anthropological records 13:5 - spotlight...

ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS13:5

TRIBES OF VITI LEVU AND THEIR-,ORIGIN PLACES

BY

E. W. GIFFORD

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES1952

TRIBES OF VITI LEVU AND THEIR

ORIGIN PLACES

BY

E. W. GIFFORD

ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS

Vol. 13, No. 5


EDITORS: E. W. Gifford, R. F. Heizer, J. H. Rowe

Volume 13, No. 5, pp. 337- 376, plates 30-31

Submitted by editors May 8, 1951

Issued February 3, 1952

Price, 50 cents

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESSBERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES

CALIFORNIA

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSLONDON, ENGLAND

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

PREFATORY NOTE

This paper is the fourth by the author based on material obtained

during the University of California archaeological expedition to Fiji

in 1947. This expedition was generously financed by the Viking Fund,

Inc.

I am indebted to Dr. Lindsay Verrier, Departmental Statistics and

Demography Branch, Southern District Medical Office, Nausori, Fiji,

for 1946 census figures on the Fijian population of Viti Levu and near-

by smaller islands. On Viti Levu proper the Fijians numbered 64,681,

on the small satellite islands 6,004. This paper is little concerned with

the latter.

iii

CONTENTS

PagePrefatory note .................................. iii

Introduction ................................... 337

Tribes without recorded origin places ....... . . . . . . . . . . 338

Tribes from Polynesia ............. .. .. ... .. .. .. . 339

Tribes from the Kauvandra Mountains ....... . . . . . . . . . . 340

Tribes from origin places other than Kauvandra .... ....... 346

Origin places with more than two tribes .... ......... 346

Origin places with two tribes ..... ............... 349

Origin places with single tribe ..... .............. 352

Sources of tribal names ........ ................... 370

Literature cited . ................................ 371

Plates ....................................... 373

MAP

Viti Levu Island, Fiji, showing provincial boundaries ... facing 1

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TRIBES OF VITI LEVU AND THEIR

ORIGIN PLACESBY

E. W. GIFFORD

The archaeologist in Viti Levu has an advantageover his colleagues in California and most parts of theNew World, since nearly all the sites he works on arenamed and known to the Fijians. Those so named areformer places of residence of the "tribes" (yavusa) ofthe island, and are generally referred to as koro makawa,"old village." Of especial importance are those sitescalled yavutu, a term denoting an original site. How-ever, yavutu is also sometimes applied to an area orregion, as, for example, the Kauvandra Mountains, whichmany tribes name as their traditional origin place.Then the term is of no special service to the archaeolo-gist in locating an ancient site. On the other hand, whenthe yavutu is a specific ancient site, as for example,Naisongoliku (at site 17)1 or Vunda (site 26), the arch-aeologist is directed to cultural deposits of great valuefor an understanding of the prehistory of Viti Levu.

In order to facilitate my examination of Viti Levuarchaeological sites in 1947, Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna sup-plied me with a list of the numerous yavusa of Viti Levutogether with their yavutu, so far as recorded. Thesedata, extracted from the many volumes of testimonyassembled by the Native Lands Commission since 1905,are published herewith, and should be useful to theethnologist and the physical anthropologist, as well asto the archaeologist, to say nothing of their intrinsicvalue as a record of Fijian social and political organi-zation.

Some tribes are now scattered among different vil-lages, less frequently in different districts, and rarelyin different provinces. Nevertheless, it should be re-membered that districts and provinces are modern ad-ministrative divisions; thus the fact that a tribe over-laps boundaries is not too significant. The story of themovements of each tribe would be a record of the in-volved and tangled skein of events, especially during thelast century and a half, when the growing power of therival kingdoms of Mbau and Rewa caused many shiftsof population. Local hostilities seem also to have beenprevalent, apart from the growth of the two kingdoms.These events cannot be considered in the present con-nection, but obviously the records of the Native LandsCommission are a mine of information, which it is to behoped will be adequately studied by anthropologists someday. Capell and Lester have made excellent but limiteduse of this source material in their paper on "LocalDivisions and Movements in Fiji."2

Whether the word "yavusa" is to be translated pre-cisely as "tribe" has been discussed byvariouswriters.Laura Thompson translates it as "phratry,"3 since ayavusa embodies a group of named patrilineal "clans"(matanggali or, in official Fijian orthographry, mataqali),and these in turn embody named patrilineal subclans(itokatoka). Dorothy M. Spencer translates "yavusa"

'The numbered sites are described in Gifford, 1951a.

2A. Capell and R. H. Lester, 1941.

3Laura Thompson, 1940, p. 32.

337

as "tribe".4 Capell and Lester give a full discussionof the yavusa and its subdivisions and point out its localvariations,5 presenting the organization and history ofthe yavusa NambukembukePas an example for Viti Levu.This yavusa embraces nine "clans," which in turn in-clude twenty-seven subclans. Like the clans and sub-clans the yavusa is patrilineal.

Mr. G. Kingsley Roth supplied the following inform-ation concerning the recording of information by theNative Lands Commission. Provision was made in theNative Lands Ordinance of 1905 for the establishment ofthe Native Lands Commission, and the section of the lawrelating to it runs as follows:

The Governor shall appoint a Native LandsCommission consisting of one or more Com-missioners, each of whom shall have the pow-ers of the Commission, who shall be chargedwith the duty of ascertaining what lands ineach province of the Colony are the rightfuland hereditary property of native owners,whether of mataqalis or in whatever manneror way or by whatever divisions or subdiv-isions of the people the same may be held.

It was as a result of that Commission's work overthe years that Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna was able to producefor me the lists printed below. Ratu Sukuna is the onlymember left of the original Native Lands Commission.In 1947 he delegated the compilation of the lists for meto Setareki M. Koto, M.B.E., the only member of thestaff of the original Commission now left.

Of the total of more than six hundred yavusa re-corded for the island of Viti Levu and small adjacentislands, such as Mbau, Malake, Serua, Yanutha, etc.,there are only about seventy-five which have no re-corded yavutu. In the body of this paper I shall use theword yavusa for "tribe" and yavutu for "origin place,"retaining "tribe" and "origin place" in the chapterheadings only.

One phenomenon, very apparent from the data pre-sented in this paper, is the considerable amount ofmovement from place to place. Few yavusa now live attheir yavutu. Some yavusa have left their yavutu andothers have moved in. Tiny, but famous, Mbau Island,twenty-one acres in area, is an excellent example ofthis. See plate 30 for an air view of the island.

The yavusa Vakali is the only one claiming MbauIsland as its yavutu, but this yavusa now lives on themainland in the villages of Vakali and Vandrai in NakeloDistrict, Tailevu Province. After leaving Mbau Islandand before settling in the present villages, the Vakalilived at Narukura and Kamba, Mbau District, TailevuProvince. There are now on Mbau Island three yavusa,

4Dorothy M. Spencer, 1941, p. 5. Miss Spencer worked in Nama-taku District, Tholo West Province.

5Capell and Lester, pp. 314-323.

6Ibid., pp. 330-335.


Kumbuna (yavutu in Nayavu District, Tailevu Province) ,'Tunindau (yavutu in the Kauvandra Mountains, RaProvince), and Nambou (yavutu Lasakau, at the foot ofthe Kauvandra Range, Ra Province). The Tunindau

people reside in the part of Mbau Island called Soso,the Nambou people in the part called Lasakau. Yet an-

other yavusa, the Vusanamu of Tongan origin, lived fora time on Mbau Island before settling in Rewa Province.

TRIBES WITHOUT RECORDED ORIGIN PLACES

Yavusa without recorded origin places are largely inthe southwestern half of Viti Levu. Tholo West Provincecontains the largest number; Nandronga Province standssecond. Other provinces with a scattering few areNandi, Mba, and Tailevu. In the last there is but a sin-gle yavusa. It is of late origin, being composed of in-crements from two other yavusa.

It is an interesting question whether yavusa withoutyavutu have merely forgotten their origin places andrepresent an early stratum of population, or whetherthese yavusa were never interested in such traditionalmatters. These tribes certainly are in marked contrast8to the overwhelming majority of Viti Levu tribes which

do claim yavutu. Another possibility is that the claimto a yavutu is a pattern which, developed by one groupof yavusa (for instance, those that claim to be of Kau-vandra origin), spread to others in somewhat themanner that fictitious genealogies are developed by orfor the rulers of Negro tribes in Africa which have beenMohammedanized. That this has probably happened issuggested by certain tribes which, though claiming Kau-vandra origin, are of different speech from most Kau-vandra tribes, for example, those in the Kauvandra list(pp. 342-345) with names prefixed by lewei, noi, andkai, all meaning "people of."9

YAVUSA WITHOUT RECORDED YAVUTU

Yavusa Village

Emalu .......... NakoroNanduta

Kavindi ......... NukuilauKeasuna ........ YavuloKeasungananggali.. . MbalenambeloKetenavunivalu ... . Emuri

NaimbulukauKetenatukani ...... KoroisanganaKeyasi .......... Tawaleka

WalaKeyasungananggali. VolinangeruaKoroivangandra .... Nawau

TauKoronikula ....... YanduaKorowaiwai ...... NasivikosoKumbunithere ..... Mbalenambelo

NamandaVatukarasa

Leweikoromani.. .. TauLeweilomo ....... NambilaLewinakurasinga ... LomawaiLeweinasoni ...... NavisambasambaLeweitoko ........ NausoriLeweivaranga . . . . . YakoLeweivunaniu ..... YakoMataono ......... Ndraimba

NandevoMatatini ......... NasauthokoMataviavia ....... SemoMbolambolal0 ..... NalembalembaMota ........... Nukuilau

NakoroNakaria . ......... YakoNakumbulevu ...... NandralaNalangi ......... NandralaNalolo .......... Kumbuna

LomawaiNamalo ......... Mbukuya

NatambunggutoNambau ......... NaviyangoNamboka ........ Korotongo

VatukarasaNambua1 . Oveya

7See Derrick, 1946, p. 54, n. 4, for still earlier details about theKumbuna people, whom he describes as "the chiefly yavusa of Bau."

8Cf. Capell and Lester, p. 318.

District Prolonce

Noikoro Tholo WestNoikoro Tholo WestNoikoro Tholo WestNasingatoka NandrongaKoroinasau Tholo WestTuva NandrongaMbulu MbaNanggalimare Tholo WestNamataku Tholo WestNamataku Tholo WestMbemana Tholo WestMomi NandrongaWai NandrongaThuvu NandrongaMangondro Tholo WestKoroinasau Tholo WestKorolevuiwai Tholo iVestKorolevuiwai Tholo WestWai NandrongaMomi NandrongaWai NandrongaMalomalo NandrongaNamataku Tholo WestMomi NandrongaMomi NandrongaMangondro Tholo WestMangondro Tholo WestNamataku Tholo WestTuva NandrongaMbemana Tholo WestNoikoro Tholo WestNoikoro Tholo WestMomi NandrongaThonua Tholo WestThonua Tholo WestWai NandrongaWai NandrongaMangondro Tholo WestMangondro Tholo WestNamataku Tholo WestThonua Tholo WestThonua Tholo WestMbau Tailevu

9Ibid., p. 320. l"Mentioned, ibid., p. 319."Composed of parts of the yavusa Nalewandina and Tonga of

Namara District, Tailevu Province, and presumably of late origin.

338

GIFFORD: TRIBES OF VITI LEVU

YAVUSA WITHOUT RECORDED YAVUTU (cont.)

Yavusa Village District Province

,%,

Nambure ........

Namuka .....

Nandrukumboto ....

Nanggeleusa .

Nanuku.Naroyasi.

Nasatongo......Nasau ..........

Nasikawa .

Natavathake ......

Natavaya.Navakoro .

Navake.Navunuma.Nayambe ........

Ndrusau .........Ndukusuna.Noi Kuata.......Noi Lau ...

Noi Mandundu.Noi Nambua ......

Noi Thambe ......

Noi Tonga'3......Noi Toruku ......

Noi Tumbai ......

Noi Wai .........

Noi Werendrunga...Nuku .

Nukuvura ........

Rewasali ......

Ruailevu ........

Ruwailevu.Seniuthi .........Talatala ........

Tiolovo.Tumbeinonggi14.Tumbeitarewa .

Vasuikoro ......

