anthro outline ch. 1

8/16/2019 Anthro Outline CH. 1

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Welcome toIntroduction Anthropology

ANT 101

Dr. Zev Gottdiener

1


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Anthropology Anthropos: Human

Ology: The study of


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Five subelds o!"nthropology

•

#hysic"l "nthropology

• Archeology

• $inguistic "nthropology

• %ultur"l "nthropology

• Applied Anthropology&


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'"(or Go"ls

o! "nthropologic"l in)uiry

*To underst"nd the uni)ueness "nddiversity o! hum"n beh"vior "ndsocieties "round the +orld in both thep"st "nd the present.,

*To discover the !und"ment"lsimil"rities th"t lin- hum"n beingsthroughout the +orld in both the p"st

"nd the present.,


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#hysic"l Anthropology

/

• %oncerned +ith hum"ns "s biologic"lspecies

• el"ted to the n"tur"l sciences

•

%oncerns – 2um"n evolution

– 'odern hum"n v"ri"tion


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#hysic"l subelds

3

• 4iologic"l "nthropology

• Forensic "nthropology

•#oleo"nthropology

• 2um"n "n"tomy 5 t"6onomy

• #opul"tion genetics

• #"leop"thology• #rim"tology

• 2um"n ecology


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Arch"eology

• 76"mines the m"teri"l tr"ces o! p"stsocieties

• In!orms us "bout the culture o! those

societies

• culture re!ers to the sh"red +"y o! li!e o! "group o! people th"t includes their v"lues8

belie!s8 "nd norms.

• Also concerned +ith ho+ the m"teri"l p"st

"9ects contempor"ry societies. :


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Arch"eologic"l subelds

• #rehistoric

• 2istoric"l

•

%l"ssic"l• Demogr"phic

• 4iblic"l

•

'"ritime• ;nder+"ter

<


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$inguistic Anthropology

• Focuses on the rel"tionship bet+eenl"ngu"ge "nd culture8 ho+ l"ngu"geis used +ithin society8 "nd ho+ the

hum"n br"in "c)uires "nd usesl"ngu"ge.

• =ee- to discover the +"ys in +hichl"ngu"ges "re di9erent "nd simil"r

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$inguistic =ubelds

• =tructur"l linguistics

• 2istoric"l linguistics

• #honology

• 'orphology

• %omp"r"tive synt"6

• 7thnosem"ntics

• %ognitive linguistics

• #r"gm"tics

• sociolinguistics

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A denition o! *culture, ?7.4. Tylor81


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=ome -ey ch"r"cteristics o!culture

%ulture is not the s"me "s biology.

There "re some univers"l hum"n !unctionsth"t everyone must per!orm in order to st"y

"live8 but people h"ve not c"rried them outin the s"me +"y in "ll pl"ces "nd times

7"ting

Drin-ing=leeping

7limin"ting

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=ome -ey ch"r"cteristics o!culture

%ulture is le"rned8 in m"ny respectst"citly.

76"mple spe"-ing dist"nces

7d+"rd 2"ll intim"te8 person"l8 soci"l8"nd public spe"-ing dist"nces

1&


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'"-ing the =tr"nge F"mili"r8 "nd theF"mili"r =tr"nge

• Anthropologic"l rese"rch eld+or-

•

#"rticip"ntBobserv"tion the princip"l"nthropologic"l rese"rch techni)ue

•

Anthropologists +rite descriptions o!culture in boo-s "nd "rticles c"lledethnogr"phies.

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%ultur"l =ubelds

• 7cologic"l

• Demogr"phic

•

7conomic• =oci"l

• #olitic"l

•

$eg"l• eligion

• #sychologic"l

• 'edic"l 1/


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Applied Anthropology

• ;se o! d"t" !rom "ny o! the subeldsto "ddress modern problems "ndconcerns

• Anthropologists h"ve begun toper!orm l"rger roles in the !orm"tion

o! government policy8 pl"nneddevelopment8 m"r-eting8 "nd evenl"+ en!orcement "nd milit"ry

opper"tions 13


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We o!ten do "nd thin- things +ithout!ully underst"nding +hy +e do them8or +h"t their conse)uences "re.

Anthropology )uestions our"ssumptions th"t " p"rticul"r +"y o!doing things is the only possible orn"tur"l one.

1:


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2olism

• A bro"d8 comprehensive"ccount th"t dr"+s on "ll !our

subelds under the umbrell"o! "nthropology "s " +"y tounderst"nd hum"n-ind

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Glob"l #erspectives

• %onsiders the biologic"l8environment"l8 psychologic"l8economic8 historic"l8 soci"l8 "nd

cultur"l conditions o! hum"ns "t "lltimes "nd in "ll pl"ces.

