anthropometric csl final
TRANSCRIPT
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Anthropometry
CSL- 7
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Anthropometry
-is the process of weighing andmeasuring children.
-is a major determinant of health, and
the resolution of many nutritionalissues of public health concern,requires survey data.
-is to provide information useful forstudying the relationship among
Diet : Nutritional status : & Health.
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Anthropometrics study
Anthropometrics studies are the objectivemeasurements of body muscle and fat.
They are used
To compare individuals To compare growth in the young
To assess weight loss or gain in the matureindividual.
Weight and height are the most frequently usedanthropometric measurements, &
Skinfoldmeasurements of several areas of the
body are also taken.
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Anthropometry
Determining frame size is an attempt at attributingweight to specific body compartments.
Frame size identifies an individual relative to the bonesize, but does not differentiatemuscle mass from
body fat.
It is the muscle mass that is metabolically active andbody fat that is associated with disease states.
Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to estimate the body-fat mass.
BMI is derived from an equation using weight and height.
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Nutrition
Introduction
Rapid nutritional surveys are to becarried out for the
a. baseline survey
b. mid-term reviewand the completion
c. evaluationof the project.
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key indicators
The key indicator of project impact willbe:
The reduction ofchronic malnutrition
('stunting' or 'height for age') amongchildren less than 5 years of age.
Other important indicators will be
reduction ofacute malnutrition('wasting) underweight('weight forage').
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Methods
In addition to dietary intake methodologies, Questionnaire material,
Hematological tests, and
Nutritional biochemistries,
The assessment of nutritional status requiresa series of height, weight, and otheranthropometricdimensions.
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What is Anthropometry?
Anthropometry is a science which relates to the
measurement of body dimensions.These may be :
1. Lengths (e.g. the length of the thigh bone orfemur),
2. Breadths (e.g. the width across the shoulders,the biacromial breadth),
3. Girths (e.g. waist circumference)
4. height and weight.5. Skinfold thickness
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Skinfold thickness
Skinfold thickness at various siteson the body (e.g. at the back of theupper arm, tricep skinfold).
SKINFOLDS-
a) Bicep,
b) Tricep,c) Subscapular,
d) Iliac crest
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Application of anthropometry in adult
Anthropometry can also be applied foradult.
Because:
Anthropometry is the study of the
measurement of the human body interms of the dimensions of
Bone,
Muscle, and Adipose (fat) tissue.
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Risks
Measures of subcutaneous adipose tissue areimportant because individuals with large valuesof fat are reported to be at increased risks for:-
Hypertension, Adult-onset diabetes mellitus,
Cardiovascular disease,
Gallstones,
Arthritis, Other diseases, and
Forms of cancer.
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Uses of Anthropometrics
Actual height, weight, and body measurementsincluding skinfolds, girths, and breadths will becollected for purposes of:-
1. Assessing growth,2. Body fat distribution, and for
3. Provision of reference data.4. Measurements of height and weight will allow for arevision of the child growth charts which arebased in part on data collected study.
5. Anthropometric measurements such as skinfolds
and circumferences and bioelectrical impedance(a method used to estimate the amount of leantissue) will allow:
cross-sectional analysis of the relationship betweenobesity and risk of disease.
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Anthropometric measurements are taken on
a variety of people for a variety ofreasons:
Monitoring athletes;
Tracking growth, (normal or retarded)
Development, and Motor performance in children; Linking physical activity and nutrition interventions
to changes in body size, shape and composition;
Assessing changes in body dimensions in response
to disease;
Identifying markers for potential sportingperformance.
Nutritional assessment.
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Nutritional assessment
A nutritional assessment is an in-depthevaluation of both objective and
subjective data related to:- an individual's food
nutrient intake,
lifestyle,
medical history.
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Once the data on an individual is collectedand organized, the practitioner can
assess and evaluate the nutritionalstatus of that person.
The assessment leads to:-
a plan of care, or intervention,
designed to help the individualeithermaintain the assessed status or attain(get) a healthier status.