Vunambaka ......Vunandakua...

Yavusatina .......

NandralaVouaLaselaseNandrunguYavuniMbukuyaNasivikosoRukurukulevuSemoNumbutoluVatunarembaTongaMatokanaNakoro

NatawaNangusutambuNandevoNdraimbaNaviyangoRukurukulevuNakalavoNaindiriNayawaKoronisanganaTongaVunanggoruVotuaNawamangiNavutuTanganggeYavuniTawalekaNarataNaevuevuNdraimbaWalaNasauthokoKorovouWalaTawalekaNggerenggereYavuniNatunukuRaiwanggaNambauNasauthokoVunatovauMbukuyaNatambunggutoTonge

ThonuaTuvaNasingatokaNalotoVaturuMagondroMangondroThuvuTuvaNasikawaVaturuNanggalimareNoikoroNoikoro

VaturuKoroinasauMangondroMangondroNamatakuThuvuNokonokoMalomaloNasingatokaNanggalimareNanggalimareNanggalimareKorolevuiwaiThonuaWaiKorolevuiwaiVaturuNamatakuThonuaThuvuNamatakuNamatakuNamatakuNasikawaNasikawaNamatakuNokonokoVaturuMbuluMavuaTuvaNamatakuNokonokoMangondroMangondroNaloto

Tholo WestTholo WestNandrongaNandrongaNandrongaNandiTholo WestTholo WestNandrongaNandrongaTholo WestNandiTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestNandiTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestNandrongaNandrongaNandrongaNandrongaTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestNandrongaTholo WestNandiTholo WestTholo WestNandrongaTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestNandrongaNandiMbaTholo WestNandrongaTholo WestNandrongaTholo WestTholo WestNandronga

TRIBES FROM POLYNESIA

It is frequently observed that the tallness of coastaldwellers in Viti Levu is probably due to Polynesian ad-mixture, but Polynesian origin is claimed by only threeyavusa, one in Tholo West Province and two in RewaProvince. These three claim Tongan origin; noneclaims Samoan or other Polynesian ancestry. However,Mbauan "s" is cognate with Samoan "s," and the "h"of southwestern Viti Levu is cognate with Tongan "h."My limited evidence of only three yavusa of Polynesian

"For details of organization see Capell and Lester, p. 319.13See Gifford, 1951a, site 32 (Mbulu), pp. 253-254.

origin, and these from Tonga, does not gainsay the pos-

sibility that others of Polynesian origin have been for-gotten; nor does it gainsay the absorption of castawaysinto the population without their being indicated by a

yavusa name. This last circumstance would apply par-

ticularly to women castaways or immigrants, since theyavusa of Viti Levu are patrilinear.

Two yavusa in Rewa Province named places in thekingdom of Tonga as the location of their yavutu.

"'See Capell and Lester, pp. 320, 321, for mention of this yavusa

and for diagram of Raiwangga village.

Nambua1 Mavua Mavua

I

339


Yavusa Nailarumbe; yavutu Mua, TongatapuIsland, Tonga. Now lives in Nasingatoka Vil-lage, District of Rewa, Province of Rewa. Be-fore settling in Rewa this yavusa lived atTavuki, Kandavu Island.Yavusa Vusanamu; yavutu Kolomotua, Tonga-

tapu Island, Tonga. Now lives in Nambua Vil-lage, District of Rewa, Province of Rewa. Be-fore settling in Rewa this yavusa lived on MbauIsland, Tailevu Province.

In addition to the two yavusa in Rewa Provinceclaiming yavutu in Tongatapu Island, a third yavusa, theNoi Tonga of Tholo West Province has already been re-corded under the caption "Tribes without RecordedOrigin Places." Noi Tonga is the only one naming a

definite individual as ancestor, namely, Finau MaileLatumai, apparently a political refugee of about 1800.

In Rewa Province there is a district of Tonga andan island of Tonga, where now live three yavusa (Vuthi,Nakorolevu, and Navokai), whose yavutu are on the sameisland. Whether these claim ultimate descent from thekingdom of Tonga was not learned. The yavutu of thefirst two is Nakorolevu; of the third Nanggavoka. Inaddition, yavusa Tonga from yavutu Tonga lives inNaroko district, Ra Province, but the location of theyavutu was not learned, except that it may be the placecalled Tonga, near site 14 (Namotutu) 16 rather than theKingdom of Tonga. Another tribe named Tonga claimsthe Kauvandra Mountains as yavutu. Capell and Lester '7assume that other Polynesians besides Tongans settledin Fiji.

TRIBES FROM THE KAUVANDRA MOUNTAINS 4

Yavusa claiming Nakauvandra (the KauvandraMountains), Ra Province, as their origin place totalseventy-nine. (Those in two provinces have beencounted twice.) From the standpoint of myth and legendthese would be the yavusa dispersed from that mountainrange after the war and the rise of dialectic differencementioned in the origin tale.'8

The yavusa of Kauvandra origin are now living insix of the modern provinces, with the heaviest concen-tration (44 tribes) in Tailevu Province, eastern VitiLevu. Nandi Province in the west has 20, Serua Prov-ince 9, Tholo West Province 3, Rewa Province 2, andLautoka Province 1. The two Rewa yavusa are theonly ones to name definite places in the KauvandraMountains as yavutu, namely Matanikoro and Narau-yamba. It is of special interest that none of the modernyavusa of Ra Province claim Kauvandra as their yavu-tu. Instead they name various specific localities asyavutu, certain of them being at archaeological site 17.To the Ra tribes the Kauvandra Range is a holy andfearsome region, residence of the god Ndengei, wholives there in snake form. Part of the pathway of thedead also lies along this mountain range.

It is to be doubted that seventy-nine yavusa camefrom the Kauvandra Mountains, which occupy a rela-tively small portion of the surface of Viti Levu. Theprecipitous character of the range makes it unlikelythat it ever held much of a population. The explanationof the attribution to a Kauvandra origin lies, I believe,in the prestige attaching to such an origin, since theimportant deified ancestor Ndengei is supposed to re-side in that rangeP9

However, another possible explanation is that notthe tribe themselves but only single tribal ancestorscame from that region. I know of only one example ofthis, however: the yavusa Nambukembuke, which claimsan origin place of the same name, apparently in TholoEast Province. This happens to be the sample yavusaselected for Viti Levu by Capell and Lester to exem-plify yavusa history. The account they translated fromthe Native Lands Commission records states that theancestor (vu) alone came from the Kauvandra Mount-ains20and, after marrying, founded a village at Nambu-kembuke which became the tribal origin place (yavutu).I have listed Nambukembuke in the section "OriginPlaces with Single Tribe."

When the provincial distribution of the Kauvandra

15Gifford, 1951a, site 32 (Mbulu), pp. 253-254.

16Ibid., p. 248."Capell and Lester, p. 48.

yavusa is compared with the distribution of those with-out recorded yavutu, the two groups are found to belargely mutually exclusive in distribution, a fact that isno doubt of historical significance. (In the followinglist yavusa living in two provinces have been countedtwice.)

Provinces

Tailevu.Nandi .Serua . . . . .

Tholo West.Rewa .........Lautoka.NandrongaMba ........Ra.............Naitasiri.Namosi.Tholo East.Tholo North.

Number of Yavusa Number of Yavusaof Kauvandra Origin without Recorded Yavutu

442093210000000

150

4000

28200000

From the map it will be observed that the Kauvandrayavusa occupy provinces to the southeast, south, andwest of that mountain range, which lies in Ra Province.The absence of Kauvandra yavusa from several modernprovinces is doubtless of historical significance. Noneis reported for Ra Province, in which the mountainrange lies, nor for other extensive provinces: Naita-siri, Nandronga, Tholo East, Tholo North, and Mba.The scanty number reported in the provinces of TholoWest, Rewa, and Lautoka ranks these provinces as un-important in the distribution of Kauvandra yavusa. Therelatively large number in Nandi Province in the farwest is difficult to understand.

My theoretical interpretation of the distribution ofthese two categories of yavusa is that they are of dif-ferent strata of population. The Kauvandra yavusa areprobably a late stratum that stems from the legendarysecond Ndengei immigration of about 1600. I am con-vinced that these immigrants were Melanesians, not

21Polynesians as Brewster surmises.Yavusa without yavutu are, I think, mostl.y early

Melanesians and in small part late-arriving Polynes-ians, probably specifically Tongans. The Melanesians

18Gifford, 1951b, p. 173. Apparently Biblical influence.'9Brewster, 1922, p. 269.'OCapell and Lester, p. 331."Gifford, 1951b, p. 176; Brewster, pp. 255, 258.

4

-4

340


would represent an early pre-Kauvandra stratum ofpopulation and the Polynesians a minor post-Kauvandrastratum. The yavusa Noi Tonga, of Tholo West Prov-ince, claiming no yavutu, nevertheless traced its an-cestry to a Tongan named Finau Maile Latumai, whoprobably arrived about 18002 (Two other yavusa, ofRewa Province, claiming yavutu in the kingdom ofTonga, have been discussed under the heading "Tribesfrom Polynesia.") Moreover, in Nandronga and partsof Tholo West, Tongan "h" replaces official Mbauan"s" in local dialects. The name of site 36, Namahara,is an example?3

The yavusa claiming Kauvandra as their yavutu illus-trate the geographic origin of many Fijian yavusa names.

22For details see Gifford, 1951&, p. 254.

23Ibid., p. 255.

Forty are named for the old village or first place ofsettlement after leaving the legendra yavutu. Many ofthe settlements made after leaving Kauvandra cannot belocated on the 1939 map, since they have been abandoned.It is probably significant of legendary rather than realorigin that no yavusa of Kauvandra origin employs thatname as its yavusa name. Many yavusa of other origin

are named for their yavutu, as will be apparent fromthe lists given in sections beyond.

In the lists which follow I shall employ the designa-tion "old village" for the settlements occupied afterleaving the yavutu but before moving to the present vil-lage. In some few cases the move was from the yavututo the present village. In still rarer instances a yavusamay still reside at its yavutu.

341


YAVUSA FROM THE KAUVANDRA MOUNTAINS

Yavusa Old Village Present Village District Province

Kai Loa .....

Kambatia....

Koromba

Koronikalou

Korovau .

Leweinanggali.

Leweivulani..

Matanikoro

Mathoi....

Mbatiki

Mbau.. ..

Mbemanu ....

Mbolambola . .

Muana ......

Nailavutu.

Naithula.. .

Naivakathere..

Nakamakama. .

Nakorolevu...

Nakukuthoko . .

Nganganamoli, Sikiturunear Korovuto

Kambatia, SawaUluitova

Koromba Yavuna

Thautata Thautata

Koroimbure, Tumbeinasol(near Koromba

Nanggara at NamulomuloNarararua

Vunaniu, YavusaniaYavusania

Kumbuna, NukuiNayavu Dist.,Tailevu Prov.

Kumbuna to VisinuNavaka, NothoDist., RewaProv.

Mathoi Nambureniva

Namena Dist. Uthunivanua

Mbatiki Id., op- Nakalawathaposite Nanduru-loulou

Mbau, Wailotua Nakorovou

(the same) Navunisole

Nawaka Nawaka

Vatukinimai, YavunaMbolambola

Nataveya, Nuku NatongandravDist.

Emua, between YavusaniaYako and Koro-vuto

Naithula Nggelekuro

Nailenga near VatukarasaNambaitavo

Vunimbini, NdorokavuRewa

Nakukuthoko,Navotua Ridge

(the same)

Sikitutu

Llu

vru

Waithoka

Naitutu

Veinungga

Verata

Nawaka

Mbau

Nawaka

Nawaka

Sikituru

Rewa

Notho

Namena

Verata

Namara

Namalata

Namalata

Nawaka

Nawaka

Nuku

Sikituru

Namena

Taivungalei

Rewa

Mbau

Namalata

Nandi

Tailevu

Nandi

Tailevu

Nandi

Nandi

Nandi

Rewa

Rewa

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Nandi

Nandi

Tailevu

Nandi

Tailevu

Tailevu

Rewa

Tailevu

Tailevu

Namalata Tailevu________________________________________ A

342

.o


YAVUSA FROM THE KAUVANDRA MOUNTAINS (cont.)

