G. N., R. Viswanatha Sarma and A. Suryanarayana. Physical characteristicsof the coastal waters between Navapur and Umbharat, west coast of India: Part I.Current pattern. Mahasagar — Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 15: 67-83.

Swamy, G. N. and R. Viswanatha Sarma. Physical characteristics of the coastal watersbetween Navapur and Umbharat, west coast of India: Part II. Vertical homo-geneity of temperature and salinity. Mahasagar — Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 15:139-147.

Swamy, G. N. and C. V. Vijaykumar. Physical characteristics of the coastal watersbetween Navapur and Umbharat, west coast of India: Part III. Stability anddispersion. Mahasagar — Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 15: 149-155.

Swamy, G. N. and R. Viswanathan Sarma. Tidal mixing in Dahej Creek waters.Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 15: 195-203.

Topgi, R. S., R. J. Noronha, S. P. Fondekar and R. Sen Gupta. Dissolved petroleumhydrocarbons along the oil tanker route in the southern Bay of Bengal. IndianJ. mar. Sci., 11: 175-176.

Untawale, A. G., S. Wafar and T. G. Jagtap. Application of remote sensing techniquesto study the distribution of mangroves along the estuaries of Goa. Proc. FirstIntern, Wetlands Conf., 52-67.

Venugopal, P., K. Sarala Devi, K. N. Remani, R. V. Unnithan. Trace metal levels inthe sediments of the Cochin backwaters. Mahasagar — Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr.,15: 205-214.

Vijayaraghavan, S., R. A. Selvakumar and T. S. S. Rao. Studies on zooplankton fromthe Arabian Sea off the south-central west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 11:70-74.

Vijayaraghavan, S., J. P. Royan and T. S. S. Rao. Growth and food conversionefficiency in the fish Etroplus suratensis in relation to different feeding levels. IndianJ. mar. Sci., 11: 350-352.

Vijayaraghavan, S., J. P. Royan and T. S. S. Rao. Effects of different feeding levels onmoulting, growth, food conversion efficiency and biochemical composition of theprawn, Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius). Indian J. mar. Sci., 11: 347-359.

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Wagh, A. B. and S. S. Sawant. Observations on marine bio-fouling on- electroplatedmetallic surface in Goa waters. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr.,15: 183-188.

Wagle, B. G. Geomorphology of the Goa coast. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., (EarthPlanet. Sci.), 91(2): 105-117.

Wagle, B. G. Lineaments in the coastal zone of Goa. J Indian Soc. Photo. Int. andRemote Sensing, 10(1): 45-59.

Zingde, M. D., B. N. Desai, 1982. Mercury in Thana Creek, Bombay Harbour. Mar.Poll. Bull., 12(7): 237-241.

12.2 POPULAR ARTICLES AND BOOK REVIEWS

Abidi, S. A. H., S. Z. Qasim and L. V. Joshi, 1982. Barf key athah sagar men chhipaanmol khazana (Hindi). Dharamyug, 2-8 May.

Abidi, S. A. H. Aaj ka insan mahual ki ghuttan men (Urdu). Science ki Duniya,Sept. 1982.

Balakrishnan, K. P. and C. B. Lalithambika Devi, 1982. Environmental input on man.Indian Writers Union Conference.

Dwivedi, S. N. and S. A. H. Abidi, 1982. Aaj kal machhlian boney ka mausam hai(Hindi). Dharamyug, 6-12 June.

Dwivedi, S. N. and S. A. H. Abidi, 1982. Management of the marine living resourcesof India, Exclusive Economic Zone. Society and Sciences, 5(3), published byNehru Science Centre, Bombay.

Gopalan, U. K., 1982. Environmental consciousness. Proc. of the Seminar on ' Deve-lopment and Environment'.

Gopalan, U. K., 1982. Marine oil pollution. Souvenir, Kerala Fisheries OfficersAssociation, Cochin, 35-40.

Hashimi, N. H. 1982. Marine mining in India (Urdu). Science ki Duniya, 8(2):11-5.

Joshi, L. U., S. Z. Qasim and S. A. H. Abidi, 1982. Antarctica Continent of hiddenwealth, ' Unique' unpolluted datum point. Nuclear India, 20(11 & 12).

Krishnankutty, M., 1982. Biological aspects of fisheries management. Souvenir, KeralaFisheries Officers Association, Cochin.

Mascarenhas, A. 1982. Boomerang grabs — a boon to marine geologists. TheNavhind Times, 25 Dec.