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Elements of Assessment
What are the data?The data for a nutritionalassessment falls into fourcategories:
Anthropometric data
Biochemical data
Clinical data
Dietary data.
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What are Anthropometrics data?.
Anthropometrics data are the objectivemeasurements of body muscle and fat.
They are used to
- compare individuals,- compare growth in the young, and- assess weight loss or gain in the mature individual.
Weight and height are the most frequently usedAnthropometric measurements, andSkinfold measurements of several areas of thebody are also taken.
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Type of Body Fat
There are three types ofBody Fat:1. The firstis subcutaneous fat, which is stored
right below your skin.
2. Second,theres intramuscular fat, which isinside the muscle tissue (picture the fat inside amarbled steak.).
3. Third, you have internal fat, which is located
on and around your internal organs for protectivecushioning.
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Skinfold testing
Skinfold testingis based on the premise thatthe majority of your body fat is subcutaneousright below your skin where you can see andgrab it.
Bypinchingthe skin and fat and measuringthe thickness of the fold at one or more sites,you can get a fairly accurate estimate of yourtotalbody fat percentage
and more importantly, a way to consistentlymeasure your progress from week to week.
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skin-fold calipers
To estimate body fat skin-fold measurements
can be made using skin-fold calipers.Most frequently,
TRICEPand
SUBSCAPULAR (shoulder blade) skin-folds aremeasured.
Measurements can then be compared to referencedataand to previous measurements of the
individual (if available).Accurate measuring takes practice, and
comparison measurements are most reliable ifdone by the same technician each time.
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Measuring and Recording Guidelines 1
Body measurements are always taken on the rightside of the body.
However
Some measurements may be taken on the left sideof the body because of casts, amputation, or otherreasons.
When this occurs, the reason is noted in the
comments section on the body measurement resultsscreen or hardcopy form by the recorder.
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Guideline 2
1. All measurements, except skinfolds, should be
taken to the nearest tenth of a centimeter 1.0 cmor 10.0 mm (millimeter).
2. Skinfold measurements are taken to the nearest0.1 mm (millimeter)
3. Measures that exceed specific limits on thecomputer will be repeated by each technician.
4. All skinfold measurements will be done in duplicate(i.e., by two different technicians or twice by thesame technician)
SINCE THESE MEASURES HAVE THE MOST
VARIABILITY.
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Instruction for measuring Skinfold thickness
Measurement should be taken on healthy, undamaged,uninfected skin.
To keep the muscle relaxed.
All measurements must be taken on the right side ofthe body.
Using Tape to find the accurate mid points & mark the
skinfold sites. Skinfold should be firmly grasped by THUMB & INDEX
finger, gently pull the skinfold away from the body.
Place the Caliper perpendicular to the fold.
A Minimum of two measurements should be taken atthe same site.
Record each skinfold measured.
Must get consistent results; must not have high
variations.
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PROTOCOL for site selection
Two protocols
1st protocol :- Four sites system
i). Biceps : Vertical fold Midway between anteriorauxiliary fold & anterior cubital fossa.
ii). Triceps : Vertical fold on posterior mid- line ofarm, halfway between acromium process(bony process on top of shoulder) & olecranonprocess (bony process of elbow)
iii). Subscapular : The fold taken on Diagonal line1-2 cm below the point of shoulder blade.iv). Suprailiac : a diagonal fold above the iliac
crest of at the spot where an imaginary linecome down from anterior auxiliary line justabove the hipbone.
F it
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Four sites
Site 1 - BicepsThe anterior surface of the biceps midway between the
anterior fold and the antecubital fossa. Site 2 - Triceps
A Vertical fold on the posterior midline of the upper arm, overthe triceps muscle, halfway between the acrosion process(bony process on top of the shoulder) and olecranon process
(bony process on elbow). The elbow should be extended andthe arm relaxed. Site 3 - Subscapular
The fold is taken on the diagonal line coming from thevertebral border to between 1 and 2cm from the inferiorangle of the scapulae. (A diagonal fold about 1 to 2cm belowthe point of the shoulder blade and 1-2cm toward the arm).