Yavusa ]_Old Village Present Village District Province

Nakukuthoko

Naloto....

Namboutini ...

Namoa .

Nandakua ....

Nandruku .

Nanggele

Naovini .

Nasau.

Nasaunivalu .

Nasaunivalu

Nasautoka ...

Nasevaravara

Nasoroiwatha

Nathulava

Natongandravu

Nautondua ...

Navalavungga

Navitilevi....

Navo .......

Nawaimbuta..

(Nasau)

Nawaindina ...

Nawaka.

Ndavetalevu

(the same) Nakalawatha

Naloto, Nasau- Nevithovatutoka Dist., Tho-lo East Pray.

Namboutini

Namoa

Nandakua

Nandruku,Noikoro Dist.,Tholo WestProv.

Nanggele

Naovini

Nasau

(the same)

Korovutia

Ndakuinuku

Nasau

Malambi

Korovisilou

Nggelekuro

Londoni

Matathula

Nakalawatha

Sikituru

Keyasi

Nasautoka Vuna

Vatukinimai on YavunaKoromba Hill

Nasoroiwatha, WainimatanNavosa

Nathulava, near Namanggu-Mbalenambelo, mangguaKoroinasauDist., TholoWest Prov.

Wailase, Nau-

sori, Naselai

Navalavungga

Koroisuthun-

dua, Wailotua

Navo

Nawaimbuta

(the same)

Nawaindina

Nawaka

Lga

Tangangge

Natongandravu

Kamba

Nasaimbitu

Veinungga

Vunayasi

Nailenga

Navunisole

Matathula

Nawaka

Vatoa

Namalata

Naloto

Sawakasa

Naloto

Wailevu

Serua

Namena

Sawakasa

Namalata

Namalata

Sikituru

Namataku

Wailevu

Nawaka

Nuku

Serua

Korolevuiwai

Nuku

Mbau

Nayavu

Namalata

Nandi

Namalata

Namalata

Namalata

Nawaka

Mbau

343

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Serua

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Nandi

Tholo West

Tailevu

Nandi

Serua

Serua

Tholo West

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Nandi

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Nandi

TailevuI


YAVUSA FROM THE KAUVANDRA MOUNTAINS (cont.)

Yavusa I_Old Village Present Village District Province

Ndaviko .....

Ndere.

Ndeumba ....

Ndravuni

Nggelema .

Noi Korolevu. .

Noi Korotongo.

Noi Vunatoto. .

Noi Yasawa..

Raiwangga ...

Rara .......

Salatu ......

Sayake ......

Tai .

Taivungalei ...

Tambukasivi..

Tathi .

Tathilevu ....

Tholoinasau . .

Ndaviko

(the same)

Ndere

(the same)

"Separated atNanggatava"

Mbureta, Ova-lau Id., to Rewato Ndeumba

Wainivalau,Waindina,Naitasiri

(the same)

Nggelema

Korolevu nearNoikoro

Nawangganda-mu

Nawaka

Nambitu

Raiwangga

(the same)

Rara

Salatu, Taivun-

galei Dist.,Tailevu Prov.

Sayake near

Navatusila,Vatumalimali

Tai

Korombasuka

to MbuaTaivungaleinear NamekaVillage

(the same)

Lau

Tathilevu,

NamalataTholoinasau

Veinungga

Navunimono

Namburenivalu

Lawaki

Nggelekuro

Savaniviuto

Sandro

Savaniuto

Nasaimbitu

Vunimbau

Vatutu

Nawaka

Rararua

Uto

Nawanggandamu

Nanggia

Nakalawatha

Nuku

Luvunavuaka

Naseva

Taivungalei

Natuva

Kiuva

Silana

Matathauthau

Mburerua

Namalata

Verata

Namena

Namena

Namena

Ndeumba

Ndeumba

Ndeumba

Nayavu

Ndeumba

Nawaka

Nawaka

Rukuruku

Rukuruku

Rukuruku

Nayavu

Namalata

Nuku

Namena

Taivungalei

Taivungalei

Taivungalei

Mbau

Ndawasamu

Namalata

Namalata

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Serua

Serua

Serua

Tailevu

Serua

Nandi

Nandi

Nandi

Nandi

Nandi

Tailevu

Tailevu

Serua

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

344


YAVUSA FROM THE KAUVANDRA MOUNTATS (cont.)=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9

Yavusa

Thonua......

Tonga ......

Tova .......

Tuikoro .....

Tuinawainovo

Tuimbai .....

Tunindau ....

Ua.........

Vanukula ....

Vatuthou ....

Voni ....

Vunatangga. . .

Vusu .......

Werelevu ....

Yasa .......

Old Village Present Village District Province

Yauyau, Mba Koroiatha Sambeto Nandi

Tonga, near

Visa Village,Vungalei Dist.,Tailevu Prov.

Tova

Korolevu,

Namara Dist.,Tailevu Prov.

Nawainovo,

NdawasamuDist., TailevuProv.

Nasaunoko-noko, Navosa

Nambua

Vitongo Hill

Vatuthou

Voni

Vunatangga

Vusu, NoikoroDist., TholoWest Prov.

(the same)

(the same)

(the same)

(the same)

(the same)

Matanavatu

Kumi, then toYasa

Nakorolevu Namara

Nasinu

Nananu

Namburenivalu

Mbengga

Soso (Mbau)

Saunaka

Vitongo

Mburelevu

Ndriti

Vatutu

Mbiyausevu

Namatakula

Komave

Vunimaravu

Namayava

Wainandiro

Rararua

Kumi

Ndawasamu

Namena

Namena

Nuku

Mbau

Nandi

Vitongo

Namena

Ndawasamu

Nawaka

Komave

Komave

Komave

Komave

Komave

Nuku

Rukuruku

Verata

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Serua

Tailevu

Nandi

Lautoka

Tailevu

Tailevu

Nandi

Tholo West

Tholo West

Tholo West

Tholo West

Tholo West

Serua

Nandi

Tailevu

345


TRIBES FROM ORIGIN PLACES OTHER THAN KAUVANDRA

Yavutu from which two or more yavusa were derivedmay be regarded as more important than those fromwhich only a single one came. The Kauvandra Mountains,already discussed, are the reputed yavutu of numeroustribes, and consequently the most important. Other ya-vutu in Viti Levu have from nine to one yavusa. I havebroken these down into three groups, as follows: (1)those with more than two tribes; (2) those with twotribes; (3) those with a single tribe.

Five provinces contain no yavusa of Kauvandra ori-gin, none of known Polynesian origin, and none withoutorigin places. These are the provinces of Ra (exclusive

of the Kauvandra Mts.), Naitasiri, Namosi, Tholo East,and Tholo North.

It seems likely that yavutu claimed by two or moreyavusa are indication that such yavusa may be relatedin origin. Such relationship, of course, can only be es-tablished by legends and genealogies.

ORIGIN PLACES WITH MORE THAN TWO TRIBES

I have arranged these yavutu in descending order ofnumber of yavusa, from nine to three. Each yavutuname is used as a paragraph side head.

Waithomba. - The nine yavusa listed below claim Waithomba District, Nandronga Province, as their yavutu.

Yavusa

Likulolo.Nalimoulevu ...

Nasawene.Noi Narongi ...Noi Nasesevia . .

Noi Natualeka . .

Noi Yasawa....Tavarua .

Werelevu.

Present Village

....... ...Nasovotava

....... ...VangandraVolivoli

....... ....Narata

....... ...Nasovatava

....... ...Narewa

....... ....Vatutoko

....... ....Narata

....... ....NarataNatawatawandi

....... ...Narata

District

WaithombaWaithombaNasingatokaWaithombaWaithombaWaithombaWaithombaWaithombaWaithombaNanggalimareWaithomba

Verata. - Eight yavusa claim Verata as their yavutu. The ancient village site of Verata (archaeological site2)24 is famous, according to Sir Lala Sukuna, as the yavutu of yavusa forming parts of the nineteenth-centuryrival kingdoms of Mbau and Rewa. Ancient Verata is in Verata District, Tailevu Province.

Old Village

NaikasakasaNamata, Namata Dist.,Tailevu Prov.Lokia, Rewa Prov.Motonoko, Viria Dist.,Naitasiri Prov.Landed at Vunda,Lautoka Prov., thento VerataNamakoNamako

Present Village

NalotoKumiNavatuyamba

VeiyanuyanuViria

Uthunivanua

NanduriaNakorovou

District Province

VerataVerataTonga

TongaViria

TailevuTailevuRewa

RewaNaitasiri

Verata Tailevu

Ndreketi RewaNdreketi Rewa

Saivou. - Saivou District, Ra Province, is the origin place of the seven yavusa listed below.There is another Nakoro yavusa from yavutu Natakali, which see in this section.

Yavusa

Nakoro .Naroko .Navitini.NawanggavesiTauvau .Tokaimalo....Vatundamu ...

Present Village

LutuRewasaNavuangaNanokonokoMbukaMbureloaNaiserelangi

Endronu. - One of the most interesting yavutu formore than two yavusa is Endronu, on the Tualeita Range,which is near Vunda, Lautoka Province. The five yavusalisted below claim Fndronu as their yavutu. All nowlive in the Sambeto District, Nandi Province, close to

2"Gifford, 1951a, p. 243.

the Tualeita Range which lies between Sambeto Districtand our site Vunda (site 26). In the list supplied bySetariki M. Koto, M.B.E., from the records of the Na-tive Lands Commission, is the following comment con-

cerning the Tualeita Range: "[ The god] Ndengei was

Province

NandrongaNandrongaNandrongaNandrongaNandrongaNandrongaNandrongaNandrongaNandrongaTholo WestNandronga

Yavusa

Mburetu . . .NaikasakasaNokonoko

TathilevuVerata ....

Vunivalu ...

VuniyavuWainasuwe

District

MuairaNarokoNarokoNarokoNarokoNakuailavaNaroko

Province

Tholo EastRaRaRaRaRaRa

346


there also before Kauvandra." This, I assume, refersto the "second" Ndengei, who, according to legend 2,traveled from the Vunda region to Nakauvandra. TheVunda people give primacy to Lutunasombasomba, com-mander of the ship Kaunitoni, and make Ndengei hisassistant. The Tualeita Range is that which Lutunasom-basomba and his followers ascended, when they set outfrom Vunda for the Kauvandra Mountains. As they as-cended Tualeita, they bent the trees over with theirhands, thus giving rise to the name Viti (to bend or tobreak) for the island Viti Levu, according to my Vundainformants. Lutunasombasomba died while en route to

Kauvandra. The Tualeita Range is the western part ofthe pathway of the dead, the Kauvandra Range the east-ern part.

Yavusa

Leweikoro.Leweindrasa .

Leweiwawwa ...

Ne .

Waruta ......

Present Village

NamboutiniNandeleNakorokoroyawaNandeleNatalau

Mburembasanga. - Five yavusa claim Mburembasanga, in the district of that name in Rewa Province, astheir yavutu. (Ratu Rambithi Vuikandavu Longavatu, who served as my aide in archaeological work, is a mem-ber of the matanggali Valelevu of the yavusa Mburembasanga, listed below.)

Yavusa Old Village

Mburembasanga..... LomanikoroMburenivalu ....... NaivindamuNaimbatisuli ...... NameremereNatheruku ......... ...

Navirourou ........ ...

Present Village

LomanikoroNdraumbutaNdraumbutaNambituVuthi

Namboutini. - The yavutu Namboutini, in Sawakasa District, Tailevu Province, is the source of five yavusa,all living in Tailevu Province today.

Old Village Present Village District

Mbure ........Nambati .Nambuto ......Waimaro ....

Wainivesi

Vatulawalawa SawakasaNambati NananuNambuto VorovoroTaunovo, Naloto Dist., MbureruaTailevu Prov.(the same) SawakasaVeikau Sawakasa

Natakali. - Claiming their yavutu named Natakali, at Taivungalei, Taivungalei District, Tailevu Province,are the following four yavusa. Another Nakoro yavusa, with yavutu at Saivou, lives in Tholo East Province.See yavusa listed under Saivou in this section.Yavusa Old Village Present Village District Province

Nakoro .Ravunivungalei .....Vungalei ..........

Vunisanggiwa......

* . .

