10/9/12 8:06 AMVertebrate EvolutionI) Universe Big BangII) Geology Materials, Plates, MechanismsIII) Early Life

Universe 15 billion years oldThe Suns Rays Nuclear Energy Amount 10 billion years

Earth 4.6 billion years agoReduced Asteroid Activity3.6 Billion years ago Present

Earths External Conditions: Materials, Axis-Rotation, Magnetism & Gravity75 % Nitrogen/ 15% CO2 / Low Oxygen / Gas-H20 / Ammonia / Methane / Carbon MineralsMagnetic North 700 thousand years ago PresentMagnetic South 2.5 million years ago 700 thousand years ago

(Archae) O2 (Animals) CO2 (Archae)Plants O2 (Animals) CO2 (Plants)

Earths Internal Conditions:Geologic Layers & MaterialsCrust Mantle Outer Core (Magma) Iron (Inner) Core

Geologic Layer Calculations: Wave Refraction

Alfred Wegener: 1915 The Origins of Continents and OceansFossil remains of the Triassic land reptile Cynognathus.Fossil evidence of the Triassic land reptile Lystrosaurus. Fossils of the fern Glossopteris.Fossil remains of the freshwater reptile Mesosaurus.

Continental-Drift/TectonicsSeparate? - UncertaintyHaden Eon 4.6-3.8 billion years agoArchaean Eon 3.8-2.5 billion years ago

Rodenia: Proterozoic Eon2.5 billion years ago 543 million years ago

Pannotia: Palezoic Era543-290 million years ago EarlyPrecambrian Explosion in the number of animals.

Pangea: Paleozoic Era290-248 million years ago Late1 ContinentAge of Fish (Amphibians)

Laurasia & Gondwana:Mezazoic Era 248-65 million years ago2 ContinentsReptiles

Present 7: Cenezoic65 million years ago (30) Present7 ContinentsAge of Mammals Birds independently

Tectonic Mechanics: FaultingTransform slide back and forward (San Andres)Compressional compress and create mountainsExtensional create rifts and valleys

Tectonic MechanicsContinents moving away from heavy (largest and densest) African plate under influence of inertial forces

Earthquake Volcanic ZonesRing of Fire

Geological Time ScaleHomo sapiensGenus HomoHominidsHominoidsMonkeysProsimiansPlesiadipids- MammalsBirds- ReptilesAmphibians - Fish - Invertebrates - Eukaryotes - Prokaryotes

Virus ScenarioAnimate & InanimateRNA DNAInfluenza

Bacteria ScenarioArchaen Prokaryotes: Bacteria 3.5 billion years agoFossil: Cynobacteria & Extant: Oscillatoria StromotolitesStromotolites = oldest form of life, take in CO2 and put out O2.

Prokaryote Proto-Eukaryote?Asexual ReproductionParent OffspringAsexual Reproduction MistakeTwo DNA mixing Eukaryote (mtDNA & DNA).

Organism Evolution SpeciationIf two populations dont get back, get a new species and stop their gene flow.

Aristotle Epicurus DarwinChain of Being To Ladder of Life To Tree of Life

Phylogenetic Tree LifeRadiolaria, Testaceafilosea, Chromista

Invertebrates & Vertebrates Taxonomy

Paleozoic 540-250 million years ago: Age of Fish1st Fish: Cartilagenous BonyFish eventually get lungs and gills.

Fish Evolution & SpeciationLung Fish: MudskippersGills & Ear LungsArm like structures to move over ponds when they dry up.Closed ears to get lungs.

Fish Evolution & SpeciationHand Fish: SpecializationFore Limbs Fin Hand

Fish Evolution & SpeciationBlind Cave Fish: VestigialEyes

Late Paleozoic 300-250 million years ago1st Amphibians

Amphibian Evolution & SpeciationFish AmphibianAmphibians have the most bone and ribs for lungs.