Site 4 - SuprailiacA diagonal fold above the crest of the ilium at the spot wherean imaginary line would come down from the anteriorauxiliary line just above the hipbone and 2-3cm forward.
4 sites protocol
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4 sites protocol
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2nd protocol
Three sites system
1. Chest2. Abdomen
3. Thigh.
L ti f TRICEP Ski f ld
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Location of TRICEP Skinfold
Location of S bscap la skinfold
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Location of Subscapular skinfold
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Skinfold should be firmly grasped by
THUMB & INDEX finger, gently pull theskinfold away from the body.
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Place the Caliper perpendicularto the fold
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Skinfold thickness in mm & Total adipose tissue in KG
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Skinfold thickness in mm & subcutaneous fat in KG
Clinical data
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Clinical data.
Clinical data provides information about the
individual's medical history, including acute andchronic illness and diagnostic procedures, therapies,or treatments that may increase nutrient needs orinduce malabsorption.
Current medications need to be documented, andboth prescription drugs and over-the-counterdrugs, such as laxatives or analgesics, must beincluded in the analysis.
Vitamins, minerals, and herbal preparations also
need to be reviewed. Physical signs ofmalnutrition can be documented
during the nutrition interview and are an importantpart of the assessment process.
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Different body fat averages in male &female
Body fat averages and ideals are different formen and women.
The female hormone estrogen causes women to
carry at least 5% more body fat than men. The average woman has about 23% body fat
and the average man about 17%.
Body fat average and ideals also vary with age.
In both sexes, body fat increases while leanbody mass decreases with age.
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How much body fat is unhealthy?
High body fat levels have been linked to over 30health problems including:-
Diabetes, High blood pressure, Cardiovasculardisease, Cancer and Osteoarthritis.
Being categorized as clinically obese meansthat body fat is at such a level that healthproblems become more of a concern.
Men are considered borderline at 25% bodyfat and clinically obese at 30% women are borderline at 30% and clinically
obese at 35% body fat.
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How low should you go?
Its impossible for your body fat levels to drop to zero sincesome fat is located internally and is necessary for normalbody functioning.
This is called essential fat.
Essential fat is necessary for energy storage, protection
of internal organs, and insulation against heat loss. Essential fat is found in the nerves, brain, bone marrow,
liver, heart, and in nearly all the other glands and organsof the body.
In women, this fat also includes sex-related fat depositsincluding the breast tissue and uterus.
Essential body fat at least
2-3% for menand 7-8% for women.
Maximum preferred or desirable
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Maximum preferred or desirablefatness levels for ages
The average fat content for females is between 24 and 26%,dependent upon country of residence, although from a health point ofview, a maximum desirable level of30% (young) and 35%(older),may pose no threat.
This level of moderate obesity would not satisfy the desirable shape orquirks of contemporary fashion.
The fashion model type of body composition reflects a fat percentage of15% or less, female gymnasts as low as 8% and distance runnersdown to 6%.
The maximum desirable level suggested is based on the work of Katch &McArdle (1973), Pollock et al (1975) and Brown & Jones (1977) and is25% for women of 30 years and over, but starts at
20% for those less than 20 years old.Again there is a sliding scale reflecting advancing years and a reduction in
health risk.Contemporary fashion would indicate a preferred female level of perhaps
3% lower than these values.
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Body Fat % of Men & Women
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Body Fat Categories for Women
10-12% - Essential Fat
14-20% - Athletic Fat Levels
21-24% - Fitness Fat Levels
25-31% - Acceptable Fat Levels
>32% - Obese
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Body Fat Categories for Men
2-4% - Essential Fat
6-13% - Athletic Fat Levels 14-17% - Fitness Fat Levels
18-25% - Acceptable Fat levels
>26% - Obese