antidote
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antidote 20TRANSCRIPT
AntidoteFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor other uses, seeAntidote (disambiguation).This articleneeds additionalcitationsforverification. Please helpimprove this articleby adding citations toreliable sources. Unsourced material may bechallengedandremoved.(January 2010)
Anantidoteis a substance which can counteract a form ofpoisoning.[1]The term ultimately derives from the Greek antididonai, "given against".The antidotes for some particulartoxinsare manufactured by injecting the toxin into an animal in small doses and extracting the resultingantibodiesfrom the host animals' blood. This results in anantivenomthat can be used to counteractpoisonproduced by certain species ofsnakes,spiders, and other venomous animals. A number of venoms lack a viable antivenom, and a bite or sting from an animal producing such a toxin often results in death. Some animal venoms, especially those produced byarthropods(e.g. certainspiders,scorpions,bees, etc.) are only potentially lethal when they provoke allergic reactions and induceanaphylactic shock; as such, there is no "antidote" for these venoms because it is not a form of poisoning and anaphylactic shock can be treated (e.g., by the use ofepinephrine).Some other toxins have no known antidote. For example, the poisonaconitine, a highly poisonousalkaloidderived from variousaconite specieshas no antidote, and as a result is often fatal if it enters the human body in sufficient quantities.Contents[hide] 1Mechanical approaches 2List of antidotes 3References 4See also
[edit]Mechanical approachesIngested poisons are frequently treated by the oral administration ofactivated charcoal, whichadsorbsthe poison and flushes it from the digestive tract, thereby removing a large part of the toxin.A remedy:Poisons which are injected into the body (such as those from bites or stings from venomous animals) are usually treated by the use of a constriction band which limits the flow of lymph and/or blood to the area, thus slowing circulation of the poison around the body. This should not be confused with use of atourniquetwhich cuts off blood flow completely - often leading to the loss of the limb.[edit]List of antidotesAgentIndication
Activated charcoalwith sorbitalused for many oral toxins
Atropineorganophosphateandcarbamateinsecticides,nerve agents, somemushrooms
Beta Blockertheophylline
Calcium chloridecalcium channel blockers,black widow spiderbites
Calcium gluconatehydrofluoric acid
Chelatorssuch asEDTA,dimercaprol(BAL),penicillamine, and 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid(DMSA, succimer)heavy metalpoisoning
Cyanideantidote (amyl nitrite,sodium nitrite, orthiosulfate)cyanide poisoning
Cyproheptadineserotonin syndrome
DeferoxaminemesylateIronpoisoning
Digoxin Immune Fabantibody (Digibind and Digifab)digoxinpoisoning
Diphenhydramine hydrochlorideandbenztropine mesylateExtrapyramidalreactions associated withantipsychotic
Ethanolorfomepizoleethylene glycolpoisoning andmethanolpoisoning
Flumazenilbenzodiazepinepoisoning
Glucagonbeta blockerpoisoning andcalcium channel blockerpoisoning
100%oxygenorhyperbaric oxygen therapy(HBOT)carbon monoxidepoisoning andcyanidepoisoning
Insulinbeta blockerpoisoning andcalcium channel blockerpoisoning
Leucovorinmethotrexateandtrimethoprim
Methylene bluetreatment of conditions that causemethemoglobinemia
Naloxone hydrochlorideopioidpoisoning
N-acetylcysteineParacetamol(acetaminophen) poisoning
Octreotideoralhypoglycemicagents
Pralidoxime chloride(2-PAM)organophosphateinsecticides
Protamine sulfateHeparinpoisoning
Prussian blueThallium poisoning
Physostigminesulfateanticholinergicpoisoning
PyridoxineIsoniazidpoisoning, ethylene glycol
Phytomenadione(vitamin K) andfresh frozen plasmawarfarinpoisoning andindanedione
Sodium bicarbonateASA,TCAswith a wide QRS
[edit]References1. ^"antidote" atDorland's Medical Dictionary.[edit]See alsoLook upantidotein Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Snakebite Tourniquet Universal antidote[show]vdePharmacology:major drug groups
[show]vdeAntidotes(V03AB)
[show]vdeToxicology
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