Tiktoolik: Fish-AmphibianBridge Species

Amphibian: Evolution & SpeciationCalifornia Salamander

Amphibian Evolution & SpeciationPacedeomorphism: Hox GenesStandard Salamander & Axolotl Salamander.

Mezozoic 250-65 million years: Age of Reptiles1st Reptiles

Reptile Evolution & SpeciationFish Amphibian Reptile

Dominate Reptiles:Dinosaurs 300 million years ago - 65 million years ago

TherapodsDino-Birds: Archaeopteryx warm-blooded quality.Have feathers to keep in warmth.Bavaria 1870sChina 1990s

Vertebrate & Mammalian EvolutionII] Earths Early Vertebrates 4] Vertebrates Evolution & Trends

Cartilaginous Fish & VertebratesEvolution 540 million years ago PresentFARMBHagfish, Perch, Salamander, Lizard, Pigeons, Mouse, ChimpDevelopment of Jaws (P), Lungs (S), Claws/Nails (L), Feathers (P), Fur (M); mammary glands.

Tetrapods: Birds4 limbs, a hind limb and a tail.

V] Extinction and EvolutionDinos vs. Mammals & BirdsDinosaur | MammalLarge \ SmallTerrestrial \ ArborealHomodont \ HeterodontSpecific Diet \ General Diet - OmnivoresEctothermic-Scales \ Endothermic Hair

Asteroid-Comet Impact 65 thousand years agoIridium & Ash-Layer reflects suns raysMexico Yucatan

Dominate Reptiles:Dinosaurs 300 million years 65 million years agoVertebrate EvolutionMammals \PrimatesSize of texas.

FARMBPaleozoic Age of FishMesozoic Age of ReptilesCenozoic Age of Ancient Mammals

Cenozoic 65 million years ago Present: Age of BirdsBirds from terapods.Crows are the smartest birds, live a long time, territorial.

Tupaias are the closest thing to a primate.

Mammalian Phylogenetic Tree

Reptile to Mammal: Synapsida (teeth-skull-jaw).

Mammal Evolutin: Miacid & Feldids.

Mammalian Evolution Elephant & HorseHorse = GrazersBrowsers = ElephantsSharp teeth to more flat and smooth.Horse go from small to big.Eco-Pulse^ More Rain = More GrassLess Grass = Less Rain

Mammalian Evolution & SpeciationCamel & llama arose in South AmericaCamalama, Mule (Sterile), & LigerRing Species can share traits

Primate SpeciesPlesiadipid | Prosimian/ Monkeys \ Hominoids \ HominidsAll the mammals are rodent like then start showing diversification.

Primate Evolution:Omaia, Tupia, Peliadipid purgatorius.Plesiadapis features 1. Long tail, agile limbs, claws, rodent-like jaws & teeth, eyes at sides of head, long snout, and no post-bony orbitals

Prosimii: Prosmians (60 Million years ago)Lemurs, Lorises & TarsiersBig eyes = Nocturnal

Platyrrhini: New World Monkeys (35 million years ago)Cebids: Spider (Largest of new world monkeys) & Capuchin Monkeys (Most dextrousity)Calltrichids: Marmosets

Catarrhini: Old World Monkeys (30 million years ago)Colobine: Langur/ ColobusCercopithecine: Baboon (Largest of old world monkeys) & Macaque (Most prevalent).

Family Hominoidea: Ape (23 million years)Gibbon, Orangutan, Gorilla, & Chimpanzee23 mya, 15 mya, 8 mya, 7 mya

Hominids Humans:Family Hominidae (7 my- Present)Sahelanthropus tchadensisThe human lineageAustralopithecus afarensis Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens.Height increase and shortening of arms.

Anatomical Trait TypePrimitive-Ancestral & Derived-ModifiedHeight & Neck Derived (Can only be derived once).Eyes & Tails.Primitive that we have body hair, different degrees (quality of trait = derived).True Erect Bipedalism - PrimitiveFull Opposability Derived.Grasping - PrimitiveH E H E T N T N

Homoplasy: Homology(Structure & Recent Descent)Arm Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpal, Metacarpal, PhalangesFish are the crucible for the development of mammals.