MatanikoroiwaluMbotiaMbotiaFrom Verata toNatakaliFrom Verata toNatakaliFrom Verata toNatakaliNatalatu

NatoaikaNanggelendamuKasavuNatoaikaVisa

Savu

Tombuninggio

NaisaumuaSote

Kavuwa. - The location of the yavutu Kavuwa was not recorded, although it is the source of four yavusa,residing principally in Mba Province.

Yavusa

Namathuku

Nakusarau ........

Tio.

'5Gifford, 1951b, p. 170.

Old Villlage

NakusarauNakusarau

Present Village

SasaNailangaNasoloTambaleiTongalevuNailangaSorokombaNailanga

Yavusa

District

RewaTokatokaTokatokaTokatokaTokatoka

Province

RewaTailevuTailevuTailevuTailevu

SawakasaNamenaNdawasamuSawakasa

SawakasaSawakasa

NaitasiriNamataNaitasiriNaitasiriVungalei

Vungalei

Vungalei

TaiVungalei

NaitasiriTailevuNaitasiriNaitasiriTailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

TailevuTailevu

District

MbuluNailangaNailangaMangondroMbuluNailangaMbuluNailanga

Province

MbaMbaMbaTholo WestMbaMbaMbaMba

347


Tukani. .. Bank of NavisaCreek(the same)(the same)

Sorokomba

NailangaNatutu

Mbulu

NailangaNailanga

Mba

MbaMba

Nasautoka. - Nasautoka District, Tholo East Province, is the yavutu of four yavusa, one with the nameNasautoka. The four yavusa with Nasautoka yavutu are the following:

Yavusa

Naivuthini .Nasautoka .

Rara

Wailevu

Old Village

NaivuthiniNakorolevu, NamaraDist., Tailevu Prov.;Ndelai(the same)(the same)Rara,Naitasiri Prov.Wailevu,Tailevu Prov.

Present Village

VunaMburenitu

NalotoVunaWailotua

Wailotua

Vunda. - Four yavusa claim ancient Vunda (arch-aeological site 26)26 as their yavutu. Vunda is in VundaDistrict, Lautoka Province. These four yavusa stilllive in villages in Vunda District, though no one livesany longer at the ancient site.

The yavusa Sambutoyatoya named Yavuna as well as

Vunda as its yavutu. The location of Yavuna is notknown. Furthermore this yavusa, or a part of it, trav-elled to Ra Province. The statement concerning this, inthe Land Office data supplied to me, reads as follows:"To Nakauvandra, Ra; some landed at Malake Island."They perhaps returned to Vunda, as there is no recordof them in Ra in modern times.

Yavusa Old Village Present Village

Kai Vunda...... Yandro, according

to author's Vundainformants.

Lauwaki

In Ra Province the yavusa claiming Mburenitu as

their yavutu are as follows:

Yavusa

Mburenitu.....

Ndama ........

Namolimbale . .

Present Village

.. MburenituNavolauNavuniiviNailawa

. . SowaMbureimbau

. . Sowa

District

NalawaNavolauNavitilevuTokaimaloMbureivanuaMbureiwaiMbureivanua

Nailango. - Three yavusa, one named Mburenitu,claim as their yavutu Nailango, the location of which isnot recorded, but it might well be in Nambaitavo Dis-trict, Naitasiri Province, where the three yavusa now

live.

SambutoyatoyaThawanisa ..... NathokotiViyangoisaukova . Nasorovakatini

ViseiseiLomolomoNanganga

Korolevu. - Four yavusa name Korolevu as theiryavutu but there is no assurance that it is always thesame Korolevu, since Korolevu is a common name andthe locations of these four are not given. However,three of these yavusa are also named Korolevu. With-out further inquiry it is impossible to be sure that thesethree are all one yavusa, although the two in Ra Prov-ince likely are.

PresentYavusa Village District Province

Korolevu. . . VatutuMbarotuNawairuki

Tambariki. . Waimbasanga

NawakaSaivouLawakiMuaira

NandiRaRaTholo East

Mburenitu. - There are several Mburenitu yavutu,one in Ra Province (probably the village of Mburenituin Nalawa District), another in Namataku District, TholoWest Province, listed under "Origin Places with TwoTribes." There are also two other Mburenitu yavutulisted under "Origin Places with Single Tribe."

26Gifford, 1951a, pp. 199-202.

Yavusa Present Village

Mburenitu .......... NambaitavoMburewatu .......... Nambaitavo

Navakatalewai ........ Navoka

Namasia. - The yavutu Namasia is probably in RaProvince, since the three yavusa claiming it as yavutuall live at present in Ra Province. They are the follow-ing:

YavusaPresentVillage

Nalaumbu ...... MatawailevuNamasia ...... SoweriTikoivatu...... Matawailevu

District

NalawaLawakiNalawa

Nanggali. - Nanggali, perhaps in Naitasiri Province,is the yavutu of three yavusa living in the province.

PresentYavusa Village District

Nanggali ....... NandakuniNawaindina...... Kalambu

Rokotuitai ...... Navuso

NawaindinaNaitasiriNaitasiri

District

WailevuNasautoka

NasautokaNasautokaWailevu

Wailevu

Province

TailevuTholo East

Tholo FastTholo EastTailevu

Tailevu

348


ORIGIN PLACES WITH TWO TRIBES

Only two yavusa in this section, Nasaumatua andSawa, are not attributed to Viti Levu or one of its satel-lites but to another Fijian Island, Ovalau Island, theiryavutu being Nasaumatua at Lovoni. Under the heading"Origin Places with Single Tribe" is listed the yavusaNavatulevu from the yavutu Nandi, Mbua Province,Vanualevu Island.

Of special interest are two yavusa claiming as ya-vutu the modern village of Lomolomo in Vunda District,Lautoka Province. These are the yavusa Lomolomo andTumbumbere, both now residing in the Vunda District.The yavusa Tumbumbere lives in Viseisei Village. TheLomolomo reside at Lomolomo Village which is also

their yavutu. This is the site of the rock, now carefullyfenced and covered, where the legendary immigrantleader Lutanasombasomba bade farewell to those follow-ers who elected to remain behind at Vunda, while he andothers set out for the Kauvandra Mountains.27

In the following list, yavutu with two tribes are listedalphabetically (Lomolomo excepted) as the best meansof bringing together the pairs of yavusa claiming thesame yavutu. Some others, as in the list of those fromthe Kauvandra Mountains, are named for old villages oc-cupied by the tribes after leaving their yavutu, but be-fore settling in their present villages. The word dis-trict when enclosed in quotation marks, does not signifya modern governmental division.

27Gifford, 1951b, p. 169. See also Capell and Lester, p. 326.

349


YAVUTU WITH TWO YAVUSA

Yavutu I Location Yavusa Old Village Present Village District j Province

Korosenga-senga......

Korosenga-senga......

Kumbuna ....

Kumbuna ....

Kumbuna

Lombau .

Lombau .

Lutu .

Lutu.

Lutu.

Matai

Matai

Mburelevu

Mburelevu ...

Mburelevu ...

Mburenitu ...

Mburenitu ...

Naikasakasa.

Naikasakasa.

Nalewandina

Nayavu Dist.,Tailevu Prov.

(the same)

(the same)

Near NanduruVillage, NausoriDist., TailevuProv.

Lutu Village,Lutu Dist., TholoEast Prov.

(the same)

(the same)

Mburembasanga,Rewa Prov.

Raviravi Dist.

Namataku Dist.,Navosa, TholoWest Prov.

(the same)

Naisausau

Naveisere

Kumbuna28

Naisausau

Mbau

Nggalivakambau

Lombau

Vunivivi

Lutu

Lutu

Navunikavika

Matai

Navakasombuoka

Mburelevu

Sau

Mburenitu Namoli

Nakoroivau

Namuka

Mokani

Nausori

Lutu

Nanukaloa

Lutu

Naila

Mburemba-sanga

Vitawa

Nambukandra

Nayavuira

Nambukelevu

Vusaratu Korolevu, VunanuiNoikoro Dist.,Tholo WestProv.

Naivakalau Naivakalau, a Naisaumuahill at Ndelaitai

Nautu Nautu, then to NdravuniNaivisoma nearNaitutu Village,Namalata Dist.,Tailevu Prov.

Namara

Namara

Mbau

Mbau

Mbau

Ndravo

Nausori

Lutu

Lutu

Lutu

Ndravo

Mburemba-sanga

Raviravi

Kavula

Navitilevu

Komave

Serua

Tai

Tai

Naisongoliku. Iaisongoliku,(site 17), Ravi-ravi Dist., RaProv.

Naisongoliku

28The chiefly yavusa of Mbau Island. See Derrick, p. 54, n. 4.

350

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

TholoEast

TholoEast

TholoEast

Tailevu

Rewa

Ra

Ra

Ra

TholoWest

Serua

Tailevu

Tailevu

Vitawa Raviravi Ra

I


YAVUTU WITH TWO YAVUSA (cont.)

Yavutu Location Yavusa Old Village Present Village District Province

Naisongoliku . .

Naitasiri ....

Naitasiri ....

Naitasiri. .

Naivakathau

Naivakathau

Naivakathau

Nakauraki ...

(the same)

Naitasiri

Ndaunavatu

Matanikutu

Naitasiri

Near Taivunga-lei, Tailevu Prov.

(the same)

Nasaunokonoko,Namosi Prov.

Mburekonotho

Mbole

Naivakathau

Naivakathau

Namara

Nakauraki

Nandongoloa

Nanggarani

Tamavua

Wailevu

Naisausau

Nanggelendamu

Naivakathau

Totonakavu Muanaira

Nakauraki ...

Nakorolevu.

Nakorolevu.

Nakorolevu.

Nambila .....

Nambila .

Nambila. . . . .

Nambulu ....

Nambulu ....

Nanumbu ....

Nanumbu

Nanumbu ....

Nanumbu

Nasau ......

Nasau.

Nasau.

Nasau.

Nasau ......

Nasaumatua

Nasaumatua

Natokea

Tonga Id.,Rewa Prov.

(the same)

(the same)

Vaturu

Vaturu

Vaturu

Nukutambua

Nakorolevu

Vuthi

Nasau

Yalatina

Nambulu

Taumbere

Ketenamasi

Mouth of Nan-di River

(the same)

Nasau "Dist.,"Tholo NorthProv.

(the same)

Lovoni, OvalauId.

(the same)

Leweitangga-lulu

Noi Nainggoro

Tukani

Nasau

Nasau

Nasau

Nasaumatua

Sawa

Yanutha Id. Yanutha Id.

Muana -

Navatuyamba

Savatha

Natawa

Yavuni

Vatunaremba

Tukuraki

Wala Tukuraki

Sanasana

Nasingatoka

Lomawai

Sanasana

Nainggoro Navothi

Namotomoto

Nasau

Ovalau

Naivotho

Ndaku

Ndaku

Natokea Namuaimanda

351

Mbureiwai

Notho

Naitasiri

Nailenga

Namata

Namata

Mburetu

Vutia

Ra

Rewa

Naitasiri

TholoEast

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Rewa

Serua

Tonga

Tonga

Tonga

Vaturu

Vaturu

Vaturu

Nalotawa

Nalotawa

Malomalo

Nasingatoka

Wai

Malomalo

Nandi

Nandi

Nandrau

Nandrau

Mbureiwai

Mburetu

Mburetu

Serua

Rewa

Rewa

Rewa

Nandi

Nandi

Nandi

Mba

Mba

Nandronga

Nandronga

Nandronga

Nandronga

Nandi

Nandi

TholoNorth

TholoNorth

Ra

Tailevu

Tailevu

Navolau Ra


YAVUTU WITH TWO YAVUSA (cont.)

Yavutu Location Yavusa Old Village Present Village District Province

Natokea .....

Ndravo .....

Ndravo.

Uluithalia ....

Uluithalia ....

Vanuasanga-sanga ......



Rara

Nangarorua

Navitomi

Thalia

Vuniniumatarua

Vindilo

Viyangonivalu

Naisongovau

Vitongo

Vitongo

Vitongo

Navolau

Naisongovau

Ndravo

Vuniniundrovu

Vuniniundrovu

Namoli

Nalotawa

Nanuku


Vanuasanga-sanga .....

Vaturua ..

Vaturua . . .

Vaturua .....

Viria .......

Viria .......