• Anthropologists connect loc"lperspectives +ith emerging+orld+ide conte6t.

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The =cientic 'ethod

0

DeductiveMethod

Inductive

2ypothesisDerived !rom theory8

tested by specic observ"tion

Gener"l Theory=pecic

Cbserv"tions

76pl"n"tionDerived !rom spec. observ"tions to build gener"l theory


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The ecord o! the #"st


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#"leo "nthropology

• =tudies the tr"ces o! "ncienthum"ns "nd hum"n

"ncestors to comprehend thebiologic"l evolution o! thehum"n species "nd to

underst"nd the li!estyles o!these dist"nt rel"tives


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Geologic Inuences• #"leontology

–Fossils

• Geology

• =tr"tigr"phy


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FossiliE"tion

• T"phonomy – 4iologic"l or Geologic"l

•4uri"l

• Absorption o! miner"ls – #etric"tion

• Tr"ce Fossils

• %oprolites


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Arch"eology

The study o! p"st hum"n

cultures through them"teri"l tr"ces they le!t

behind


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%ulture

7ncomp"sses "ll "spectso! hum"n "ctivity8 !romthe ne "rts to pop medi"8!rom everyd"y beh"vior to

the most deeply rootedreligious belie!s.


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'"teri"l %ulture

• The physic"l products o!

hum"n society

• =tone tools B computers


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Geologic Time =c"le

Th A h l i l


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The Arch"eologic"lecord

#"st hum"n "ctivity is!ound in sites8 +hich "recomposed o! !e"tures.

=ites "re loc"ted byconducting surveys


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=urvey Techni)ues

Archiv"l resources such "sm"ps

In!orm"ntsW"l-ing surveysunHsystem"tic

emote sensingAeri"l #hotogr"phyIn!r"red


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76c"v"tion

%ostly8 time consuming

The controlled destruction o!the p"st

GridB+or-s8 d"tum points8"nd inde6 !e"tures.


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el"tive D"ting

• $ithostr"tigr"phy – Geologic record

• F"un"l succession

– ;sing evolution"ry-no+ns

• #"lynology –

#ollen "nd spores• %hemic"l D"ting

– Tr"ce elements


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=tr"tigr"phy


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#rinciple o! Crigin"l2oriEont"lity

l"yers o! sediment "re origin"lly depositedhoriEont"lly under the "ction o! gr"vity


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Principle of Cross-CuttingRelationships

"n igneous intrusion is "l+"ys youngerth"n the roc- it cuts "cross.


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#rinciple o! =uperposition

in " se)uence o! undisturbedsediment"ry l"yers or l"v" o+s8 theoldest l"yers "re "t the bottom.

#rinciple o! F"un"l


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#rinciple o! F"un"l=uccession

sediment"ry roc- str"t" cont"in

!ossiliEed or" "nd !"un"8 "nd th"tthese !ossils succeed e"ch othervertic"lly in " specic8 reli"ble order

th"t c"n be identied over +idehoriEont"l dist"nces.

Method Basis Material Date Range


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g

RELATIVE DATI!

La" of#uperposition

$lder is lo"er %ust a&outan'thing

%ust a&out an'ti(e

#tratigraphicCorrelation

Li)e strata fro(di*erentregions arerelated to thesa(e event

Roc)s andfossils

%ust a&out an'ti(e

Biostratigraphic+faunal, dating

Evolution ofani(als

Bones andteeth

%ust a&out an'ti(e

Che(ical dating ossils a&sor&

che(icals+eg. /ourine,fro( soil

Bones Less than

0112111 'ears

Cultural Dating Artifacts are

ti(e-speci3c

Technolog' 4p to a&out

567('

Method Basis Material Date Range


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AB#$L4TE DATI!

Dendrochronolog'

Tree gro"th #peci3c treet'pes

052111-82111'&p

Radiocar&ondating

Car&on 09 An'thing organic 712111'&p-0:71CE

Radiopotassiu(dating

Potassiu( 91 Volcanic roc)s More than5112111 '&p

A(ino acid dating Race(i;ation Bones2 shells 0('a-912111'&p

ission Trac)Dating

ission trac)s onroc) cr'stal

Volcanic roc ) 4p to


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%hronometric D"ting

• "diometric D"ting – 2"lives

•

%1• JBAr

• ArBAr

• Fission

Tr"c-D"ting

• AlB4e

• ; series


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%"libr"ted el"tive D"ting

• Geom"gnetic#ol"rity – G#T=

anthro outline ch. 1

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