Homoplasy: HomologyFish & Human/ Bat & BirdHuman & Fish has 4 hox (2 Sets) genes in arm. Bat has 2 hox genes wing.

Traits:Primitive/DerivedHomoplasy- Homology Analogy

Taxonomy: Phylogenetic: Primitive & Derived TraitsTaxonomy: Cladistics (Derived Traits)

Chapter 510/9/12 8:06 AM

Primate Order Taxonomy1] ProsimiansA] Prosimii (Sub Order)i. Plesidapiformes* (InfraOrder)ii. Lemuriformes (InfraOrder)(Family) (SubFamiy)iii. Lorsisformes (InfraOrder)iv. Lorisoids (Super Family)(Family) (Sub Family)v. Tarsiiformes (InfraOrder)vi. Tarsioids (SuperFamily)Family (Sub Family)

2] Platyrrhini MonkeysA. Anthropoids (SubOrder)B. Platyrrhini (InfraOrder)C. Ceboids (SuperFamily)I] Callitrichids (Family)(SubFamily)II] Cebids (Family)(SubFamily)

3] Catarrhini MonkeysAnthropoids (SubOrder)Catarrhini (InfraOrder)Cercopithecoids (SuperFamily)Cercopithecids (Family)Colobines (SubFamily)Cercopithecines (SubFamily)

4] HominoidsAnthropoids (SubOrder)Catarrhini (InfraOrder)Hominoids (SuperFamily) A] Hylobatids (Family) (SubFamily) B] Pongoids (Family) (SubFamily]

5] Hominids Anthropoids (SubOrder)Catarrhini (InfraOrder)Hominoids (SuperFamily)Hominids (Family)A] Basals (SubFamily)B] Australopitchecines (SubFamily)C] Hominins (SubFamily)

HAMMP Humans Apes (Old) Monkeys (New) Monkeys ProsimiansA H (GS) P (OGC)

Primate Origins: Peliadipid Purgatorius (Dinosaurs extinct)New World in North America.65 million years ago: Arboreal? Visual Predation? Both? For BOTH.Small, Heterodont, Omnivorous, Semi-Lateral Eyes, Color Vision, Prehensile (Can grasp with hands), Claws (More rodent like)A. Long Tail B. Agile Limbs C. Claws, not nails D. Rodent-like jaws and teeth E. Eyes at sides of head (to see predators) F. Long snout G. No bony post-orbital bar (bar behind the eyes)

Primate Size Range (Height: 610) Weight: 10oz-1k lbs)Dwarf Lemur 10 inches (smallest)Macchas 1 to 2 feet (Most Numerous Primate)ApesMountain gorillasGigantia pitchecines (10 Feet Tall) In China/Southern Vietnam with Orangutans.

Bone Density3x For Humans5x for Chimpanzees/ Gorillas8x Orangutans

Primate Sex Dimorphisms (Weight: 0-400 %)Males have to show off in various different ways to impress females (behavior and looks); to intimidate other males.Chimpanzees and Humans 10% Difference in Males & Females

Skeletal PositionsSuperior Cephalid Inferior CaudalAnterior Ventral Posterior DorsalLateral & Medial

II] Skeletal AreasCranial, Axial, Appendicular

BonesName, Location, Articulations, Features

III] Skeletal Features Head TopNeck ConnectionBody MainTubercle LumpCondyles KnuckleSpine Pointed ProjectionLaminae SheetProcess Projection Crest Pointed TuftPedicle Stem Tori BulgeArticular JointForamen HoleSulcus ChannelMastoid NippleMeatus CanalPetrous Dense-RockyStyloid SlenderProtuberance KnobFossa DitchTubercle LumpArc RulerSquamous Thin-Plate