Vitongo Hill

Vitongo Hill

Viwa .......

Viwa .......

Vunimoli ....

Vunimoli

Vutuvo .

Vutuvo .

Vitongo

Vitongo

Nasausauwai

Vaturua

Naitasiri Prov.

Nathowaliva

Nanduanuku

Nambakai

Tunuloa

Nayaumunu

Viwa

Muaisolia

Vunimoli

Naluna

Vutuvo

Naluna

Navilawa

Tukuraki

Namarai

Lau

Vaturua

Viria

Tholoisuva

Naviyango

Vitongo

Viwa Id.

Ndelandamanu

Waindrathia

Waindrathia

Vunivaivai

Vunivaivai

Nalotawa

Nalotawa

Nakorotumbu

Nambamba

Nakelo

Viria

Vuna

Vitongo

Vitongo

Mbau

Naitasiri

Rara

Rara

Nakelo

Nakelo

_______________________________________ J

ORIGIN PLACES WITH SINGLE TRIBE

In the following pages are listed the yavutu withonly a single yavusa each. The two tribes claimingorigin places in the kingdom of Tonga are not includedhere since they are already covered in the section on

"Tribes from Polynesia." The arrangement is alpha-betically by yavusa. Some yavusa are scattered throughseveral villages, as, for example, yavusa Louvatu whichhas its yavutu at archaeological site 19 in the Singatoka

Valley.29All thirteen provinces contain single yavusa derived

from a single yavutu. There is a considerable variationin the number per province, but this is in part a functionof the size of the province. In descending order the num-

ber per province are as follows; those living in two pro-

vinces are counted twice: Ra 89, Tholo East 59, Taile-vu 57, Naitasiri 39, Rewa 25, Tholo North 23, Nandi 22,Nandronga 18, Namosi 10, Mba 9, Tholo West 6, Lau-toka 3, Serua 1.

'9Gifford, 1951_, p. 250.

352

Navolau

Ndravo

Ndravo

Naitasiri

Naitasiri

Vitongo

Nalotawa

Nalotawa

Ra

Tailevu

Tailevu

Naitasiri

Naitasiri

Lautoka

Mba

Mba

Mba

Mba

Ra

Ra

Tailevu

Naitasiri

Naitasiri

Lautoka

Lautoka

Tailevu

Naitasiri

Naitasiri

Naitasiri

Tailevu

Tailevu


YAVUTU WllH SINGLE YAVUSA

Yavusa Yavutu j Location Old Village Present Village District Province

Ekumbu ....

Kelia .

Ketenavuni-valu .......

Koro .

Koronggele

Korosovau-levu .......

Laitoa.

Langi.

Leikoro . . . ..

Leinatambua..

Levukaitai ...

Levukana ....

Leweiesinga.

Leweinavi-vasa .......

Leweinggere.

Leweinuku ...

Leweisavu ...

Leweivuthini .

Ekumbu

Kelia Nasei

Wavu

Korovou

Koronggele

Korosovau-levu

Laitoa

Langi

Navuniyasi Naloto Dist.Nandronga Prov.

Naivua

Levukaitai

Veimbalambala

Esinga

Verata toVeimbalambala

Nalele, Malo-malo Dist.,Nandronga Prov.

Naweitha

Nggere

Nuku, Nasama

Savu, Nalele

Valivali

NasingatokaDistNandronga Prov.

Malomalo Dist.Nandronga Prov.

Lawai, Nokonoko Nakorowaru,Dist., Nandronga Nasingatoka,Prov. Nandronga Pro

Prov.

Vunayasi

Volivoli

Naluwai

Navisamba-samba

Nakoromboya

Nakoromboya

Narambulu

Nakorovatu

Nariri

Naivutu

Nararavou

Mburelevu

Mbalevuto

Tonge

Nandrungu

Yaloku

Tumavia

Tumbalevu

Sanasana

Nalele

Naindiri

Navisamba-sambaMalomalo

Nalele

Navisamba-samba

Malomalo

Momi

Nalele

Nandi

Nasingatoka

Rara

Malomalo

Nggaliyalatina

Tavua

Tavua

Waima

Nailuva

Tokaimalo

Nailuva

Nalamba

Naloto

Naloto

Naloto

Nalotawa

Nakelo

Namara

Malomalo

Malomalo

Malomalo

Malomalo

Malomalo

Malomalo

Malomalo

Malomalo

Momi

Malomalo

353

Nandi

Nandronga

Naitasiri

Nandronga

Tholo North

Tholo North

Tholo North

Tholo East

Ra

Ra

Ra

Ra

Nandronga

Nandronga

Nandronga

Mba

Tailevu

Tailevu

Nandronga

Nandronga

Nandronga

Nandronga

Nandronga

Nandronga

Nandronga

Nandronga

Nandronga

Nandronga


YAVUTU WITH SINGLE YAVUSA (cont.)

Yavusa I Yavutu Location Old Village jPresent Village District Province

Loma.

Loma.

Lomaiua ...

Lomolilevu ...

Louvatu....

Waimothi

Loma

Lomaivuna

Vungala

Lomolomo(site 19)

near Lawai,Nokonoko Dist.Nandronga Prov.

Nakorosule

Navatukia

Waikalou

Motonoko, Viria ViriaDist., NaitasiriProv.

Nandrauniivi

Nakambuta

Nangonenitholo

Soloira

Soloira

Viria

Raviravi

Nokonoko

Nasama

Nakoroyandro,near Nandrou- Thuvumai

(the same) YanduaVoua

Nasinu, RewaProv., toMbengga Id 30to VunavutuKoroniviatai

Malake....

Mali ....

Maraki . . . . .

MataikaraMatailombau .

Mantanikoro-vatu .......

Matanimbulu .

Malake

Mali

MarakiMataikaraMatailombau

Ndrevekai

Vunimbulu

Malake Id.

Matailombau

Viria, NaitasiriProv.

Nambuke

Naseyani

NaselaiNawairukuMatailombau

Kalambu

Oveya

Rakiraki

Tavua

NukuLawakiMatailombau

Naitasiri

Mbau

Matanivanua .

Mataniwai ....

Mataravua ...

Matarua .....

Mataso.....

Mati .......

Maumi ....

Waikete

Mataniwai

Mataravua

Matarua

Mataso

Mati

Maumilevu

Mataso Dist.

near Raralevu, Maumi Id.Namata Dist.,Tailevu Prov.

Waikete

Ndelaitonga

Nawairuku

Navitilevu

Nakorovou

Vunindumba

Maumi

Nakelo

Matailombau

Lawaki

Nambamba

Mataso

Matailombau

Ndravo

Mavua ......

Mawa.

Mbatimbuku-tua ....

Mbau .....

Mavua

Mawa

Mbatimbukutua

Mbau

Tumbeirata

Nambalambala

Namelimeli

NdrekeniwaionTholata R.

30lnformation obtained by Gifford from Ratu Joni, Mbuli of Nasingatoka District.

354

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tholo East

Naitasiri

Ra

Nandronga

Nasingatoka

Thuvu

ThuvuTuva

Nasingatoka

Nandronga

Nandronga

NandrongaNandronga

Nandronga

Ra

Tholo North

TailevuRaTholo East

Naitasiri

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tholo East

Ra

Ra

Ra

Tholo East

Tailevu

Mavua

Nalamba

Veivatuloa

Nayavu

Tholo West

Ra

Namosi

Tailevu

GIFFORD: TRMBES OF VITI LEVU


Yavusa I Yavutu Location Old Village Present Village District j Province

Mbaulevui-rara.

Mbelanga ....

Mbiavala ....

Mbila.

Mbua .

Mbukuya

Mbukuya ..

Mburekalou...

Mburekonotho.

Mbaulevu

Mbelanga

Tumulevu

Mbila

Mbua

Mbukuya

Navulala

Naletha

Mburekonotho

Mburemathi . . Mburemathi

Mbureningan-dro .

Mburenitu

Mburenitu ...

Mburenivalu .

Mburenivalu .

Mbureniwau

Mburerua ....

Mburetu . . .

Nakoro

Wainalumu

Onila

Nandoi

Nandoi

Mbureniwau

Mburerua

Mburetu

Tovutovu

Nandelei

NakambutaSingatoka R.

Mbila, nearTavua Village

Teindamu

Verata

Notho

Namatanivesiat Kuku

Natholawe, Na-loto, NasautokaDist., TholoEast Prov.

(the same)

Naselai

Namosi Prov.

Namosi Prov.

Vutia, TholoEast Prov.

Mburetu

Somosomo

Tavuya

Ngusuinalangato Rama to Lo-kia, Rewa Proa.

Naiteni

Nakuru toNdrekena

Ngusuinalanga

Naitasiri toMburembasan-ga, Rewa Prov.

Tavua

Korovou

Vatutavui

Vitawa

Mbukuya

Teindamu

Molituva

Navaka

Nakuriwai

Matanimoli

Naloto

Naitasiri

Tavua

Nokonoko

Tavua

Tavua

Tavua

Raviravi

Mangondro

Vitongo

Nausori

Notho

Notho

Notho

Nawautoka

Mburenitu Nasautoka

Naselai

Kasavu

Naevuevu

Nambotini

Levuka

Nandoi

Narothivo

Ndrekena

Vunuku

Waisalulu

Motonoko

Mburetu

Nambitu

Nuku

Naitasiri

Thuvu

Komave

Rewa

Rewa

Rewa

Rewa

Rewa

Vutia

Viria

Mburetu

Tokatoka

355

Naitasiri

Tholo North

Nandronga

Tholo North

Tholo North

Tholo North

Ra

Tholo West

Lautoka

Tailevu

Rewa

Rewa

Rewa

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tailevu

Naitasiri

Nandronga

Tholo East

Rewa

Rewa

Rewa

Rewa

Rewa

Rewa

Naitasiri

Tailevu

Tailevu



Yavusa f Yavutu Location Old Village Present Village District Province

Mburevuli ...

Molimekete ...

Naikawanga...

Nailangolamba.

Nailenga ..

Naimalavau...

Naimbili...

Naingani.

Naiova ......

Mburevuli

Molimekete

Naikawanga Verata toNaikawanga

Kuku

Nailenga

Naimalavau

Naimbili

Naloto

Naiova

Nailenga

Waimaro,Namalata Dist.Tailevu Prov.

Naloto, Verata Naingani Id.Dist.

Nasau "Dist."Tholo NorthProv.

Nairai ....

Nairara .....

Naisongombuli

Naisongovasa

Nairai

Nairara

Naisongombuli

Naisongoma-taka

Nasau "Dist."Tholo NorthProv.

Mburembasanga

Nasukamai

Vunindumba

Namuaimanda

Nukulau

Nandrau

Matailombau

Navolau

Nandrau

Mburembasanga Mburemba-sanga

Tholo North

Tholo East

Ra

Tholo North

Rewa

Naitavuni ....

Naivirivosa...

Naitavuni

Naivirivosa Nawanggambena,Viria Dist.,Naitasiri Prov.

Naseuvou

Ndelalasakau

Vuthi

Naivisere

Naiwau . . ..

Nakaindrau ...

Nakakasara..

Nakarukuruku .

Nakase.

Naivisere Naitasiri

Vanuandina

Nambilia

Nakakasara near WaivouVillage, Mbur-embasangaDist., RewaProv.

Nakarukuruku

Nakase

Navuso

Vanuandina

Nasalia

Lutu

Vanualevu

Navutu

Sowa

Naitasiri

Tokatoka

Nangonenitholo

Nangonenitholo

Tokatoka

Navuakethe

Mbureivanua

Manu

Waikalou

Nailenga

Soloira

Namara

Nausori

Nausori

Nausori

Nailenga

Nakelo

Namata

Verata

Nailuva

Nakalawatha

Nanduru

Molituva

Vunimono

Nailenga

Naimalavau

Raralevu

Vitilevu,Naingani Id.

Nailuva

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tholo East

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Ra

Nawaindina

Nawaindina

Tokatoka

Naitasiri

Naitasiri

Tailevu

Naitasiri

Tailevu

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tailevu

Naitasiri

RaI

356



Yavusa I Yavutu Location Old Village Present Village District Province

Nakasenga ...

