anti-bacteria medicine. anti-bacteria medicine anti-bacteria medicine antibiotics: the substance...
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Anti-bacteria MedicineAnti-bacteria Medicine
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Anti-bacteria medicineAnti-bacteria medicine
Antibiotics: The substance derived Antibiotics: The substance derived from fungi and bacteria which can from fungi and bacteria which can selectively kill or inhibit bacteria selectively kill or inhibit bacteria growthgrowth
Anti-bacteria medicine: Chemically Anti-bacteria medicine: Chemically synthesized medicine which can synthesized medicine which can selectively kill or inhibit bacteria selectively kill or inhibit bacteria growthgrowth
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Antibacteria medicineAntibacteria medicine
SulfonamideSulfonamide QuilononesQuilonones othersothers
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Antibiotics and drugs Antibiotics and drugs
targeting nucleic acid targeting nucleic acid
biosynthesis and biosynthesis and
functionsfunctions
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Antibiotics and drugs targeting Antibiotics and drugs targeting nucleic acid biosynthesis and nucleic acid biosynthesis and functionsfunctions
1. Sulphonamides & Trimethoprim (TMP)1. Sulphonamides & Trimethoprim (TMP)
PABA false structurePABA false structure
Inhibition of Dihydrofolate reductaseInhibition of Dihydrofolate reductase
Dihydrofolate Dihydrofolate tetrahydrofolate tetrahydrofolate
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2. Quinolones Bacterial topoisomerase II- Gyrase
Nalidixic acidNalidixic acid
OfloxacinOfloxacin
CiprofloxacinCiprofloxacin
Antibiotics and drugs targeting Antibiotics and drugs targeting nucleic acid biosynthesis and nucleic acid biosynthesis and functionsfunctions
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3. Rifampicin (from rifamycin)3. Rifampicin (from rifamycin)
subunit of DNA-primed RNA polymeassubunit of DNA-primed RNA polymeas
ee
Antibiotics and drugs targeting Antibiotics and drugs targeting nucleic acid biosynthesis and nucleic acid biosynthesis and functionsfunctions
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! Rifampicin must be given by ! Rifampicin must be given by
a “cocktail” of drugs.a “cocktail” of drugs.
Antibiotics and drugs targeting Antibiotics and drugs targeting nucleic acid biosynthesis and nucleic acid biosynthesis and functionsfunctions
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Problem of antibiotics Problem of antibiotics
which inhibit which inhibit
protein synthesis protein synthesis
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Antibiotics: From isolation of stAntibiotics: From isolation of strain to clinical applicationrain to clinical application
Selection of a potential productSelection of a potential product
11 、、 efficacyefficacy22 、、 metabolic characterizationmetabolic characterization33 、、 toxicity and adverse effecttoxicity and adverse effect44 、、 Potentiality of industrial productiPotentiality of industrial producti
onon
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Antibiotics: from strain isolation Antibiotics: from strain isolation to clinical applicationto clinical application
Semi-synthesis: the most Semi-synthesis: the most popular approach of popular approach of production production
Marketing potentialityMarketing potentiality Life-span of marketing and its Life-span of marketing and its
impactimpact
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% ö
verl
evar
e
Penicillin
Obehandlade
Dagar
Penicillin increased the chance of survival from 10% to 90%
Patients withpneumonia and bacteria in blood
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“It is not difficult to make microbes resistant to penicillin… “
“The time may come when penicillin can be bought by anyone in the shops “
Alexander Fleming's Nobel Lecture, 1945
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The Global Challenge
Antibiotics have saved millions of lives
Antibiotics are rapidly losing their effect
The Global Challenge
Antibiotics have saved millions of lives
Antibiotics are rapidly losing their effect
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What is Antibiotic What is Antibiotic Resistance?Resistance?
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Bacterial Resistance Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics to Antibiotics
Enzymes secreted (exo-enzyme)Enzymes secreted (exo-enzyme) Enzymes not secreted (endo-enzymes)Enzymes not secreted (endo-enzymes) Deletion of target molecules Deletion of target molecules Change in cell permeabilityChange in cell permeability Change in target molecule affinityChange in target molecule affinity Speed-up of synthesis and metabolismSpeed-up of synthesis and metabolism OthersOthers
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Mechanism of Mechanism of resistanceresistance
Selection pressure ( not only in Selection pressure ( not only in health institutions)health institutions)
Genetic recombination Genetic recombination ( especially conjugation mediated ( especially conjugation mediated by plasmid)by plasmid)
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Improper prescription of antibioticImproper prescription of antibioticss
Antibiotic prescription for non-Antibiotic prescription for non-bacterial infectionbacterial infection
Prophylaxis application of antibioticsProphylaxis application of antibiotics Local application of antibioticsLocal application of antibiotics Over use of wide-spectrum Over use of wide-spectrum
antibioticsantibiotics Long-term use of antibioticsLong-term use of antibiotics Antibiotic abuse in agriculture Antibiotic abuse in agriculture
productionproduction
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Hip replacement
Organ transplants
Cancer chemotherapy
Care of preterm babies
Modern Medicine Is Not Possible Without Effective Antibiotics
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The survival of the The survival of the fittestfittest
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Horisontal spread of resisHorisontal spread of resistance genestance genes
Spread of resistance between species
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Barrier to the development of Barrier to the development of new antibioticsnew antibiotics
Short marketing life of the product becauShort marketing life of the product because of resistance se of resistance
Difficult R&DDifficult R&D 11 、、 qualified strainqualified strain 22 、、 resources to support R&Dresources to support R&D 33 、、 long term research and translationlong term research and translation Adverse reactionsAdverse reactions Expense for health careExpense for health care
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The outcome of resistance The outcome of resistance development development (From the view point of bacteria (From the view point of bacteria cells)cells)
Uneconomic state of cell metabolismUneconomic state of cell metabolism
Slow-down of proliferationSlow-down of proliferation
deletion of some pathogenic abilitiesdeletion of some pathogenic abilities
Avoiding harms from drugsAvoiding harms from drugs
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Antibiotic sensitivity Antibiotic sensitivity test test
MIC & MBCMIC & MBC
Broth dilutionBroth dilution
Agar dilutionAgar dilution
Disk diffusionDisk diffusion
Standard requirementsStandard requirements
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Antibiotic sensitivity Antibiotic sensitivity testtest
Standard requirements:Standard requirements:
a. Depth: 4mma. Depth: 4mm
b. Inoculates: 10b. Inoculates: 105 5 cell/mlcell/ml
c. Incubation: 37℃, 18 c. Incubation: 37℃, 18
hourshours
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Antibiotic Sensitivity Antibiotic Sensitivity TestTest
How to explain the results? How to explain the results?
How to avoid misleading of cliniciaHow to avoid misleading of clinicians?ns?
How to standardize the test? How to standardize the test?
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Reading and evaluation of Reading and evaluation of sensitivity testsensitivity test
11 、、 Physical and chemical profile of thPhysical and chemical profile of the medicinee medicine
22 、、 Metabolic processMetabolic process33 、、 Identification of sensitivity & resiIdentification of sensitivity & resi
stance stance 44 、、 Q.C.Q.C.55 、、 Who is responsible for those work?Who is responsible for those work?
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