General Bone Structure & GrowthBlood Bone Cells OsteonsEpiphysis Diaphysis Metaphysis Epiphysis (Cartilage Growth)

Crania: Bone ElementsSingle Bones:Frontal, Sphenoid, Occipital, Maxilla, Mandible, HyoidPaired Bones:Parietals, Temporals, Zygomatics, Nasals, Facials

Cranial Bones & FeaturesMental EminenceNasal BridgeNasal SpineNasal ApertureOrbitsSupraorbital Tori (Each one torus)Auditory MeatusRamus (Arm of Jaw)Mastoid Process (Behind ears)Protuberance (Only in Males)Occipital has Foramen Magnum Big Hole

Sutures Sagittal SutureCoronalLambdoidalMeitopic (Disappears overtime 1-2)

Foramen Magnum LocationAMP Diagonal (Bipedal & Quadpedal), Horizontal Frontal SlopeH Vertical (Bipedal)

Dental StructureCrown Neck RootEnamel Dentine Pulp

Dental Element Forms & Shapes8 teeth, incisors 2, canines 1, pre-molars 2, molars 3 in quadrantOverbite in industrialized countries because jaw is not being strengthened by eating hard foods, too many soft processed foods.

Cusps and MorphologyTrigon Cusp: ProsimiansBilophodonty Cusp: MonkeysY-5 Cusp: Apes and HumansIncisors: Peg SpadeCanines: Long Sharp Short-Blunt for HumansOld Word Monkeys, Cercopithe, Baboons have long canines (most progmathism B30/F30) Humans B60F 40 Mandrill are the largest of the baboons (cercopithecines, old world monkeys, apes) use their canines to intimidate other males and attract females PreMolars: SquarishMolars: Triangular Squarish RooundishDental combs only found in prosimians to comb hair.

Dental Formulas (Quadrant)3143 Early Mammals3132 Prosimians Some2132 NW Callitrichids2133 NW Cebids2123 OW Monkeys/Apes/Humans

BoneName/Shape, Location, Articulations, Features

Primate Anatomy Skeleton - AxialThorax & Scapula ClavicleSternum knife-like bone has the xiphoid process and articulates with the clavicle and cartilage of ribsClavicle s-shaped bone (curvy), axial, articulates with scapula, pins back scapulaRibs & Lungs in axial, articulates with sternum & vertebrate.Scapula triangular shape in axial skeleton (thorax), clavicle, articulates with clavicle, vertebrate, ribs and humerusFeatures: glenoid fossa (humerus ball and socket), scapular spine (superior to cavity), corocoid (next to glenoid), acromion (past spine)

Vertebral Elements amorphic , articulates with ribs, has foramen, spin, and fossaVertebral Column double s curve (monkeys/prosimians have straight spine) with internal tail, articulates with ribs, skull, and pelvis.

Vertebral ElementsCervical-Thoracic-Lumbar-Sacral-Caudal Prosimans & Monkeys: Flex-Straight 7-9-9-5-13 (use tails for balance).Apes & Humans: Rigid-Curved7-13-5-5-5

Prehensile Tail Provides some support (Sea bit old world monkeys and spider monkeys)

Pelvis-InnominatePart of appendicular skeleton, made of ilium, ischium, and pubis; articulates with vertebrate and femur; features an acetabulum, birth canal, symphysisOther primates have rectangular pelvis, which puts their legs closer together and tips them over when standing. We have a square pelvis.

Humerus appendicular skeleton, has condyles, olecranon fossa, articulate with scapula and ulna.

Ulna-Radius articulate with carpels

Hind limbs: Femur: Head-Neck-Body-CondylesHas a head, body, and condyles. Has a 120 degree Valgus angle. Thick shelf bone. Trochantas.

Femur PelvisIlio-Femoral Ligament

PatellaNo articulation Fosa(Fibula does not articulate with the femur)

Tibia Fibula TalusCalcaneus

Primate OlfactionProsimiansRhinarium a wet nose very strong sense of smell scent marking denitorized & mating.