Nakasimai

Nakasenga

Nakasimal

Nayaulevu

Lamba

Mbureloa

Tokaimalo

Nakuailava

Nakuailava

Ra

Ra

Ra

Nakatumbai-walu ....... Nambiyau Nawanggambena Navuakethe

Nakelo....

Nakoroingeti.

Nakoromatua.

Nakorondu-andua ......

Nakoronggele

Nakorosango..

Nakorotambu.

Nakorovia ...

Nakorovou ...

Nakorowaiwai .

Nakorowangga.

Nakuailava

Nakumbuti ...

Nakurukuru

Nakurukuru-vakatini .....

Nakelo Nakelo Dist.

Nanduruloulou

Nauluvatu

Muana

Ndausinga

Naraviravi

Nakorosule

Nakoroingeti

Nakoromatua

W aimaro

Nakoroira

Nakorosango

Nakorotambu

Nakorovia

Nakelinggere

Nakorowaiwai

Nakorowangga

Nakualiava NakuailavaDist.

Vatukaloko

Nakurukuru

Nakurukuru-vakatini

Tomuna, Vatu-kumbu

Lau

Nananu

WaituruturuNakorovouVeindavutu

Nambau

Sowa

Mataiwailevu

Korovou

Waimbasanga

Matawailevu

Wainiyavu

Nairukuruku

Tai

Mbalekinanga

Nandrauniivi

Naluwau

Nasauvere

Na,vuakethe

Nakelo

Nakelo

Nakualiava

Tokaimalo

Nangonenitholo

Nambamba

Tavua

MatasoMatasoMataso

Mataso

Mbureivanua

Lawaki

Lawaki

Noimalo

Noimalo

Veinungga

Matailombau

Nakuailava

Nakuailava

Raviravi

Rara

Noimalo

Nalethava....

Naleya .....

Korovou

Naraiyawa

Ndraumbuta

Nasava

Matawailevu

357

Naitasiri

Naitasiri

Tailevu

Tailevu

Ra

Ra

Tholo East

Ra

Tholo North

RaRaRa

Ra

Ra

Ra

Ra

Tholo East

Tholo East

Namosi

Tholo East

Ra

Ra

Ra

Naitasiri

Tholo East

Nalethava

Naleya

Naitasiri Naisombu-sombuMburelevu

Noimalo

Noimalo

Tokatoka

Noimalo

Noimalo

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tailevu

Tholo East

Tholo East



Yavusa I Yavutu j Location Old Village Present Village District Province

Naliwa .

Naliwani .

Nalotawa.

Nalovia.

Namataku ..

Namatangai.

Namathuku .

Nambai.

Nambama ....

Nambavatu ...

Nambena ....

Nambili ...

Namboro

Namhotini ....

Nambou ..

Namboutini .

Nambukani

Nambukelevu.

Nambukem-buke32.

Naliwa

Naliwani

Nalotawa

Nalovia

Namataku Namataku

Namatangai

Namathuku

Naivikoli

Narrbama

Nambavatu

Nambena

Louvatu31

Namboro

Nambotini

Lasakau

Nawamangi

foot of the Kau-vandra Range

Vunikoka

Nambukani

Nambukelevu

Nambukembuke Wailase CreekTholo East

Ngusunikalou

Nakavu

Naililili

Vuisinga

Mburelevu

Navuniyaumumu

Sanasana

Ndelaitonga

Nasauthoke

Nausori

Tawaleka

Raranivuli

Tongovere

Naila

Vunindawa

Nanggeleng-ganogga

Namoto

Vatukarasa

Sawanikula

Lawaki

Mataiwailevu

Lasakau (Mbau)

Lamba

Visama

Lutu

Veivatuloa

Lombau

Nakavu

Namosi

Navunimbau

Namuamua

Laselase

Navunikambi

Saliandrau

Nasingatoka

Waima

Nalamba

Tokaimalo

Malomalo

Matailombau

Namataku

Namataku

Namataku

Nakuailava

Raviravi

Ndravo

Soloira

Mbureivanua

Nasautoka

Thonua

Muaira

Lawaki

Lawaki

Mbau

Nakuailava

Nakelo

Muaira

Veivatuloa

Veivatuloa

Veivatuloa

Namosi

Namosi

Wainikoroiluva

Wainikoroiluva

Wainikoro3luva

Wainikoroiluva

Namosi

31Name of yavutu and its location obtained by Gifford from infor-mant at Vatukarasa.

32For the detailed record of the Native Lands Commission, see

Capell and Lester, pp. 330 ff.

358

Tholo East

Ra

Ra

Nandrong

Tholo East

Tholo West

Tholo West

Tholo West

Ra

Ra

Tailevu

Tholo East

Ra

Tholo East

Tholo We st

Tholo East

Ra

Ra

Tailevu

Ra

Tailevu

Tholo East

Namosi

Namosi

Namosi

Namosi

Namosi

Namosi

Namosi

Namosi

Namosi

Namosi

I




Nambulembu-lewa ....

Nambuli .

Nanbulembulewa Nggoma Id.or Nggoma Id.

Nambuli Viria, Naita-siri Prov.

Navunisotho

Nambukavesi

Tumbanasavu

to Ndawasamu

Nambuli

Nambumbutho

Namoto ..... Namoto

Namotutu

Nandakuni

Namotutu ....

Nandakuni ...

Nandanuya

Nandarava- Nandarava-kawalu...... . kawalu

Nandaro .....

Nandenaivalu. .

Nanderei-valu .......

Nandokana ...

Nandoloi ....

Nambumbutho

Namoto, Na-

sautoka Dist.,Tholo EastProv.

Rakiraki, Ra

Nandakuni,Nawaindina

Nandanuya

Nasirotu

Waitha

Nandarava-kawalu

Ndelaiwini

Nandenaivalu

Nanderei-valu

Nakautonga

Nandoloi

Lawaki Dist., Wailotua,

Nairukuruku

Nanggelewai

Rewasau

Laselevu

Nasiriti

Nukulau

Namoto

Navuavua

Narewa

Ndevoira

Matailombau

Nambumbutho

Nambumbutho

Nangonenitholo

Nangonenitholo

Nangonenitholo

Nasautoka

Rakiraki

Raviravi

Nawaindina

Naluwai Rara

Nasirotu Nawaindina

Navurevure Nawaindina

Vunindawa Soloira

Naivuthini Nandarava-kawalu

Naitauvoli Nandarava-kawalu

Vunindumba Nandarava-kawalu

Namara Lawaki

Navitilevu Nambamba

Matathauthau Namalata'DRa Wailevu Dist.,

Tailevu Prov.

Natumulomulo Sawakasato Ndraundra-una

Narambulu

NandakuniWaikalou

Sawakas a

Tavua

NawaindinaSoloira

Tholo East

Tholo North

Tholo North

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tholo East

Ra

Ra

Naitasiri

Naitasiri

Naitasiri

Naitasiri

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tholo East

Ra

Ra

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tholo North

Naitasiri

Tholo East

359

Navunisotho

Nggilai

Waivaka

Nggoma

Ndriti

Nambuli

Nambumbutho

Veivatuloa

Veivatuloa

Namosi

Ndawasamu

Ndawasamu

Ndreketi

Namosi

Namosi

Namosi

Tailevu

Tailevu

Rewa

I



Yavusa Yavutu Location Old Village Present Village District Province

Nandomia.. . I. Nandomia Nambitu Tokatoka Tailevu

Nandrakuma ...

Nandua .....

Nanduandua . ..

Nanduku ...

Nangilongilo . ..

Nangole ...

Nanggalitala ...

Nangganikai

Nanggau ......

Nanggelamba...

Nanggelen -

damu ........

Nanggelevu ....

Nanggeningani-vatu ...

Nanuku ...

Naothondongo . .

Narai..

Narairaiwanga.

Narothake.

Nasalia .....

Nasausauwai ...

Nasautambu

Nasekaseka...

Naseuvou .

Nasilima.

Nandrakuma

Nanduambasanga

Nand1Vandua

Nanduku

Nangilongilo

Nangole

Moseni

Nangganikai

Mburekonanggau

near Namoka

Navitilevu,Ra Prov.

Tamunggali

Mbole, Ndela-

vatulevu;Vatuvale

Tamanivuaka,Tova

mouth of Nang-galitala Creek

Nanggelamba

I Nanggelendamu

Nandelei

Nakoromboya

Vita

Naimbita

Nakaile

Nasinu

Wainitambua

Nakorovatu

Navithila

Tore

Navutu

Motainotho

Namoto

Nambukandra

Navutoka

LauNanggelevu

Navono

Nanuku

Naothondongo

Narai

Rarawangga

Narothake

Namuakivei

Nasausauwai

Nakuruwale

Nasekaseka

Naseuvou

Nasilima

Nayaulevu

Nandakuni


Vaturu

Verata,Tailevu Prov.

Nataveyaitholo

Naseuvou,Tokatoka Dist.

Naitasiri toMburembasan-ga, Rewa Prov.

Muanaira

Nawanggarua

Yavuni

Narothake Narothake

Laselevu

Nambuyalevu

Rewasau

Verevere

Naseuvou

Naivotho

Nambitu

Naivuthini

Naitauvoli

Tavua

Tavua

Nailanga

Nailenga

Tokatoka

Ndawasamu

Nailenga

Waima

Naitasiri

Rukuruku

Navuakethe

Mburetu

Nasautoka

Kavula

Kavula

Nambamba

Tokaimalo

Nawaindina

Vutia

Nailanga

Vaturu

Notho

Nangonenitholo

Nangonenitholo

Nangonenitholo

Nakorotumbu

Tokatoka

Mbureiwai

Tokatoka

Nandaravakawalu

Nandaravakawalu

Tholo North

Tholo North

Mba

Tholo East

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tholo East

Tholo. East

Naitasiri

Nandi

Naitasiri

Tailevu

Tholo East

Ra

Ra

Ra

Ra

Naitasiri

Rewa

Mba

Nandi

Rewa

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tholo East

Ra

Tailevu

Ra

Tailevu

Tholo East

Tholo East

360

I 114 L LI C;LLA%AC;L.L C& V G6&LG6 VW GI, -L LL L LA%,F.L%.f Ljc&tL,.6.I

*.*



Yavusa ( Yavutu Location Old Village Present Village District Province

Nasilimai ....

Nasingaimata .

Nasolo ......

Nasomosomo

Nasonggo...

Natakala.

Natambuivalu.

Natauya ...

Nataveya

Nataveya ..

Naterumai ...

Nathanggaru .

Nathanggaru .

Nathavondo ...

Nathemba ....

Nathokawa ...

Nathokoni ....

Natholo .....

Natholo .....

Nathombua ...

Nathovu .....

Nathovu . . . . .

Natiliva .....

Koronimbeka

Nasingaimata

Nasolo Nasolo

Nasomosomo

Nasonggo

Natakala

Natambuivalu

Natauya

Nataveya

Natongandravu

Naterumai

Vuya

Nathanggaru

Nathavondo

Nathemba

Matawalu

Nathokoni

Nggelekuku

Vaikitu

Nathombua

Koroinathovu

Nathovu

Navutulevu

Nasonggo

near Savu Vil-lage, VungaleiDist., TailevuProv.

Nandioka

Maraki, Nase -

lai, NukuDist.

Nanggarani

Nathova Id. Nathanggaru

Singatoka R. Tumakeli

Mburembasanga

Waimaro, Nama-lata Dist., Nanggelen-Tailevu Prov. dretaki

Rakiraki, Ra

Namara

Korovou

Nailanga

Nanduruloulou

Ndraunaleka

Ndausinga

Nasonggo

Verata

Waisa

Navunindakua

Nanukuloa

Nataveya

Nataveya

Lawaki

Lawaki

Nailanga

Nawaindina

Nakuailava

Nakuailava

Nambumbutho

Nausori

Waima

Waima

Saivou

Viria

Nuku

Nanggarani Notho

Navutu Navuakethe

Moala Sikituru

Vanuakula Navuakethe

Nasonggo Nambumbutho

Nakorovatu Rara

Nanduri Nokonoko

Lawai Nokonoko

Yavulo Nokonoko

Mburembasanga Mburembasanga

Mbuka Naroko

Vatukatheva- Narokotheva

Namata

Raralevu

Naimasimasi

Nawairuku

Navutulevu

Namata

Namata

Vungalei

Lawaki

Rakiraki

Ra

Ra

Mba

Naitasiri

Ra

Ra

Tholo North

Tailevu

Tholo East

Tholo East

Ra

Naitasiri

Tailevu

Rewa

Naitasiri

Nandi

Naitasiri

Tholo North

Naitasiri

Nandronga

Nandronga

Nandronga

Rewa

Ra

Ra

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Ra

Ra

361



Yavusa

Naturuturuku-la .........