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Nair, Sreekumaran, S. R. and C. T. Achuthankutty, 1982. Marine fishery forecasting.The Navhind Times, 26 Sept.

Santhakumari, V., 1982. Little animals that drift in water. Children's World, Inter-national Magazine for Children, 14(10): 34-36.

Santhakumari, V., 1982. The barnacles. Children's World, 14(11): 46-47.

Santhakumari, V., 1982. Swimming experts in the sea. Children's World, 15(1):60-63.

Santhakumari, V., 1982. The voracious eaters. Children's World, 15(1): 47-49.

Santhakumari, V., 1982. Some venomous fishes. Children's World, 15(2): 13-15.

Santhakumari, V., 1982. Elegance that encircles the enemy. Children's World, 15(3):4(Ml.

Santhakumari, V., 1982. Marine 'Chameleons'. Children's World, 15(4): 26-28.

Santhakumari, V., 1982. Fishes can be funny. Children's World, 15(5): 78-80.

Santhakumari, V., 1982. Living light in the sea. Children's World, 15(6): 57-59.

Santhakumari, V., 1982. The hermit in a shell. Children's World, 15(7): 48-49.

Santhakumari, V., 1982. Sponges, the humble creatures. Children's World, 15(8):49-50.

Santhakumari, V., 1982. The blood sucker crab. Children's World, 15(9): 52-53.

Santhakumari, V., 1982. Boring bivalves. Kuttikalude Deepika, Magazine for Children,25(2): 4-6.

Sen Gupta, R., 1982. Kumeru Mahadishey Amra (Bengali). Desh, Nov. 20.

Sivadas, P. and B. Narayana, 1982. Marine living resources of Lakshadweep: on thepossibilities of turtle farming in Lakshadweep. Souvenir, Kerala Fisheries Corpo-ration, 36-40.

Nair, Sreekumaran, S. R. and T. S. S. Rao. Kuwait Bulletin of Marine Science (BookReview;, edited by A. S. D. Farmer. Mahasagar — Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr.,15: 56-57.

Nair, R. R. The Arctic Ocean and Its Coast in the Cenozoic Era (Book Review),edited by Prof. A. I. Tolmachov. Mahasagar — Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 15:193-194.

Wagh, A. B. Fisheries Oceanography and Ecology (Book Review) by Taivo Laevastuand Murray L. Hayes. Mahasagar — Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 15: 63-64.

12.3 TECHNICAL REPORTS (RESTRICTED)

* Comparative study of wave hindcast models — B. A. Ramesh and O.G. Houmb

* Engineering properties of sea-bed samples off Gujarat —B. U. Nayak

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* Preliminary report on Integrated R & D programs in the area of seaweeds, June1982 — A.G. Untawale, K. Subbaramaiah, V.D. Chauhan and V.K. Dhatgalkar.

* Final report on Integrated R & D programs in the area of seaweeds Oct. 1982—K. Subbaramaiah, D. Chauhan and A. G. Untawale

* Marine environment — country report for India for UNEP, Department of Environ-ment, New Delhi — R. Sen Gupta, and S. Z. Qasim

* Computation of wave statistics and spectra from records collected with a shipbornewave recorder off the Godavari Basin during Sept./Oct. 1980 — P. Vethamony,V. V. Gopalakrishna and M. J. Varkey

* Factor analysis of multivariate data — A. A. Fernandes and R. Mahadevan

OBITUARY

It is with deep sorrow that we record the sad and prematuredemise of two of our colleagues, Shri P. Gopala Menon, Scientist C andShri Easo Thomas A., staff car driver.

Shri Menon passed away on June 22, 1982 while on activeduty on board R. V. Gaveshani. Shri Menon (b. 15-10-1939) joined theIndian Ocean Biological Centre, Cochin, now Regional Centre of theNational Institute of Oceanography and served in various capacities.A marine biologist by education, Shri Menon's field of specializationwas zooplankton in general and decapod larvae in particular. Hestudied complete larval history of the Heterocarpus spp. of the IndianOcean at Marine Laboratory, Isle of Man, U. K. under Dr. D. I.Williamson on Crustacean larvae.

Shri Easo Thomas A. (b. 3-2-1934) joined oceanographicresearch wing of Central Board of Geophysics now Regional Centreof the National Institute of Oceanography as Laboratory boy on19-5-1960 and later served as Lab bearer and deckhand on the MotorBoat ' Neendakara' before being appointed as staff car driver. Hepassed away on November 12th, 1982.

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