Strong sense of smell NWMFair H/A/OWN

Taste & Smell tied together

Primate AuditoryVery strong (Low frequency) NocturnalsModerate All diurnals

Primate Vision TrichromatVery strongCones color, rods (bigger) light (night)Mammal dichromat

Very Strong (Diurnal Prosimians, Diurnal Anthropoids)Moderate (Nocturnal Prosimians & NW Oul monkeys)

Human EyeEyes in frontNerves cross through brain and both eyes send signals to both sides of occipital lobe vision cortex

BrainFrontal lobe- Language (Broca) share with apes, Logic-Emotion Thinking, planning execution, motor execution, short-term memoryParietal Lobe: Sense: Perception, Integration, Vision-Space IntegrationTemporal Lobe Long-Term Memory & Emotion, Auditory, Language Wernicke unique to humansOccipital Lobe VisionCerebellum Arousal, Swallowing, Digestion, Breathing, Cardio-VascularMedulla Motility, Balance, Sensory ReflexCorpus Callosum Male = Logic > Emotion (movement)(Bridge-Left Right) Female = Logic=Emotion (Nurturing)Wide = Female, Narrow = Male

Behavior Hind Brain PMid Brain NWM OWMHigher Brain (cerebrum)Frontal Lobe (olfaction)

Range where they liveProsimiansLemurs only in Madagascar (smallest in range)Lorises nocturnals (big eyes); Africa, South Asia, Indonesia (largest range)Tarsiers nocturnal, big finger to tap into trees; Indonesia & Philippines (2nd smallest range)

New World Monkeys - PlaytrrhiniCebids South & Central AmericaCallitrichids South & Central America

Old World Monkeys - Catarrhini 35 million years ago: Baboons, MacaqueCercopithecine Africa & South Asia high as China, southern Spain, Japan most numerous of old world monkeys. Ethiopia herdColobine Langur: Semnopithecus entellus same range

Apes (Hominioids)Hylobatids Southern Asian & Indonesia Gibbon 23mya & Orangutan 15 mya Japan, Carribean

Lori SheeranBirute GalidihusDiane FosseyJane Goodall

DietOmnivoreCommon Chimpanzee: Pan troglodytesFruit 50%Leaves 20 %Insects 20 %Meat 10 % - Scavenged Lizards, Birds, Hunted(Deer/Monkey) D----- Prey ------ ApesAlliance Alpha 1 & Elite 5, Commoner X, Outliers 2(L 1 6 5)

FrugivoreSquirrel Monkey: Saimiri sciureusFruit 70%30% Leaves, Insects, Meats Lizards & Birds, Scavenged

InsectivoreProsimians - LemursAye Aye: Daubentonia madagascariensisInsects 70%, 30 % Fruit, Leaves, Gums

FolioivoreGorilla: Gorilla gorilla70% Leaves, 30 % Fruit, Insects, MeatSacculated Stomach, Special Enzymes

Range of Common to RareOmnivore > Frugivore > Insectivore > Folioivore, GumivoreHigh (Meat-easy) to Low (Plant hard)Ruminids (Low) has multiple stomachs to process nutrients of low-quality foods such as plantsDensity of Calories & Nutrients (Eggs)

GumivoreFork Marked Lemur: Phaner furcifer70% Gums, 30% Fruit, Leaves, Insects

Activity Patterns: Circadian RhythmsDay Lark (4-8 am), Night Owl (7- 9 am)Day Lark Fast Tempo, Night owl has Slower TempoBrain Area: SCN ( Suprachiasmatic Nucleus)SCN Transmitter = Orangisms Clock Activity PatternSCN Receiver = Cells Clock Activity Pattern

LocomotionQuadrupedalism Strength ball & socket jointQuadrupedalism StandardQuadrupedalism Slow nocturnal and eat insects