Natutale ....

Naulana .

Navatu .

Navatu .

Navatulevu..

Navatulevu ...

Navatusila ...

Navatuvoka.

Navasia .

Navautamba .

Navauvau ..

Navesi .....

Naviritu ....

Navisama ....

Navitilevu....

Navitilevu....

Navokai .....

Yavutu Location Old Village j Present Village j District Province

Naturuturu- Nanggali, Viria Vuthi Tokatoka Tailevukula

Tiliva

Naulana

Navalelawa(site 17)Navatu (site 17)

Nandi

Dist., NaitasiriProv.

near MoalaVillage

Raviravi Dist.

Nandi, Mbua,Vanualevu Id.

Nase

Navatusila

Navatuvoka

Natuvu

Navautamba

Navauvau

Navesi

Naviritu

Tarisi

Navitilevu

Nambaikau

Nanggavoka

Vitongo

Moala

Navuniivi

Naivuvuni

Nasau, mouthof Nandi R.

Navatulevu

Nambaikau

Tonga Id.,Rewa Prov.

Sikituru

Navitilevu

Raviravi

Namuamua Mbureiwai

Nandongoloa Mbureiwai

Narewa Nandi

Nakavu Nandi

Nanganga Vunda

Naivuthini Nandarava-kawalu

Nuku Nandarava-kawalu


Numbutautau Nandrau

Nambalambala Tokaimalo

Navuniivi Navitilevu

Nakorowaiwai Mbureivanua

Korovou Tavua

Ndraunaleka Nakuailava

Ndausinga Nakuailava

Wairuarua Nangonenitholo

Narara Naroko


Saumakia Nandarava-kawalu

Waikalou Nandarava-kawalu

Lau Nambamba

Navuniivi Navitilevu

Navuniyaro Lutu

Wainawangga Nawaindina

Vunisei Tonga

Nandi'

Ra

Ra

Ra

Ra

Nandi

Nandi

Lautoka

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tholo North

Ra

Ra

Ra

Tholo North

Ra

Ra

Tholo East

Ra

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tholo East

Ra

Ra

Tholo East

Naitasiri

RewaI

362



Yavusa I Yavutu Location Old Village Present Village District j Province

Navolau .

Navovula ....

Nanggumu

Nandungutha Nanggarawai, Naseuvou,Namosi Prov. Soloira

Navuakethe ...

Navuanisang-giwa ....

Navuavua ....

Navundrau ...

Navungayango .

Navunindrala. .

Navuniseya .

Navunitivi.

Navuniuto ....

Navusaka ....

Navutosara ...

Navuthu .....

Navuta ..

Navutu ...

Nawaindina...

Nawainovo

Nawakura ....

Navuakethe

Nalesia

Navuavua

Navundrau

Navungayango

Navunindrala

Navuniseya

Navunitivi

Navuniuto

Navusaka

Rakiraki, Ra

Muaira


Navutosara

Nakorovatu

Talandrau

Navutu

Nawaindina

Ndelainovo

Nawakura

Verata toNdelainovo

near Raralevu, SawandralaNamata Dist.,Tailevu Prov.

Navutu

Lamba

Navuavua

Namuaimanda

Mau-u

Nauluvatu

Ndelakando

Nataleira

Silana

Lutu

Nambulini

Vanuakula

Nauria

Nasonggo

Waimbalavu

Nandrau

Nambuyalevu

Nambuwangga

Nggalinasavu

Veindavutu

Nambau

Korondalawe

Matameivere

Maumi

Navuakethe Naitasiri

Nakuailava

Rakiraki

Naroko

Veivatuloa

Nawaindina

Ndawasamu

Ndawasamu

Ndawasamu

Muaira

Nailenga

Nandrau

Nandrau

Nambumbutho

Nangonenitholo

Nandrau

Nandrau

Nandrau

Nandrau

Mataso

Mataso

Nakuailava

Namara

Ndravo

Nawandamu . .

Nawangga ....

Nawanggai-vende ......

Nawandamu Nandioka

(the same)

Nawangga

Nawanggai-vende

Navunindakua

Waisa

Nausori

Nandakuni Nawaindina Naitasiri

363

Navolau

Vunisinu

Navolau

Ndreketi

Ra

Rewa

Ra

Ra

Ra

Namosi

Naitasiri

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tholo North

Tholo North

Tholo North

Tholo East

Tholo North

Tholo North

Tholo North

Tholo North

Ra

Ra

Ra

Tailevu

Tailevu

Waima

Waima

Nalawa

Tholo East

Tholo East

Ra



Yavusa [ Yavutu Location Old Village Present Village District Province

Nawanggesara. Rokoroko WaithombaDist., Nandron-ga Prov.

Nawarai.

Nawayanga ...

Nayavumata

Niwau ......

Noi Koro ....

Noi Korolevu. .

Noimalo .....

Noi Marou . . .

Noi Mboro . . .

Noi Natualeka .

Noi Takuthi

Noi Vatuma

Noi Yaro ....

Nokonoko ....

Notho.

Nuku .

Nukunitambua .

Numbu ....

Numbu .

Numbutolu ...

Ndakuinamba-ramai ......

Nawarai

Nangandi

Nawaua

Niwau

Noikoro

Korolevuiwai

Noimalo

Marou

Ndranikamba

Natualeka

Navulai

Nggelelevu

Yaro

Nandiritale

Notho

Nuku, Naselai

Nasaunokonoko

Namoriti

Navosa

Noimalo

Nasesevia

Navo

Verata,Tailevu Prov.Naselai,Nuku Dist.

Nanggarawai,Namosi Prov.

near NandrauVillage, Nan-drau Dist.,Tholo NorthProv.33

Vuisinga

Navitilevu

Nathokaika

Ndelaiyandua

Korolevu

Vunatoto

Ndeumba, SeruaNaitata

Narokoroko-yawa

Nasauvakarua

Mbatiri

Vunamoli

Vunamoli

Navo Vunayasi

Nawanggan-damu

Vatutu

Vunayasi

Namata

Mburekonotho Nambundrau

Natongandravu

Totonakavu,Koromuri-muri, Lokia,Rewa Prov.

Numbutolu

Ndakuinamba-ramai

Lomanikoro

Nggalinasavu

Nangatangata

Koro

Waikumbu-kumbu

Vatuthere

Yavulo

Nandakuni

Nandakuni

Waima

Nambamba

Naitasiri

Mbureiwai

Noikoro

Noikoro

Serua

Noimalo

Noimalo

Malomalo

Rukuruku

Rukuruku

Nandi

Rukuruku

Rukuruku

Nandi

Namata

Notho

Nuku

Rewa

Savatu

Savatu

Savatu

Savatu

Savatu

Nasingatoka

Nawaindina

Nawaindina

33See sites 6, 9.

364

Nawanggan -damu

Rukuruku Nandi

Tholo East

Ra

Naitasiri

Ra

Tholo West

Tholo West

Serua

Tholo East

Tholo East

Nandronga

Nandi

Nandi

Nandi

Nandi

Nandi

Nandi

Tailevu

Rewa

Tailevu

Rewa

Tholo North

Tholo North

Tholo North

Tholo North

Tholo North

Nandronga

Naitasiri

Naitasiri




Ndakunda ....

Ndakunimbure.

Ndanundanu. . .

Ndanuwa.

Ndaviko.. .

Ndakunda

Ndelaimbukelevu

Waivou

Ndanuwa

Ndaviko

Sawakasa,Tailevu Prov.

Nayavu,Tailevu Prov.

Namata,Tailevu Prov.,to Vunisoni

(the same)

Lutu, TholoEast Prov. toNaitasiri

Lau

Waivaka

Nambundrau

Waivou

Nambulini

Nar.ggarani

Nambamba Ra

Namosi

Notho

Mburembasanga

Nailenga

Notho

Ndavutukia . . .

Ndawasamu ...

Ndelai ......

Ndewala.. .

Ndingilo .....

Ndonumaim-

bulu ..

Ndrano......

Ndranu .....

Ndravuni ....

Ndrekeniwai..

Ndreketi.....

Ndrukuya ....

Nggalimbure..

&gangga ....

Ndavutukia Koroinasau

Ndawasamu Tholo East

Ndelai Wainimbuka R.

Ndewala

Ndingilo

Ndonumaim-bulu

Ndrano

Ndranu

Ndravuni

Ndrekeniwai

Ndreketi

Ndrukuya

Yasa

Nggangga

Verata

Thambe

Saru

Tonuve

Volinangerua

Votua

Tangangge

Namanda

Nakorovatu

Ndawasamu Ndriti

Ndelakando

Mokani

Nataveyaira

Waituruturu

Nakorovou

Vunayasi

Naloto

Rokovuaka

Wainiyavu

Mbureloa

Visama

Nakorosule

Waimbalavu

Navuniyasi

Numbukaluka

Naloto

Namuriwai

Koroinasau

Koroinasau

Mbemana

Mbemana

Korolevuiwai

Korolevuiwai

Korolevuiwai

Waima

Ndawasamu

Ndawasamu

Ndravo

Viria

Mataso

Mataso

Nandi

Nambamba

Veinungga

Nakuailava

Nakelo

Nangonenitholo

Nangonenitholo

Matailombau

Nawaindina

Verata

Navitilevu

365

Namosi

Rewa

Rewa

Tholo East

Rewa

Tholo West

Tholo West

Tholo West

Tholo West

Tholo West

Tholo West

Tholo West

Tholo East

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Naitasiri

Ra

Ra

Nandi

Ra

Namosi

Ra

Tailevu

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tholo East

Naitasiri

Tailevu

Ra



Yavusa [ Yavutu j Location j Old Village Present Village District Province

Nggilanggila

Ovalau ....

Rara . . .

Rara ......

Rewaisavu .. . .

Rokisi .

Rukuruku .....

Nggilanggila Ravirai

Ovalau

Namaranivuka- Nalotovuka

Mbalauma

Navotua

Nambothiwa

Rukuruku Navuak

Rukuruku .... Vunamoli

vi Dist.

Uluitinairai-langi

(the same)

6ethe Navesi toDist., Naitasiri TaunaimbosaProv.

Vunamoli, Ruku-ruku Dist.

Vunitongoloa

Nanggali

Vanuakula

Naveithovatu

Vuisinga

Matainananu

Nambothiwa

Longani

Uto

Sala .......

Salandina ...

Salandina ..

Sanasana .....

Sanggele ...

Sangunu ....

Sarava....

Saumata..

Sauturanga....

Sauvana .

Savu ........

Savula .

Sawatini...

Senimbua .

Sese .....

Sese .......

Makondranga

Nandia

Salandina

Sanasana

Sanggele

Sangunu

Nanggonggosa

Saumata

Nakoronimbeka

Vusama

Savu

Savula

Sawatini

Ne

Sese

Yavulevu

Siko ........ Navunindakua

Sambeto Dist.,Nandi Prov.

Navunindakua,Waima Dist.,Tholo East Prov.

Nausori

Nakorowaiwai

Nanggeleng-gangga

Wainilotulevu

Vakambuli

Nailanga

Yavuni

Nausori

Namulomulo

Namara

Moala

Nambalesere

Nasavu

Nananu

Nawaka

Naluwai

Nawamangi-mangi

Vunindumba

Nairukuruku

Nakorovatu

Navunindakua

Nalawa

Mbureivanua

Mbureivanua

Veinungga

Vitongo

Nailanga

Vaturu

Nawaka

Nawaka

Lawaki

Sikituru

Nailuva

Rara

Namena

Nawaka

Rara

Naroko

Matailombau

Matailombau

Waima

Waima

366

Raviravi

Viria

Nawaindina

Naloto

Waima

Mbureiwai

Mburetu

Namata

Rukuruku

Ra

Naitasiri

Naitasiri

Tailevu

Tholo East

Ra

Tailevu

Tailevu

Nandi

Ra

Ra

Ra

Namosi

Lautoka

Mba

Nandi

Nandi

Nandi

Ra

Nandi

Ra

Naitasiri

Tailevu

Nandi

Naitasiri

Ra

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tholo East



Yavusa I Yavutu j Location Old Village Present Village District Province

Sila .....

Solia .......

Soloira.

Suva ...

Tai ........

Takalaikiuva .

Tambaivuna-nggumu .....

Tambanivono..

Tambanivono..

Tambariki....

Tathi .....

Tathini ...

Tavarua .

Thakova .. . . .

Thalia ......

Thawanisa....

Tiolaulau ....

Tokineke.....

Tonga.......

Tongavere.. ..

Nanggaya

Vuna

Soloira Nandakuni

Raravatu

(the same)

Soloira

Suva

Tai

Namuaniwangga

Tambaivuna-nggumu

Tambanivono,Nanduri

Lambasa

Tambariki

Tathi

Navo

Nambitu

Thakova

Thalia

Navinoji

Nokonoko Dist.,Nandronga Prov.

Nailenga Mburekonotho

Rakiraki, Ra

Naitasiri Nathuru

Nayavuya

Tokineke

Tonga

Tongavere Nasau "Dist.,"Tholo NorthProv.

Nakavu

Sawani

Nandakuni

Numbukaluka

Natondre

Waikalou

Navatukia

Namuamua

Ndelaitonga

Mbalekinanga

Kiuvaira

Nasuvere

Korovou

Nalele

Naindiri

Natalethake

Nasonggo

Tathi

Sanasana

Rararua

Tore

Naila

Navutulevu

Nathuru

Lewa

Nangatangata

Koro

Nailanga

Namara

Nawamangi-mangi

Numbumakita

Nandi

Vuna

Nawaindina

Nawaindina

Nawaindina

Soloira

Soloira

Mbureiwai

Matailombau

Mbureivanua

Mba

Noimalo

Noimalo

Malomalo

Malomalo

Mbulu

Veinungga

Notho

Malomalo

Rukuruku

Rukuruku

Ndravo

Rakiraki

Notho

Savatu

Savatu

Savatu

Nailanga

Nalamba

Naroko

Nandrau

367

Nandi

Naitasiri

Naitasiri

Naitasiri

Naitasiri

Tholo East

Tholo East

Ra

Tholo East

Ra

Tailevu

Tholo East

Tholo East

Nandronga

Nandronga

Mba

Namosi

Rewa

Nandronga

Nandi

Nandi

Tailevu

Ra

Rewa

Tholo North

Tholo North

Tholo North

Mba

Ra

Ra

Tholo North

a




Tongovereiwai .

Toranasau ....

Tumavia .....

Vakali.

Valelawa .....

Matanasau

Viti

Tumavia

Mbau

Valelawa

Mbau Id.

Ndreketi Dist.,Rewa Prov.

Narukua, Kam-ba, Mbau Dist.,Tailevu Prov.

(the same)

Muailau, Rewa

Valuvuka ....

Vanuakula ....

Vanuatha ....

Vanuavatu ....

Vatu......

Vaturoko .

Vora .......

Vuanindilo ....

Valuvuka

Vanuakula

Vanuatha

Vanuavatu

Vatu

Vaturoko

Vora

Rukuniwalai


Tandrawai

Naitasiri toMburemba-sanga,Rewa Prov.

Vungalei Dist.,Tailevu Prov.

Nasonggo

Vanuakula

Matainasau

Nasingatoka

Nasavu

Matawailevu

Muanaithake

Korondalawe

Nandali

Vulangi .....

Vunimbua ....

Vuninggele ....

Vuniniumata-rua .........

Vunivatu ....

Vusarotora ...

Vusovuso.

Vuto ........

Wai .....

Wai ........

Vulangi

Koroimbithi

Vuninggele

Vuniniumata-rua

Vunivatu

Ndelakurukuru

Vusovuso

Vuto

Naveinggali

Wai

Sakasa

Nasilai

Thalia, Naita-siri Prov.

Naitasiri


Nakuriwai

Nasilai

Savatha

Vuisinga

Nakuriwai

Nanggarani Nanggarani

Nandaro

Navunindakua Navunindakua

(the same) Navuniyasi

Navuniyasi

Navunindakua

Mburenithangi Wailevu

Rokovuaka

Vanuakula

Rewa

Tonga

Waima

Notho

Notho

Vungalei

Waima

Waima

Matailombau

Matailombau

Nailenga

Nambamba

Nandrau

Wailanda Raranivull Nakuallava.Ra

368

Namara

Nakini

Tumavia

Vakali

Vandrai

Levuka

Lawaki

Naitasiri

Nakelo

Nakelo

Nakelo

Rewa

Ra

Naitasiii

Tailevu

Tailevu

Tailevu

Rewa

Veinungga

Tavua

Muaira

Namosi

Rara

Nalawa

Vutia

Nakuailava

Nausori

Namosi

Tholo North

Tholo East

Namosi

Naitasiri

Ra

Rewa

Ra

Tailevu

Rewa

Rewa

Tholo East

Rewa

Rewa

Tailevu

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tholo East

Tholo East

Ra

Tholo North

Rvaranivuli Nakuailava RaWailanda




Wailevu .....

Wailumu ....

Waimaro ....

Wainungga ...

Wakalou .. . .

Wakaniu .....

Wambu .. . .

Wathakena ...

Weni .......

Yakuilau.

Wailevu

Nalase

Waimaro

Raviravi Dist.

Mburembasan- Wailumuga, Rewa Prov.

Nandanuya

(the same)

Wainungga

Nandandara

Nakalawatha

Wambu

Muana, Navuloa

Wathakena

Nenesa

Yakuilau Nasau, mouthof Nandi R.

Ndraunaleka

Vatusekiyasawa

Vunitongoloa

Nawaisomo

Talu

Nakorosule

Waimbalavu

Naluwai

Nambaitavo

Nambulini

Nandrauniivi

Mburetu

Tukuraki

Nalotawa

Nambangga

Naraviravi

Tavua

Nayavuira

Narewa

Nakuailava

Raviravi

Raviravi

Nangonenitholo

Ndreketi

Nangonenitholo

Nangonenitholo

Rara

Nambaitavo

Nailenga

Raviravi

Mburetu

Nalotawa

Nalotawa

Nailuva

Tokaimalo

Tokaimalo

Navitilevu

Nandi

Yalatina .....

Yatusawa ...

Yaumali .....

Yavusamba-lavu ....

Yavusavasu ...

Yalatina Navala

Thuvu

Mbatimaoli

Tonge

Nakomboya

Uthunivanua

Naivuruvuru

Vatutu

Nanduivosavosa Verata

Yaumali

Wavuwau

Yavusavasu Nasaunokonoko, Totonakavu,Namosi Prov. Koromurimuri,

Lokia, RewaProv.

Vita (Votua)

Lomanikoro

Nggaliyalatina

Nggaliyalatina

Nggaliyalatina

Nggaliyalatina

Nggaliyalatina

Verata

Verata

Nawaka

Nailanga

Rewa

369

Ra

Ra

Ra

Tholo East

Rewa

Tholo East

Tholo E±st

Naitasiri

Naitasiri

Tholo East

Ra

Tailevu

Mba

Mba

Ra

Ra

Ra

Ra

Nandi

Tholo North

Tholo North

Tholo North

Tholo North

Tholo North

Tailevu

Tailevu

Nandi

Mba

Rewa


SOURCES OF TRIBAL NAMES

Examination of the list of yavusa reveals two sourcesof tribal names, (1) the yavutu name, of which there are250, and (2) the name of the old village or first settle-ment, of which there are 58. Apparently the name ofthe yavusa ancestor (vu) is not used as the name of theyavusa, even when his name is known. However, only astudy of the original records will settle this point. Thefew names of yavusa ancestors given by Capell andLester34 indicate that these were not used for the yavu-sa. The yavusa Nambukembuke, whose ancestor Vere-drau came from the Kauvandra Mountains and settledat Nambukembuke, is a case in point. More than threehundred yavusa names (practically half those recorded)are derived from, or are identical with, place names,whereas none can be attributed to ancestors. Thiswould seem to indicate that the rest are probably like-wise derived from place names.

Two hundred and fifty yavusa bear the names oftheir yavutu. They are distributed among the thirteenprovinces as follows: Ra 70, Tholo East 50, Tailevu35,Naitasiri 31, Rewa 20, Tholo North 17, Namosi 7, TholoWest 6, Nandi 6, Mba 5, Nandronga 2, Lautoka 1,Serua 0. Map 1 shows clearly that this custom is pre-ponderant in the eastern half of the island.

Only fifty-eight yavusa are named for old villagesin which they had lived after departure from their yavu-tu. Of these fifty-eight, forty yavusa claim the Kauvan-dra Mountains as their yavutu. These forty are distrib-uted among the provinces as follows: Tailevu 30,Nandi 5, Serua 4, Tholo West 1. The distribution of theeighteen non-Kauvandra yavusa is as follows: Tailevu12, Rewa 3, Lautoka 1, Mba 1, Nandi 1.

Today twenty-one yavusa still live at their yavutu,

34Capell and Lester, pp. 329-331.

or at least in villages which bear the yavutu name. Byprovinces these twenty-one yavusa are distributed asfollows: Tailevu 8, Tholo East 4, Ra 3, Tholo North 3,Naitasiri 1, Tholo West 1, Lautoka 1.

There are a number of yavusa which, though identi-cally named, have different yavutu and are apparentlynot related. Of course the fact that their yavutu aredifferent is not incontrovertible proof of their sepa-rateness. The records of the original Native LandsCommission would need to be consulted to determinethis point. It is conceivable that single yavusa may havesplit, one part retaining the yavutu name, the otherassuming a new yavutu name -- although this explana-tion seems to me unlikely.

Aside from the legendary great movement of yavu-sa -- or, more probably, of the yavusa ancestors --from the Kauvandra Mountains, no great migration orpopulation drift can be discerned, although there areplenty of minor ones. Whether these movements ante-dated the emigration from Kauvandra (assumed to beabout 1600) cannot be determined, but I suspect that, onthe contrary, most of them took place after the Kauvan-dra "migration" and were probably induced by wars.

Intermarriage between different yavusa and theirconstituent clans (matanggali), or between separate vil-lages, is an interesting project for further field work.Capell and Lester give examples that indicate the rich-ness of this field for community studies.35 The geneal-ogies recorded for such investigations would also beuseful to the physical anthropologist studying the livingpopulation. A quantity of genealogical material hasalready been accumulated by Dr. Lindsay Verrier inthe Departmental Statistics and Demography Branch,Southern District Medical Office, Nausori, Fiji.

35Ibid., pp. 318-323.

370

LITERATURE CITEDBrewster, A. B.

1922. The Hill Tribes of Fiji. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.

Capell, A. and R. H. Lester1941. Local Divisions and Movements in Fiji, Oceania 11:313-341; 12:21-48.

Derrick, R. A.1946. A History of Fiji, Vol. 1. Printed and published by the Printing and Stationery Department,

Suva, Fiji.

Gifford, E. W.1949. Excavations in Viti Levu. Journal of the Polynesian Society, 58: 83-90.

1951a. Archaeological Excavations in Fiji. Univ. Calif. Anthro. Rec., 13: 189-288.

1951b. Fijian Mythology, Legends, and Archaeology. Univ. Calif. Publ. Sem. Philol., 11: 167-177.

Spencer, Dorothy M.1941. Disease, Religion, and Society in the Fiji Islands. Monographs of the American Ethnological

Society, No. 2.

Thompson, Laura1940. Southern Lau, Fiji: An Ethnography. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bull. 162.

371

PLATES

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE 30

Mbau Island with mainland of Viti Levu in background.

PLATE 31

a. Navatu, site 17, viewed from the west.

b. Legendary house mound of Lutunasombasomba onthe acropolis (Korovatu) at Vunda, site 26. Dimen-sions of mound edge, 35 ft. by 25 ft.; it is oval inoutline.

m"

C;)

p-4

375

a.

b.

PLATE 31. NAVATU, SITE 17; HOUSE MOUND OF LUTUNASOMBASOMBA

376

anthropological records 13:5 - spotlight...

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