Quadrupedalism KnucklewalkingGreat Apes Orangutan Gorilla Chimpanzee

Brachiation Standard Arm swinging gracefulBrachiation True Hylobatids (No tail, 5 Set of teeth) & Spider Monkeys (Tail)

Brachiation Poor Too big for humansGorilla too big

Semi-Erect Bipedalism All the primates = bent knees but cant lock kneesTrue Bipedalism Humans

Vertical Clinging & Leaping rubber band knees exclusive to lemurs

Primatology: CaptiveJoseph Yerkes Center Georgia

Primatology: Semi-FeralCayo Santiago, Puerto Rico

Primatology: FeralGombre, TanzaniaLewis Leaky put Jane Gooddall into the field.

Socio-EcologyOmnivore: FoliovoreDiet Food-WaterBody SizeGroup SizePredators leopards, chimps (hunt),Prey Sympatrics the idea of two species living together.Sleeping Sites

Human Predation: Bush MeatBamboo Habitat for ApesCallitrichids = twins oftenNorm for primates to have only one offspring.

Natural Selection: InfanticidePolygyny = many females with one male. Group of male trackers outside trying to outrun male. As females charge to attack, the male will kill their babies and females will stop charge in shock.

Group selectionColobus Protection & Chimp HuntingOnly hunters chimps and humans FlankerDriver --- Prey---- Ambusher FlankerAlpha (1M,1F) Females have 90 %, Males have 30 %Elite (5M,5F)Commoners (Most) 70 %Outliers (Few)

Sympatric cycling when females are near each other, the start to cycle on the same cycle. Curried favor gifts and grooming to help procreate. Alpha will be given meat as a sign of respect, but cannot ask for meat.

CommunicationFace/VocalizationKinesics Body: Relaxed mouth closed.Kinesics Body: Play mouth open, eyes relaxedKinesics Body: Fear eyes down, concerned, tight faces

Face: Hundreds of MusclesMyriad of ExpressionsCalling FaceThoughtful/Curious/Laughing mouth openSubmissive Grin, Embarrassed & PoutingAngry mouth open, eyes pinched backVocalization: Singing & Calling Touch: Hold, Groom, Kiss, Hug, & Caress spend majority of day

Mother Infant Bond & LearningAlloparenting chimps like to help out in a group.

Chimpanzee: Learning & Culture?

Tool Use & Modification(Bird/Mammals) Tool Use = Object as Tool(Apes/Humans) Tool Modification = Object Made Better Tool

Hominid & Hominoid Self Awareness only humans and chimp aware of self.Develop true permanence.

Ape Language: Sign LanguageSymbols, Form-Classes & SyntaxFrontal Lobe: Brocas AreaTemporal Lobe:: Planum temporale

Ape Language: Sign LanguageSymbols, Form-Classes & SyntaxBrocas Area Frontal Lobe

Sign Language 800 Words+Chimpanzee: WashoeGorilla: Koko

Chimpanzee: Kanzi & Speech2000+ wordscan say carrot, bean; made own words for banana, carrot, juice, and yes

Kanzi & Music MelodiesTool Manufacturing (Oludwan Tools)Ian Toth & Kanzi

Hierarchy: Display Bluff & FightHierarchy Displays: Alpha Freud & Frodo ChallengerHierarchy: Alliances & StatusHierarchy Touch: Sex(6 Estrus Cycles Yearly ++)Social-Bond Apes (Bonobo)

Social Groupings: SolitarySocial Groupings: MonogamySocial Groupings: Polyandry queen femaleSocial Groupings: Multiple-Male/ Female: Fission-Fusion

Other Social Dynamics1] Deception Food 2] Deception Power alpha baby kills lower class mother3] Hunting chimpanzees will leave group and attack males4] Cannibalism chimpanzee Passion eating babies5] Mourning chimp male did not want to be part of group

10/9/12 8:06 AM

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